An integrative tinnitus model based on sensory precision.
Open accessAbstract
Tinnitus is a common disorder that often complicates hearing loss. Its mechanisms are incompletely understood. Current theories proposing pathophysiology from the ear to the cortex cannot individually - or collectively - explain the range of experimental evidence available. We propose a new framework, based on predictive coding, in which spontaneous activity in the subcortical auditory pathway constitutes a 'tinnitus precursor' which is normally ignored as imprecise evidence against the prevailing percept of 'silence'. Extant models feature as contributory mechanisms acting to increase either the intensity of the precursor or its precision. If precision (i.e., postsynaptic gain) rises sufficiently then tinnitus is perceived. Perpetuation arises through focused attention, which further increases the precision of the precursor, and resetting of the default prediction to expect tinnitus.
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Most tinnitus patients also experience hearing loss.
“Most tinnitus patients also experience hearing loss (Krauss et al., 2016; Schilling et al., 2023; Sedley et al., 2016)”
From Combining the unequal variance signal detection model with the health belief model to optimize shared decision making in tinnitus patients: part 2—patient profiling (2025) · cites this paper as Sedley et al., 2016
The Symptomatology and Pathophysiology of Tinnitus (page unavailable) says hearing loss is a major risk factor and that most clinically significant tinnitus follows damage to the auditory periphery. It does not establish that most tinnitus patients have hearing loss; its statement is limited to clinically significant tinnitus and describes peripheral damage rather than measured hearing loss. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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- Authors
- Sedley, W., Friston, K. J., Gander, P. E., Kumar, S., & Griffiths, T. D.
- Affiliations
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- University of Iowa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sedley, William
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 799-812
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5152595
- OpenAlex
- W2551679188
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 2.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) (cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (106964/Z/15/Z)
- Academy of Medical Sciences (SGL015\1024)
- Medical Research Council (MR/J011207/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Hearing, Cochlea, Tinnitus, Genetics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Noise Effects and Management
- Keywords
- tinnitus, predictive coding, sensory precision, spontaneous neuronal activity, focused attention, tinnitus pathophysiology, auditory cortex
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Auditory Cortex, Auditory Perception, Humans, Models, Neurological, Tinnitus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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