UB‐311, a novel UBITh ® amyloid β peptide vaccine for mild Alzheimer's disease
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: A novel amyloid β (Aβ) synthetic peptide vaccine (UB‐311) has been evaluated in a first‐in‐human trial with patients of mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease. We describe translational research covering vaccine design, preclinical characterization, and phase‐I clinical trial with supportive outcome that advances UB‐311 into an ongoing phase‐II trial. Methods: UB‐311 is constructed with two synthetic Aβ 1–14 –targeting peptides (B‐cell epitope), each linked to different helper T‐cell peptide epitopes (UBITh ® ) and formulated in a Th2‐biased delivery system. The hAPP751 transgenic mouse model was used to perform the proof‐of‐concept study. Baboons and macaques were used for preclinical safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity evaluation. Patients with mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD) were immunized by intramuscular route with 3 doses of UB‐311 at weeks 0, 4, and 12, and monitored until week 48. Safety and immunogenicity were assessed per protocol, and preliminary efficacy was analyzed by Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale (ADAS‐Cog), Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study–Clinician's Global Impression of Change (ADCS‐CGIC). Results: UB‐311 covers a diverse genetic background and facilitates strong immune response with high responder rate. UB‐311 reduced the levels of Aβ 1–42 oligomers, protofibrils, and plaque load in hAPP751 transgenic mice. Safe and well‐tolerated UB‐311 generated considerable site‐specific (Aβ 1–10 ) antibodies across all animal species examined. In AD patients, UB‐311 induced a 100% responder rate; injection site swelling and agitation were the most common adverse events (4/19 each). A slower rate of increase in ADAS‐Cog from baseline to week 48 was observed in the subgroup of mild AD patients (MMSE ≥ 20) compared with the moderate AD subgroup, suggesting that UB‐311 may have a potential of cognition improvement in patients with early stage of Alzheimer's dementia. Discussion: The UBITh ® platform can generate a high‐precision molecular vaccine with high responder rate, strong on‐target immunogenicity, and a potential of cognition improvement, which support UB‐311 for active immunotherapy in early‐to‐mild AD patients currently enrolled in a phase‐II trial ( NCT02551809 ).
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Six active immunotherapy agents are currently studied in phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials: CAD106, ABvac40, GV1001, ACC-001, UB-311, and Lu AF20513.
“Six active immunotherapy agents are currently studied in phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials:”
From Current and Future Treatments in Alzheimer Disease: An Update (2020) · cites this paper as [63]
Lu AF20513 epitope vaccine is estimated in a phase 1 study in mild Alzheimer disease.
“Lu AF20513 epitope vaccine is estimated in a phase 1 study in mild AD.63”
From Current and Future Treatments in Alzheimer Disease: An Update (2020) · cites this paper as [63]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Progress and Problems on the Road to Therapeutics
Hardy, J., & Selkoe, D. J. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1072994 · Cited by 13,864 · see citing works
Amyloid oligomers exacerbate tau pathology in a mouse model of tauopathy
Selenica, M.-L. B., Brownlow, M., Jimenez, J. P., Lee, D. C., Pena, G., Dickey, C. A., Gordon, M. N., & Morgan, D. (2013) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000337230 · Cited by 10,359 · see citing works
Amyloid plaque core protein in Alzheimer disease and Down syndrome.
Masters, C. L., Simms, G., Weinman, N. A., Multhaup, G., McDonald, B. L., & Beyreuther, K. (1985) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.82.12.4245 · Cited by 4,431 · see citing works
Common structure of soluble amyloid oligomers implies common mechanism of pathogenesis
Kayed, R., Head, E., Thompson, J. L., McIntire, T. M., Milton, S. C., Cotman, C. W., & Glabe, C. G. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1079469 · Cited by 4,064 · see citing works
Shankar, G. M., Li, S., Mehta, T. H., Garcia-Munoz, A., Shepardson, N. E., Smith, I., Brett, F. M., Farrell, M. A., Rowan, M. J., Lemere, C. A., et al. (2008) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1782 · Cited by 3,685 · see citing works
Immunization with amyloid-β attenuates Alzheimer-disease-like pathology in the PDAPP mouse
Schenk, D., Barbour, R., Dunn, W., Gordon, G., Grajeda, H., Guido, T., Hu, K., Huang, J., Johnson-Wood, K., Khan, K., et al. (1999) · Nature · doi:10.1038/22124 · Cited by 3,160 · see citing works
The antibody aducanumab reduces Aβ plaques in Alzheimer’s disease
Sevigny, J., Chiao, P., Bussière, T., Weinreb, P. H., Williams, L., Maier, M., Dunstan, R., Salloway, S., Chen, T., Ling, Y., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature19323 · Cited by 3,059 · see citing works
Neurovascular pathways to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease and other disorders
Zlokovic, B. V. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3114 · Cited by 2,969 · see citing works
Tau in physiology and pathology
Wang, Y., & Mandelkow, E. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2015.1 · Cited by 2,251 · see citing works
Blood-brain barrier breakdown in the aging human hippocampus
Montagne, A., Barnes, S. R., Sweeney, M. D., Halliday, M. R., Sagare, A. P., Zhao, Z., Toga, A. W., Jacobs, R. E., Liu, C. Y., Amezcua, L., et al. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.032 · Cited by 2,102 · see citing works
Two Phase 3 Trials of Bapineuzumab in Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease
Salloway, S., Sperling, R., Fox, N. C., Blennow, K., Klunk, W., Raskind, M., Sabbagh, M., Honig, L. S., Porsteinsson, A. P., Ferris, S., et al. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1304839 · Cited by 1,960 · see citing works
Subacute meningoencephalitis in a subset of patients with AD after Aβ42 immunization
Orgogozo, J.-M., Gilman, S., Dartigues, J.-F., Laurent, B., Puel, M., Kirby, L. C., Jouanny, P., Dubois, B., Eisner, L., Flitman, S., et al. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000073623.84147.a8 · Cited by 1,356 · see citing works
Clinical effects of Aβ immunization (AN1792) in patients with AD in an interrupted trial
Gilman, S., Koller, M., Black, R. S., Jenkins, L., Griffith, S. G., Fox, N. C., Eisner, L., Kirby, L., Rovira, M. B., Forette, F., et al. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000159740.16984.3c · Cited by 1,329 · see citing works
DeMattos, R. B., Bales, K. R., Cummins, D. J., Dodart, J.-C., Paul, S. M., & Holtzman, D. M. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.151261398 · Cited by 1,298 · see citing works
The Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Amyloid β-Protein Is an Antimicrobial Peptide
Soscia, S. J., Kirby, J. E., Washicosky, K. J., Tucker, S. M., Ingelsson, M., Hyman, B., Burton, M. A., Goldstein, L. E., Duong, S., Tanzi, R. E., et al. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009505 · Cited by 1,060 · see citing works
Kumar, D. K. V., Choi, S. H., Washicosky, K. J., Eimer, W. A., Tucker, S., Ghofrani, J., Lefkowitz, A., McColl, G., Goldstein, L. E., Tanzi, R. E., et al. (2016) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1059 · Cited by 971 · see citing works
Sperling, R., Salloway, S., Brooks, D. J., Tampieri, D., Barakos, J., Fox, N. C., Raskind, M., Sabbagh, M., Honig, L. S., Porsteinsson, A. P., et al. (2012) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70015-7 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of Amyloid Oligomers Toxicity
Kayed, R., & Lasagna‐Reeves, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-129001 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Phase 3 solanezumab trials: Secondary outcomes in mild Alzheimer's disease patients
Siemers, E. R., Sundell, K. L., Carlson, C., Case, M., Sethuraman, G., Liu‐Seifert, H., Dowsett, S. A., Pontecorvo, M. J., Dean, R. A., & Demattos, R. (2016) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.06.1893 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Increased T cell reactivity to amyloid β protein in older humans and patients with Alzheimer disease
Monsonego, A., Zota, V., Karni, A., Krieger, J. I., Bar-Or, A., Bitan, G., Budson, A. E., Sperling, R., Selkoe, D. J., & Weiner, H. L. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200318104 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of synthetic Aβ42 (AN1792) in patients with AD
Bayer, A. J., Bullock, R., Jones, R. W., Wilkinson, D., Paterson, K. R., Jenkins, L., Millais, S. B., & Donoghue, S. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000148604.77591.67 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Inflammaging as a prodrome to Alzheimer's disease
Giunta, B., Fernandez, F., Nikolic, W. V., Obregon, D., Rrapo, E., Town, T., & Tan, J. (2008) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-5-51 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Winblad, B. G., Andreasen, N., Minthon, L., Floesser, A., Imbert, G., Dumortier, T., Maguire, R. P., Blennow, K., Lundmark, J., Staufenbiel, M., et al. (2012) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(12)70140-0 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease
Wisniewski, T., & Goñi, F. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.064 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Zempel, H., Luedtke, J., Kumar, Y., Biernat, J., Dawson, H., Mandelkow, E., & Mandelkow, E. (2013) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1038/emboj.2013.207 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Models of β-amyloid induced Tau-pathology: The long and “folded” road to understand the mechanism
Stancu, I.-C., Vasconcelos, B., Terwel, D., & Dewachter, I. (2014) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/1750-1326-9-51 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Parajuli, B., Sonobe, Y., Horiuchi, H., Takeuchi, H., Mizuno, T., & Suzumura, A. (2013) · Cell Death & Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2013.503 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Amyloidosis and Alzheimer’s disease
Ghiso, J. A., & Frangione, B. (2002) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0169-409x(02)00149-7 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Amyloid-β signals through tau to drive ectopic neuronal cell cycle re-entry in Alzheimer's disease
Seward, M. E., Swanson, E., Norambuena, A., Reimann, A., Cochran, J. N., Li, R., Roberson, E. D., & Bloom, G. S. (2013) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.1125880 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
The Toxicity of Amyloid ß Oligomers
Zhao, L. N., Leong, H., Mu, Y., & Chew, L. Y. (2012) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms13067303 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Long-term treatment with active Aβ immunotherapy with CAD106 in mild Alzheimer’s disease
Farlow, M. R., Andreasen, N., Riviere, M., Voštiar, I., Vitaliti, A., Sóvágó, J., Caputo, A., Winblad, B. G., & Graf, A. (2015) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-015-0108-3 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Effective synthetic peptide vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease in swine
Wang, C. Y., Chang, T. Y., Walfield, A. M., John Ye, A., Shen, M., Chen, S. P., Li, M. C., Lin, Y. L., Jong, M. H., Yang, P. C., et al. (2002) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00148-2 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationActive Aβ immunotherapy CAD106 in Alzheimer's disease: A phase 2b study
Vandenberghe, R. R., Riviere, M., Caputo, A., Sóvágó, J., Maguire, R. P., Farlow, M. R., Marotta, G., Sánchez‐Valle, R., Scheltens, P., Ryan, J. M., et al. (2016) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2016.12.003 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Peripheral Chemokine Receptors, Their Ligands, Cytokines and Alzheimer's Disease
Reale, M., Iarlori, C., Feliciani, C., & Gambi, D. (2008) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2008-14203 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Alzheimer's drug‐development pipeline: 2016
Cummings, J., Morstorf, T., & Lee, G. (2016) · Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2016.07.001 · Cited by 108 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Ab is the principal target of late-stage development programs with relatively few agents in clinical trials for AD, suggesting a need to amplify the drug discovery ecosystem [17].”
BackgroundPasquier, F., Sadowsky, C., Holstein, A. R., Prince, G. L., Peng, Y., Jackson, N. M., Fox, N. C., Ketter, N., Liu, E., Ryan, J. M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150376 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Site-specific UBITh® amyloid-β vaccine for immunotherapy of Alzheimer's disease
Wang, C. Y., Finstad, C. L., Walfield, A. M., Sia, C., Sokoll, K. K., Chang, T.-Y., Fang, X. D., Hung, C. H., Hutter-Paier, B., & Windisch, M. (2007) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.031 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationPellicanò, M., Bulati, M., Buffa, S., Barbagallo, M., Di Prima, A., Misiano, G., Picone, P., Di Carlo, M., Nuzzo, D., Candore, G., et al. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-091714 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Ghochikyan, A., Mkrtichyan, M., Petrushina, I., Movsesyan, N., Karapetyan, A., Cribbs, D. H., & Agadjanyan, M. G. (2005) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.11.039 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Bouter, Y., López‐Noguerola, J. S., Tucholla, P., Crespi, G. A. N., Parker, M. W., Wiltfang, J., Miles, L. A., & Bayer, T. A. (2015) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1489-x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Agadjanyan, M. G., Petrovsky, N., & Ghochikyan, A. (2015) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.06.1884 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Developing therapeutic vaccines against Alzheimer’s disease
Wısnıewskı, T., & Drummond, E. (2015) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/14760584.2016.1121815 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Reiman, E. M. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/537036a · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Qian, X., Hamad, B., & Dias-Lalcaca, G. (2015) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd4749 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Alzheimer disease's double-edged vaccine
Greenberg, S. M., Bacskai, B. J., & Hyman, B. T. (2003) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm847 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Marciani, D. J. (2016) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.13608 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Alzheimer's disease vaccine development: A new strategy focusing on immune modulation
Marciani, D. J. (2015) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.08.008 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Synthetic IgE peptide vaccine for immunotherapy of allergy
Wang, C. (2003) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00732-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationSynthetic AIDS vaccine by targeting HIV receptor
Wang, C. Y., Shen, M., Tam, G., Fang, X. D., John Ye, A., Shen, F., Walfield, A. M., Wang, J. J. G., Li, M. L., Li, X. M., et al. (2002) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00432-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, C. C., & Walfield, A. M. (2005) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.007 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationSavage, M. J., Wu, G., McCampbell, A., Wessner, K., Citron, M. P., Liang, X., Hsieh, S., Wolfe, A. L., Kinney, G. G., Rosen, L. B., et al. (2010) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2010.05.437 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hendrix, S. B., Ellison, N., Stanworth, S. H., Tierney, L. K., Mattner, F., Schmidt, W., Dubois, B., & Schneeberger, A. (2015) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2015.67 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Current and Future Treatments in Alzheimer Disease: An Update
Yiannopoulou, K. G., & Papageorgiou, S. G. (2020) · Journal of Central Nervous System Disease · doi:10.1177/1179573520907397 · Cited by 966 · see citing works
Nguyen, P. H., Ramamoorthy, A., Sahoo, B. R., Zheng, J., Faller, P., Straub, J. E., Domı́nguez, L., Shea, J., Dokholyan, N. V., Simone, A. D., et al. (2021) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01122 · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Peptide-Based Vaccines: Current Progress and Future Challenges
Malonis, R. J., Lai, J. R., & Vergnolle, O. (2020) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00472 · Cited by 602 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s disease: Recent treatment strategies
Vaz, M., & Silvestre, S. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173554 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Jeremic, D., Jiménez-Díaz, L., & Navarro-López, J. D. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101496 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Virus-like particle vaccinology, from bench to bedside
Mohsen, M. O., & Bachmann, M. F. (2022) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-022-00897-8 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s disease: targeting β-amyloid and beyond
Song, C., Shi, J., Zhang, P., Zhang, Y., Xu, J., Zhao, L., Zhang, R., Wang, H., & Chen, H. (2022) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-022-00292-3 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Cummings, J. L. (2023) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-023-01858-9 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Therapeutic Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Treatments and New Perspectives
Pardo-Moreno, T., González-Acedo, A., Rivas-Domínguez, A., García-Morales, V., García-Cozar, F. J., Ramos-Rodríguez, J. J., & Melguizo-Rodríguez, L. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14061117 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Membrane Active Peptides and Their Biophysical Characterization
Avcı, F. G., Akbulut, B. S., & Özkırımlı, E. (2018) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom8030077 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Anti-Amyloid Immunotherapies for Alzheimer's Disease: A 2023 Clinical Update
Yadollahikhales, G., & Rojas, J. C. (2023) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-023-01405-0 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Peptide based therapeutics and their use for the treatment of neurodegenerative and other diseases
Baig, M. H., Ahmad, K., Saeed, M., Alharbi, A. M., Barreto, G. E., Ashraf, G. M., & Choi, I. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.025 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Amyloid-β in Alzheimer’s Disease
Pinheiro, L. M. V., & Faustino, C. M. C. (2019) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205016666190321163438 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Microglial activation states and their implications for Alzheimer's Disease
Valiukas, Z., Tangalakis, K., Apostolopoulos, V., & Feehan, J. (2025) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1016/j.tjpad.2024.100013 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Disease-Modifying Therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease: More Questions than Answers
Golde, T. E. (2022) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-022-01201-2 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Sharifi-Rad, J., Rapposelli, S., Sestito, S., Herrera-Bravo, J., Arancibia-Diaz, A., Salazar, L. A., Yeskaliyeva, B., Beyatli, A., Leyva-Gómez, G., González-Contreras, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12091515 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Sexual Dimorphism in the 3xTg-AD Mouse Model and Its Impact on Pre-Clinical Research
Dennison, J. L., Ricciardi, N. R., Lohse, I., Volmar, C., & Wahlestedt, C. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-201014 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Immunotherapies for Aging-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases—Emerging Perspectives and New Targets
Kwon, S., Iba, M., Kim, C., & Masliah, E. (2020) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-020-00853-2 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Development of therapeutic vaccines for the treatment of diseases
Tian, Y., Hu, D., Li, Y., & Li, Y. (2022) · Molecular Biomedicine · doi:10.1186/s43556-022-00098-9 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s disease clinical trial update 2019–2021
Pleen, J., & Townley, R. A. (2021) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-021-10790-5 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Drug Delivery Systems as a Strategy to Improve the Efficacy of FDA-Approved Alzheimer’s Drugs
Nunes, D., Loureiro, J. A., & Pereira, M. C. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics14112296 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Yu, H. J., Dickson, S. P., Wang, P., Chiu, M., Huang, C., Chang, C., Liu, H., Hendrix, S. B., Dodart, J., Verma, A. K., et al. (2023) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104665 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationTargeting aging and age-related diseases with vaccines
Wu, R., Sun, F., Zhang, W., Ren, J., & Liu, G.-H. (2024) · Nature Aging · doi:10.1038/s43587-024-00597-0 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Fan, L., Tzen, K., Chen, Y., Chen, T., Lai, Y., Yen, R., Huang, Y.-Y., Shiue, C., Yang, S., & Chiu, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00175 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationThe molecular mechanism, targets, and novel molecules in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Verma, A., Waiker, D. K., Bhardwaj, B., Saraf, P., & Shrivastava, S. K. (2021) · Bioorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105562 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
A Randomized First‐in‐Human Study With UB‐312, a UBITh® α‐Synuclein Peptide Vaccine
Yu, H. J., Thijssen, E., van Brummelen, E. M. J., van der Plas, J. L., Radanović, I., Moerland, M., Hsieh, E., Groeneveld, G. J., & Dodart, J. (2022) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.29016 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Physiological Roles of Monomeric Amyloid-β and Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease Therapeutics
Jeong, H., Shin, H., Hong, S., & Kim, Y. S. (2022) · Experimental Neurobiology · doi:10.5607/en22004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Amyloid-β-targeting immunotherapies for Alzheimer's disease
Jin, Y., Du, Q., Song, M., Kang, R., Zhou, J., Zhang, H., & Ding, Y. (2024) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.09.012 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Drug delivery strategies with lipid-based nanoparticles for Alzheimer’s disease treatment
Jang, Y.-J., Kang, S.-J., Park, H. S., Lee, D., Kim, J. H., Kim, J.-E., Kim, D., Chung, C., Yoon, J., & Bhang, S. H. (2025) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-025-03109-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Morató, X., Pytel, V., Jofresa, S., Ruiz, A., & Boada, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23169305 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Zhao, Z., Liu, Y., Ruan, S., & Hu, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s444115 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Nimmo, J., Verma, A. K., Dodart, J., Wang, C. Y., Savistchenko, J., Melki, R., Carare, R. O., & Nicoll, J. A. R. (2020) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-020-00727-x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationPetrushina, I., Hovakimyan, A., Harahap-Carrillo, I. S., Davtyan, H., Antonyan, T., Chailyan, G., Kazarian, K., Antonenko, M., Jullienne, A., Hamer, M. M., et al. (2020) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104823 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Therapeutic Strategies to Reduce the Toxicity of Misfolded Protein Oligomers
Kreiser, R. P., Wright, A. K., Block, N. R., Hollows, J. E., Nguyen, L. T., LeForte, K., Mannini, B., Vendruscolo, M., & Limbocker, R. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21228651 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Recent advancements toward therapeutic vaccines against Alzheimer’s disease
Herline, K., Drummond, E., & Wısnıewskı, T. (2018) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2018.1500905 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s Disease: Drug Discovery
Huang, X. (2020) · Exon Publications eBooks · doi:10.36255/exonpublications.alzheimersdisease.2020 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Amyloid-β and α-Synuclein Immunotherapy: From Experimental Studies to Clinical Trials
Nimmo, J., Kelly, L., Verma, A. K., Carare, R. O., Nicoll, J. A. R., & Dodart, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.733857 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Liu, N., Liang, X., Chen, Y., & Xie, L. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102199 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Molecular simulations of amyloid beta assemblies
Grasso, G., & Danani, A. (2020) · Advances in Physics X · doi:10.1080/23746149.2020.1770627 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Evolving therapeutic interventions for the management and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Ahmad, F., Karan, A., Sharma, R., Sharma, N. S., Sundar, V., Jayaraj, R. L., Mukherjee, S., & DeCoster, M. A. (2024) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2024.102229 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Modulation of Amyloid-β42 Conformation by Small Molecules Through Nonspecific Binding
Liang, C., Savinov, S. N., Fejzo, J., Eyles, S. J., & Chen, J. (2019) · Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation · doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00599 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Davtyan, H., Hovakimyan, A., Kiani Shabestari, S., Antonyan, T., Coburn, M. A., Zagorski, K., Chailyan, G., Petrushina, I., Svystun, O., Danhash, E., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-019-0556-2 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Tondo, G., Marchi, F. D., Bonardi, F., Menegon, F., Verrini, G., Aprile, D., Anselmi, M., Mazzini, L., & Comi, C. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13113098 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's Disease: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives
Usman, M. B., Bhardwaj, S., Roychoudhury, S., Kumar, D., Alexiou, A. T., Kumar, P., Ambasta, R. K., Prasher, P., Shukla, S. D., Upadhye, V. J., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.14283/jpad.2021.52 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Therapeutic Advances in Diabetes, Autoimmune, and Neurological Diseases
Liu, J., Ting, J. P., Al-Azzam, S., Ding, Y., & Afshar, S. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22062805 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Lessons from antiamyloid-β immunotherapies in Alzheimer's disease
Plascencia‐Villa, G., & Perry, G. L. (2023) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00019-9 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Rationale for the development of an Alzheimer’s disease vaccine
Kwan, P., Konno, H., Chan, K. Y., & Baum, L. (2019) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2019.1665453 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Nimmo, J., Smith, H., Wang, C. Y., Teeling, J. L., Nicoll, J. A. R., Verma, A. K., Dodart, J., Liu, Z., Feng, L., & Carare, R. O. (2021) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-021-02381-5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, S., Wang, C. Y., Kuo, H.-K., Peng, W., Huang, J.-H., Kuo, B.-S., Feng, L., Liu, Y.-J., Liu, Z., Wu, H.-T., et al. (2022) · Emerging Microbes & Infections · doi:10.1080/22221751.2022.2140608 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationDecourt, B., Noorda, K., Noorda, K. J., Shi, J., & Sabbagh, M. N. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Pharmacology · doi:10.2147/jep.s265626 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Marciani, D. J. (2019) · Research · doi:10.34133/2019/5341375 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Song, C., Zhang, T., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27196751 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kabir, M. T., Uddin, M. S., Mathew, B., Das, P. K., Perveen, A., & Ashraf, G. M. (2020) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1568026620666200422105156 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Kelly, L., Brown, C., Michalik, D., Hawkes, C. A., Aldea, R., Agarwal, N., Salib, R. J., Alzetani, A., Ethell, D. W., Counts, S., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13512 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
VXX-401, a novel anti-PCSK9 vaccine, reduces LDL-C in cynomolgus monkeys
Vroom, M. M., Lu, H., Lewis, M., Thibodeaux, B. A., Brooks, J. K., Longo, M. S., Ramos, M. M., Sahni, J., Wiggins, J., Boyd, J. D., et al. (2024) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100497 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Advances in Drug Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease
Zhu, C.-C., Fu, S., Chen, Y., Li, L., Mao, R., Wang, J., Liu, R., Liu, Y., & Wang, X. (2020) · Current Medical Science · doi:10.1007/s11596-020-2281-2 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationZhuang, X., Jie, L., Song, Y., Ban, R., Zhao, X., Xia, Z., Wang, Z., & Zhang, G. (2024) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-024-08815-z · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Current therapeutics for Alzheimer’s disease and clinical trials
Xiao, D., & Zhang, C. (2024) · Exploration of Neuroscience · doi:10.37349/en.2024.00048 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Changes in the brain transcriptome after DNA Aβ42 trimer immunization in a 3xTg-AD mouse model
Lambracht‐Washington, D., Fu, M., Hynan, L. S., & Rosenberg, R. N. (2020) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2020.105221 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Henrı́quez, G., & Narayan, M. (2023) · Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy · doi:10.37349/ent.2023.00048 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Alzheimer Disease Clinical Trials Targeting Amyloid
Reiss, A. B., Montufar, N., DeLeon, J. R., Pinkhasov, A., Gomolin, I. H., Glass, A. D., Arain, H. A., & Stecker, M. M. (2021) · The Neurologist · doi:10.1097/nrl.0000000000000320 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Duggal, P., & Mehan, S. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.3233/adr-190125 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Lin, S.-Y., Lin, K., Lin, P.-C., Huang, C.-C., Chang, C., Lee, Y., Hsiao, I., Yen, T., Huang, W.-S., Yang, B., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-019-0566-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationPeptide-Based Vaccines for Neurodegenerative Diseases: Recent Endeavors and Future Perspectives
Vassilakopoulou, V., Karachaliou, C., Evangelou, A., Zikos, C. C., & Livaniou, E. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9111278 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Anti-amyloid: An antibody to cure Alzheimer’s or an attitude
Osborne, O., Naranjo, O., Heckmann, B. L., Dykxhoorn, D. M., & Toborek, M. J. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107461 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Monoclonal antibodies and aptamers: The future therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease
Barrera-Ocampo, A. A. (2024) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2024.03.034 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Current peptide vaccine and immunotherapy approaches against Alzheimer’s disease
Parrocha, C. M. T., & Nowick, J. S. (2023) · Peptide Science · doi:10.1002/pep2.24289 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Vissers, M. F. J. M., Heuberger, J. A. A. C., & Groeneveld, G. J. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22041615 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s Disease Immunotherapy: Current Strategies and Future Prospects
Aljassabi, A., Zieneldien, T., Kim, J., Regmi, D., & Cao, C. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-231163 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of therapeutic peptides—A review
Štefánik, O., Majerová, P., Kováč, A., Mikuš, P., & Piešťanský, J. (2023) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.202300141 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Muscat, S., Pallante, L., Stojceski, F., Danani, A., Grasso, G., & Deriu, M. A. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21062017 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Anti-amyloid Antibody Therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease
Park, K. W. (2024) · Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s13139-024-00848-3 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kelliny, S., Zhou, X., & Bobrovskaya, L. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.70046 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Nanoparticles for immunotherapy
Anfray, C., Mainini, F., & Andón, F. T. (2020) · Frontiers of nanoscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102828-5.00011-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Marković, M., Milošević, J. R., Wang, W., & Cao, Y. (2023) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1124/molpharm.123.000726 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Immune Modulation in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Pathogenesis to Immunotherapy
Balkhi, S., Spirito, A. D., Poggi, A. D., & Mortara, L. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14040264 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Immune System as a Therapeutic Target for Alzheimer’s Disease
Zieneldien, T., Kim, J., Sawmiller, D. R., & Cao, C. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12091440 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Guirakhoo, F., Kuo, L., Peng, J., Huang, J.-H., Kuo, B.-S., Lin, F., Liu, Y.-J., Liu, Z., Wu, G., Ding, S., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.11.30.399154 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationNew Insights into Alzheimer’s Disease: Novel Pathogenesis, Drug Target and Delivery
Chen, H., Xu, J., Xu, H., Luo, T., Li, Y., Jiang, K., Shentu, Y., & Tong, Z. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15041133 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
An Immunomodulatory Therapeutic Vaccine Targeting Oligomeric Amyloid-β1
Song, G., Yang, H., Shen, N., Pham, P., Brown, B., Lin, X., Hong, Y., Paul, S., Cai, J., Li, X., et al. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200413 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Amyloid-beta Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Alzheimer’s Disease: Long Road Ahead
Dai, Y., Lei, C., Zhang, Z., Qi, Y., Lao, K., & Gou, X. (2022) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1389450123666220421124030 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Atoki, A. V., Aja, P. M., Ondari, E. N., & Shinkafi, T. S. (2023) · International Journal of Food Properties · doi:10.1080/10942912.2023.2243050 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Novel approaches to counter protein aggregation pathology in Parkinson's disease
Stott, S., Wyse, R. K. H., & Brundin, P. (2019) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.10.007 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Palumbo, M. L., Moroni, A. D., Quiroga, S., Castro, M. M., Burgueño, A. L., & Genaro, A. M. (2021) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.795 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A Chronological Review of Potential Disease-Modifying Therapeutic Strategies for Alzheimer’s Disease
Ettcheto, M., Busquets, O., Espinosa-Jiménez, T., Verdaguer, E., Auladell, C., & Camins, A. (2020) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612826666200211121416 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Immunotherapy in Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Status and Future Directions
Vashisth, K., Sharma, S., Ghosh, S., Babu, M. A., Ghosh, S., Iqbal, D., Kamal, M., Almutary, A. G., Jha, S. K., Ojha, S. K., et al. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-230603 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Reduction of amyloid beta by Aβ3-10-KLH vaccine also decreases tau pathology in 3×Tg-AD mice
Zhang, H., Zhu, K., Meng, Y., Ding, L., Wang, J.-C., Yin, W., Yan, Y., & Cao, Y. (2018) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.07.019 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationActive immunotherapy and alternative therapeutic modalities for Alzheimer's disease
Weninger, S. C., Sperling, B., Alexander, R., Ivarsson, M., Menzies, F. M., Powchik, P., Weber, C. J., Altar, C. A., Crystal, R. G., Haggarty, S. J., et al. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.12090 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Xu, Y., Jiang, H., Zhu, B., Cao, M., Feng, T., Sun, Z., Du, G., & Zhao, Z. (2023) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14238 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ortiz-Islas, E., Montes, P., Rodríguez-Pérez, C. E., Ruiz-Sánchez, E., Sánchez-Barbosa, T., Pichardo-Rojas, D., Zavala‐Tecuapetla, C., Carvajal, K., & Campos‐Peña, V. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17010128 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Recent advances in immunotherapy targeting amyloid-beta and tauopathies in Alzheimer’s disease
Sha, S., Ren, L., Xing, X., Guo, W., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Cao, Y., & Qu, L. (2025) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00846 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Khan, A. N., Nabi, F., Ajmal, M. R., Ali, S. M., Almutairi, F. M., Alalawy, A. I., & Khan, R. H. (2022) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00371 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kaushal, N., Jain, S., & Baranwal, M. (2022) · Journal of Molecular Recognition · doi:10.1002/jmr.2961 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Immune modulations and immunotherapies for Alzheimer’s disease: a comprehensive review
Mahdiabadi, S., Momtazmanesh, S., Perry, G. L., & Rezaei, N. (2021) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2021-0092 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The endocrine pancreas of old obesehyperglycemic mice.
Westman, S. (1968) · PubMed · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mechanistic Approach to Immunity and Immunotherapy of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review
Islam, M. R., Rabbi, M. A., Hossain, T., Sultana, S., & Uddin, S. (2024) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00360 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Active Immunotherapy for the Prevention of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease
Vroom, M. M., & Dodart, J. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12090973 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Aducanumab delivery via focused ultrasound-induced transient blood–brain barrier opening in vivo
Jeong, J., Han, M., Jeon, S., Kim, Y., Choi, H. J., Choi, W., Kwon, K., Choi, J.-R., & Lee, E.-H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-02412-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Biologics as Therapeutical Agents Under Perspective Clinical Studies for Alzheimer’s Disease
Li, H., Shen, X., Zhang, B., & Zhu, Z. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30173479 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
A brief history of antibody-based therapy
Alpaugh, M., & Cicchetti, F. (2019) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104504 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wang, C. Y., Wang, P., Chiu, M., Finstad, C. L., Lin, F., Lynn, S., Tai, Y., De Fang, X., Zhao, K., Hung, C., Tseng, Y., Peng, W., Wang, J., Yu, C., Kuo, B., & Frohna, P. A.
- Affiliations
- United Biomedical (United States) (US)
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital (TW)
- National Taiwan University Hospital (TW)
- United Biomedical Inc. Asia (UBI‐Asia) Hsinchu Taiwan
- United Biomedical, Inc. (UBI) Hauppauge NY USA
- United Neuroscience, Inc. (UNS) Hsinchu Taiwan
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Chang Yi
- Venue
- Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-04-14
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 262-272
- ISSN
- 2352-8737 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5651432
- OpenAlex
- W2605942834
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 7
- FWCI
- 8.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- United Biomedical, Inc., Hauppauge, New York
- United Biomedical, Inc., Asia, Taiwan
- Ministry of Economic Affairs Grant, Taiwan
- UBITh AD Immunotherapeutic Vaccine [UB-311] (98-EC-17-A-20-1-0014)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease, B-cell epitopes, helper T cell epitopes, immunogenicity, vaccine safety, amyloid plaques, baboons, macaque
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
