Motor Areas of the Medial Wall: A Review of Their Location and Functional Activation

Picard, Nathalie; Strick, Peter L.

doi:10.1093/cercor/6.3.342

Cited by 1,712Motor Control and AdaptationNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesNeurobiology of Language and Bilingualism

Motor Areas of the Medial Wall: A Review of Their Location and Functional Activation

Picard, Nathalie, Strick, Peter L.·1996·Cerebral Cortex

DOI 10.1093/cercor/6.3.342

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Abstract

Our goal in this review is to provide an anatomical framework for the analysis of the motor functions of the medial wall of the hemisphere in humans and laboratory primates. Converging evidence indicates that this region of the frontal lobe contains multiple areas involved in motor control. In the monkey, the medial wall contains four premotor areas that project directly to both the primary motor cortex and the spinal cord. These are the supplementary motor area (SMA) on the superior frontal gyrus and three motor areas buried within the cingulate sulcus. In addition, there is evidence that a fifth motor field, the pre-SMA, lies rostral to the SMA proper. Recent physiological observations provide evidence for functional differences among these motor fields. In the human, no consensus exists on the number of distinct motor fields on the medial wall. In this review, we summarize the results of positron emission tomography (PET) studies that examined functional activation on the medial wall of humans. Our analysis suggests that it is possible to identify at least four separate cortical areas on the medial wall. Each area appears to be relatively more involved in some aspects of motor behavior than others. These cortical areas in the human appear to be analogous to the pre-SMA, the SMA proper, and two of the cingulate motor areas of the monkey. We believe that these correspondences and the anatomical framework we describe will be important for unraveling the motor functions of the medial wall of the hemisphere.

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The anterior commissure serves as a useful anatomical landmark for delineating the pre-SMA and SMA proper.
“the anterior commissure serves as a useful anatomical landmark for delineating pre-SMA and SMA proper (41).”
From Right hemispheric dominance of inhibitory control: An event-related functional MRI study (1999) · cites this paper as [41]

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Human Brain Language Areas Identified by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Know Your Place: Neural Processing of Social Hierarchy in Humans
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Reinforcement Learning Signal Predicts Social Conformity
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Basal ganglia functional connectivity based on a meta-analysis of 126 positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging publications
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Is there a dysexecutive syndrome?
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Representations of Pleasant and Painful Touch in the Human Orbitofrontal and Cingulate Cortices
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Automatic emotion regulation
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Co-activation patterns distinguish cortical modules, their connectivity and functional differentiation
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“Based on these observations and functional activation studies, the SMA has been implicated in executive aspects of motor control, e.g. movement initiation (Chouinard and Paus, 2006; Cunnington et al., 2002; Eickhoff et al., 2008a; Picard and Strick, 1996).”
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ERP Correlates of Feedback and Reward Processing in the Presence and Absence of Response Choice
Yeung, N., Holroyd, C. B., & Cohen, J. D. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh153 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical correlates of behavioural disorders in dementia
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Consensus Paper: The Role of the Cerebellum in Perceptual Processes
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On the globality of motor suppression: unexpected events and their influence on behavior and cognition
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The organization of dorsal frontal cortex in humans and macaques
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“The medial frontal cortex, consisting of the more posterior SMA and the more anterior pre-SMA (Picard & Strick, 1996; Matsuzaka, Aizawa, & Tanji, 1992), has been implicated in sequencing and speech production tasks.”
Effects of focal frontal lesions on response inhibition
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Dissociable neural responses related to pain intensity, stimulus intensity, and stimulus awareness within the anterior cingulate cortex: a parametric single-trial laser functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
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Music and language side by side in the brain: a PET study of the generation of melodies and sentences
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The role of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in word production
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Anterior cingulate cortex and response conflict: Effects of response modality and processing domain
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Speech production: Wernicke, Broca and beyond
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Hypnosis Modulates Activity in Brain Structures Involved in the Regulation of Consciousness
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Functional–Anatomic Study of Episodic Retrieval Using fMRI
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A topography of executive functions and their interactions revealed by functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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The Role of Human Orbitofrontal Cortex in Value Comparison for Incommensurable Objects
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Changes in Brain Activation during the Acquisition of a Multifrequency Bimanual Coordination Task: From the Cognitive Stage to Advanced Levels of Automaticity
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Sustained activity in the medial wall during working memory delays
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Emotion-induced changes in human medial prefrontal cortex: I. During cognitive task performance
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Both Supplementary and Presupplementary Motor Areas Are Crucial for the Temporal Organization of Multiple Movements
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Affective Neural Circuitry During Facial Emotion Processing in Pediatric Bipolar Disorder
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Quantitative Analysis of Attention and Detection Signals During Visual Search
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Anatomical Abnormalities of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Schizophrenia: Bridging the Gap Between Neuroimaging and Neuropathology
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An fMRI study of the anterior cingulate cortex and surrounding medial wall activations evoked by noxious cutaneous heat and cold stimuli
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Reopening the Mental Imagery Debate: Lessons from Functional Anatomy
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Predicting events of varying probability: uncertainty investigated by fMRI
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Neurocognitive mechanisms of action control: resisting the call of the Sirens.
Richard Ridderinkhof, K., Forstmann, B. U., Wylie, S. A., Burle, B., & van den Wildenberg, W. P. M. (2011) · WIREs Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.99 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Functional modularity of the medial prefrontal cortex: involvement in human empathy
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The role of the cingulate cortex as neural generator of the N200 and P300 in a tactile response inhibition task
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fMRI reactivity on a delay discounting task predicts weight gain in obese women
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Motor, cognitive, and affective areas of the cerebral cortex influence the adrenal medulla
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A computational model of event segmentation from perceptual prediction
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Neural basis of maternal communication and emotional expression processing during infant preverbal stage
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The regulation of cognitive control following rostral anterior cingulate cortex lesion in humans
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Pain in the ACC?
Wager, T. D., Atlas, L. Y., Botvinick, M. M., Chang, L. J., Coghill, R. C., Davis, K. D., Iannetti, G. D., Poldrack, R. A., Shackman, A. J., & Yarkoni, T. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1600282113 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Neurobiology of culturally common maternal responses to infant cry
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Authors: Picard, N., & Strick, P. L.
Affiliations: State University of New York (US)
Corresponding author: Strick, Peter L.
ORCID: Strick, Peter L.
Venue: Cerebral Cortex
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1996
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Pages: 342-353
ISSN: 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
1460-2199
DOI: 10.1093/cercor/6.3.342
OpenAlex: W2107751769
Cited by: 1,712
References: 99
Citations by year: 2026: 24 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 67
FWCI: 29.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Keywords: medial frontal lobe, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, pre-supplementary motor area, cingulate motor area, primary motor cortex, motor control, functional activation, cingulate sulcus, superior frontal gyrus
MeSH terms: Animals, Haplorhini, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Motor Cortex

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Motor Areas of the Medial Wall: A Review of Their Location and Functional Activation

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