Alzheimer’s disease: Recent treatment strategies
Abstract
Alzheimer Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by two neuropathological hallmarks: extracellular deposition of amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Current treatment for AD (donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and memantine) is only symptomatic and has modest benefits. Thus, the development of drugs with the potential to change the progression of the disease has been a priority. Therapies targeting amyloid β have been the focus for almost 30 years. However, highly promising drugs recently failed to show clinical benefits in phase III trials. Even the positive findings presented by Biogen on Aducanumab are not entirely clear and further data is necessary to confirm its validity. Therefore, researchers are turning their efforts around to tau-targeting therapies, since tau protein appears to be better correlated with the severity of cognitive decline than amyloid β. Currently, most anti-tau agents in clinical trials are immunotherapies and they are in the early stages of clinical research. Four monoclonal antibodies anti-tau (Gosuranemab, Tilavonemab, Semorinemab and Zagotenemab) and one anti-tau vaccine (AADvac1) have reached phase II, so far. In this review, we discuss the potential disease-modifying agents tested in clinical trials and update the information of drugs that are still under clinical evaluation.
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Donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine are the most frequently prescribed cholinesterase inhibitors.
“Donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine are the cholinesterase inhibitors that are most frequently prescribed [102,103,104,105,106].”
From Recent Advances in Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [105]
AADvac1 produced antibodies in 95% of subjects in a phase 2 clinical study.
“AADvac1, a tau fragment peptide vaccine, was shown to produce antibodies in 95% of subjects in a phase 2 clinical study.”
From Role of Tau Protein in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Development of Its Targeted Drugs: A Literature Review (2024) · cites this paper as [201]
AADvac1 significantly slowed growth of NFTs in the blood, with significant reduction in CSF pTau217 levels and a trend towards reduction in pTau181 and total tau levels in the treatment group, but no cognitive benefit was observed.
“AADvac1 significantly slowed the growth of NFTs in the blood, with a significant reduction in CSF pTau217 levels and a trend towards a reduction in pTau181 and total tau levels in the treatment group, but no cognitive benefit was observed [201].”
From Role of Tau Protein in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Development of Its Targeted Drugs: A Literature Review (2024) · cites this paper as [201]
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Jeremic, D., Jiménez-Díaz, L., & Navarro-López, J. D. (2021) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2021.101496 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Challenges and hopes for Alzheimer’s disease
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“Aducanumab: Selective Anti-Aβ Antibody Over the last 25 years, several drugs targeting Aβ have failed to show clinical efficacy in trials, including five anti-Aβ antibodies: bapineuzumab, solanezumab, crenezumab, ponezumab, and gantenerumab.(25,26) Thus, supporters of the amyloid hypothesis placed high hopes on aducan…”
BackgroundSelf-citationDisease-Modifying Therapies for Alzheimer’s Disease: More Questions than Answers
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“AADvac1 significantly slowed the growth of NFTs in the blood, with a significant reduction in CSF pTau217 levels and a trend towards a reduction in pTau181 and total tau levels in the treatment group, but no cognitive benefit was observed [201].”
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- Authors
- Vaz, M., & Silvestre, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Beira Interior (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Silvestre, Samuel
- Venue
- European Journal of Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 887
- Pages
- 173554
- ISSN
- 0014-2999 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3085706776
- Semantic Scholar
- ea5d49b11e9d2b96f3bea644cdd9230443017a7e
- Cited by
- 547
- References
- 172
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 117 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 10.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-000013, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007491, UID/Multi/00709/2019)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, disease-modifying therapy, amyloid-beta, aducanumab, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, clinical trials
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humans, Immunotherapy, Amyloid beta-Peptides, tau Proteins, Tauopathies
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