Amyloid-β peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer’s disease
Open accessAbstract
β-Amyloid protein oligomerization and fibrillization, known to be pathogenic in Alzheimer’s disease, may play a physiological role in microbial entrapment and innate immunity.
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In this framework, neuroinflammatory AD symptoms are the result of Aβ oligomerization that encases pathogens following infection, sequestering them away from an opportunity to infect brain tissue.
“In this framework, neuroinflammatory AD symptoms are the result of Aβ oligomerization that encases pathogens following infection, sequestering them away from an opportunity to infect brain tissue [105,106].”
From What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer’s disease? (2025) · cites this paper as [106]
The Discussion (page not provided) proposes that Aβ oligomers bind microbes and that growing fibrils can entrap them and inhibit adhesion to host cells. But it does not establish that neuroinflammatory AD symptoms result from this process following infection; it explicitly says CNS infection is not required by its model and that the role of infection in AD remains unproven. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the 5XFAD mouse model of AD, clearance of S. typhimurium was shown to be faster than in WT mice.
“In the 5XFAD mouse model of AD, clearance of S. typhimurium was shown to be faster than in WT mice [106].”
From What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer’s disease? (2025) · cites this paper as [106]
The Results section ('Aβ protects against meningitis in genetically modified mice'; page not available in our copy) reports lower cerebral S. typhimurium loads and better survival in 5XFAD mice than in WT controls. It does not report a faster rate of bacterial clearance, so the claim goes beyond the measured finding. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAβ is an antimicrobial peptide, released by neural cells in response to infectious agents.
“It is now well known that Aβ is an antimicrobial peptide, released by neural cells in response to infectious agents12,13, so it is not surprising that the presence of bacteria in the brain can result in Aβ deposition reviewed in8.”
From Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
The Introduction and Discussion describe Aβ’s antimicrobial activity, and the Results report that cultured human brain neuroglioma cells secrete Aβ. But the Discussion says the study’s models expressed Aβ constitutively and could not test whether infection normally increases its production; it cites other investigators’ findings only as suggesting that Aβ may be inducible. The source therefore does not establish that neural cells release Aβ in response to infectious agents. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGMC101 nematodes have Aβ in the gut, and this amyloid is protective against a S. typhimurium infection.
“Interestingly, GMC101 nematodes have Aβ in the gut, and this amyloid is protective against a S. typhimurium infection [106].”
From What would it take to prove that a chronic infection is a causal agent in Alzheimer’s disease? (2025) · cites this paper as [106]
Aβ has a physiological role in innate immunity.
“these studies highlight a physiological role for Aβ in innate immunity”
From The Inflammatory Continuum of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer’s Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [144]
In a transgenic mouse model of familial Alzheimer's disease (5xFAD mice), intracranial injection with Salmonella typhimurium resulted in a dramatic increase in Aβ deposition after only 48 h.
“In a transgenic mouse model of familial Alzheimer’s disease (5xFAD mice, which exhibit the human amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 transgenes with five mutations linked to Alzheimer’s disease), intracranial injection with Salmonella typhimurium resulted in a dramatic increase in Aβ deposition after only 48 h13.”
From Chlamydia pneumoniae can infect the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves and contributes to Alzheimer’s disease risk (2022) · cites this paper as [13]
Aβ plays a role in synaptic transmission and is involved in learning and memory formation.
“studies that shed light on the physiological role of Aβ in non-diseased brains show that Aβ plays a role in synaptic transmission and is involved in learning and memory formation [18–22].”
From Amyloid-β interrupts canonical Sonic hedgehog signaling by distorting primary cilia structure (2018) · cites this paper as [20]
The Introduction discusses possible physiological roles for Aβ, and the Discussion proposes a protective role in innate immunity. Neither passage addresses synaptic transmission, learning, or memory formation; searches for those terms and related terms found no supporting passage in our copy. The cited paper therefore does not verify this particular claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured5xFAD mice survived longer with less severe disease than wild-type mice, while APP knockout mice had slightly increased mortality.
“5xFAD mice survived longer with less severe disease than WT mice, while APP KO mice had slightly increased mortality compared to WT mice.”
From Alzheimer Disease: An Update on Pathobiology and Treatment Strategies (2019) · cites this paper as Kumar et al., 2016
Parenchymal Aβ in 5xFAD mice is linked to protection against bacterial encephalomyelitis after intracerebral Salmonella inoculation.
“The presence of Aβ in brain parenchyma is linked with protection against infectious bacterial encephalomyelitis experimentally induced by intracerebral inoculation with Salmonella enterica typhimurium bacteria in 4-week old 5xFAD mice.”
From Alzheimer Disease: An Update on Pathobiology and Treatment Strategies (2019) · cites this paper as Kumar et al., 2016
Significant Aβ deposition occurs at sites of bacterial deposition in the brain.
“At sites of bacterial deposition in the brain, significant Aβ deposition was also noted. (Kumar et al., 2016).”
From Alzheimer Disease: An Update on Pathobiology and Treatment Strategies (2019) · cites this paper as Kumar et al., 2016
Animal models expressing human Aβ showed stronger resistance to bacterial and viral infections.
“Animal models with the expression of human Aβ showed stronger resistance to bacterial and viral infections.365”
From Amyloid β-based therapy for Alzheimer’s disease: Challenges, successes and future (2023) · cites this paper as [365]
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- Authors
- Kumar, D. K. V., Choi, S. H., Washicosky, K. J., Eimer, W. A., Tucker, S., Ghofrani, J., Lefkowitz, A., McColl, G., Goldstein, L. E., Tanzi, R. E., & Moir, R. D.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kumar, Deepak Kumar Vijaya
- Choi, Se Hoon
- Washicosky, Kevin J.
- Tanzi, Rudolph E.
- Moir, Robert D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science Translational Medicine
- Published
- 2016-05-25
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 340
- Pages
- 340ra72-340ra72
- ISSN
- 1946-6234 (ISSN-L)
- 1946-6242
- PMC
- PMC5505565
- OpenAlex
- W2407359553
- Cited by
- 971
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 112 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 142 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 112 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 33
- FWCI
- 86.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Science Translational Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- NIH (5R01AI081990-02)
- Cure Alzheimer's Fund
- The Helmsley Charitable Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Antimicrobial Peptides and Activities
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- amyloid-beta, Alzheimer's disease, antimicrobial peptides, antimicrobial activity, fungal infection, bacterial infection, Salmonella typhimurium, amyloid oligomerization, protofibrils, heparin-binding domain, innate immunity, 5xFAD mice, Caenorhabditis elegans, amyloidosis, sterile inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Mice, Transgenic, Salmonella typhimurium, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Caenorhabditis elegans, Animals, Genetically Modified, Mice
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