The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
What is happening outside North America regarding human dirofilariasis?
Abstract
The etiologic agents of human dirofilariasis in the Old World are Dirofilaria immitis, which cause pulmonary and subcutaneous nodules, and Dirofilaria repens, which cause ocular lesions. Although reports of new cases of dirofilariasis are sporadic in other parts of the world, a considerable amount of information is generated in Europe regarding human dirofilariasis. Most cases have been detected in the Mediterranean countries, Ukraine, and Russia; however, isolated or short series of cases have been reported in the Balkan Republics and central and northern European countries. Seroepidemiologic studies have provided evidence that humans living in endemic areas present rates of infection similar to those of the autochthonous canine populations. Antibodies against endosymbiont Wolbachia bacteria have been demonstrated recently in human Dirofilaria infections. During D. immitis infections, preadult worms and third- and fourth-stage larvae are often destroyed by the host reaction, releasing a considerable amount of Wolbachia, and a Th1-type response against Wolbachia and/or filarial antigens is mounted. On the contrary, infections with D. repens, in which worms frequently remain intact, no Th1-type response has been observed. As humans are resistant hosts, the Th1-response could have a role in the resistance against parasites. The causes for the rise in the incidence of human dirofilariasis as well as the possible application of Wolbachia antigens in the serodiagnosis of human infections are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In this decade (2000 to 2010), subcutaneous/ocular dirofilariasis expanded from southern to central and northern Europe (149,391,393).”
From Human and animal dirofilariasis: The emergence of a zoonotic mosaic (2012) · cites this paper as [391]
In the citing paper
“In the Old World, where D. immitis and D. repens cocirculate in populations of animal reservoirs, subcutaneous/ocular dirofilariasis cases involving D. repens (n ϭ 1,370) largely predominate over pulmonary dirofilariasis cases (35), even in areas where D. immitis is highly endemic (391).”
From Human and animal dirofilariasis: The emergence of a zoonotic mosaic (2012) · cites this paper as [391]
In the citing paper
“In some cases, only a cellular reaction is observed because worms have already been destroyed by the time the nodule is found (391).”
From Human and animal dirofilariasis: The emergence of a zoonotic mosaic (2012) · cites this paper as [391]
In the citing paper
“This intervention could be avoided in many cases of a lung location”
From Human and animal dirofilariasis: The emergence of a zoonotic mosaic (2012) · cites this paper as [391]
Citations
Cites
Phylogeny of Wolbachia in filarial nematodes
Bandi, C., Anderson, T., Genchi, C., & Blaxter, M. (1998) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0591 · Cited by 579
The Role of Endosymbiotic Wolbachia Bacteria in the Pathogenesis of River Blindness
André, A. V. S., Blackwell, N. M., Hall, L. R., Hoerauf, A. M., Brattig, N. W., Volkmann, L., Taylor, M. J., Ford, L., Hise, A. G., Lass, J. H., et al. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1068732 · Cited by 358
Wolbachia Bacteria of Filarial Nematodes
Taylor, M. J., & Hoerauf, A. (1999) · Parasitology Today · doi:10.1016/s0169-4758(99)01533-1 · Cited by 309
Pampiglione, S., & Rivasi, F. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 264
Molecular evidence for a close relative of the arthropod endosymbiont Wolbachia in a filarial worm
Sironi, M., Bandi, C., Sacchi, L., di Sacco, B., Damiani, G., & Genchi, C. (1995) · Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology · doi:10.1016/0166-6851(95)02494-8 · Cited by 251
Taylor, M. J., Cross, H. F., & Bilo, K. (2000) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.191.8.1429 · Cited by 249
Orihel, T. C., & Eberhard, M. L. (1998) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.11.2.366 · Cited by 247
Human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens: a review of world literature.
Pampiglione, S., Trotti, G. C., & Rivasi, F. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 218
Dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens in Italy, an emergent zoonosis: report of 60 new cases
Pampiglione, S., Rivasi, F., Angeli, G., Boldorini, R., Incensati, R. M., Pastormerlo, M., Pavesi, M., & Ramponi, A. (2001) · Histopathology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2559.2001.01099.x · Cited by 202
Brattig, N. W. (2004) · Microbes and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2003.11.003 · Cited by 169
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 60 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Auer, 1997, Ein seltener Fall einer Dirofilaria repens-Infestation des Nebenhodens, Mitt. Österr. Ges. Tropenmed. Parasitol., 19, 53
- Gillot, 1998, Dirofilariose à Dirofilaria repens. Un cas contracté en Gironde, Ann. Dermatol. Vénéréol., 125, 105
- Masseron, 1996, Dirofilariose conjonctivale à Dirofilaria repens: à propos d’un cas français, Méd. Trop., 56, 457
- Muro, 1991, Seasonal changes in the levels of anti-Dirofilaria immitis in an exponed human population, Trop. Med. Parasitol., 42, 371
- Nozais, 1994, Un cas de dirofilariose sous-cutanée à Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens avec microfilarémie en provenance de Corse, Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exotique, 87, 183
- Pampiglione, 1995, Un cas probable de dirofilariose humaine sous-conjonctivale observé par Amatus Lusitanicus dans le Midi de la France au XVIe siècle, Parasite, 2, 92
- Raccurt, 1999, La dirofilariose, zoonose émergente et méconnue en France, Méd. Trop., 59, 389
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–125 of 125
Paran, R. D., & Svobodová, V. (2011) · Veterinary Medicine International · doi:10.4061/2011/482746 · Cited by 4
Migratory Soft-Tissue Swelling Owing to Subcutaneous Dirofilariasis
Sereeaphinan, C., Hanamornroongruang, S., Sitthinamsuwan, P., Sarasombath, P. T., & Rujitharanawong, C. (2025) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.24-0799 · Cited by 3
ALASHRY, A., & Morsy, T. A. (2021) · Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology · doi:10.21608/jesp.2021.210454 · Cited by 3
HUMAN OCULAR DIROFILARIOSIS: CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES
Trenkić-Božinović, M., Otašević, S., Stanković-Babić, G., Tasić, A., & Trenkić, M. (2014) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.5633/amm.2014.0114 · Cited by 3
Three unusual cases of parasites in eye
Mundhada, S. G., Deshmukh, M., & Changole, M. D. (2019) · Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology · doi:10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_247_18 · Cited by 3
Surveys of Canine Filarioids In Nigeria: The Path Travelled and the Way Forward
Kamani, J., & González‐Miguel, J. (2021) · Nigerian Veterinary Journal · doi:10.4314/nvj.v41i3.5 · Cited by 2
Wolbachia infection in Aedes aegypti does not affect its vectorial capacity for Dirofilaria immitis
Shirozu, T., Regilme, M. A. F., Oté, M., Sasaki, M., Soga, A., Bochimoto, H., Kawabata, H., Umemiya‐Shirafuji, R., Kanuka, H., & Shinya, F. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73421-9 · Cited by 2
Dirofilaria Infections in Humans and Other Zoonotic Filariases
Genchi, C., Bandi, C., Kramer, L. H., & Epis, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-00303-5_15 · Cited by 2
Survey on infection rate ofDirofilaria immitisin mosquitoes collected from the parks in Ulsan
Cha, C., Yoon, N., Lee, S., & Jang, J. (2022) · Korean Journal of Veterinary Service · doi:10.7853/kjvs.2022.45.4.317 · Cited by 1
Sungpradit, S. (2010) · Chulalongkorn Medical Journal · doi:10.58837/chula.cmj.54.6.3 · Cited by 1
Dirofilaria repens in the Spermatic Cord of a 5-Year-Old Boy: A Rare Pediatric Case in Italy
Franzò, A., Marıno, A., Celesia, B. M., Bruno, R., Catalano, P., Cacciaguerra, S., Reale, S., Cacopardo, B. S., & Nunnari, G. (2025) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed10070184 · Cited by 1
Une dirofilariose inguinale simulant une hernie
Guinier, D., Morlevat, F., L’Ollivier, C., Dalle, F., & Bonnin, A. (2011) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2011.10.017 · Cited by 1
Διροφιλαρίωση του σκύλου: παθογένεια και διάγνωση ενός πολυδιάστατου νοσήματος
ΣΙNΑΝΗΣ), T. N. S. (. Ν., KOUTINAS, C. K., Diakou, Α., & Papadopoulou, P. L. (2017) · Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society · doi:10.12681/jhvms.15443 · Cited by 1
62-year-old woman with PET-positive solitary pulmonary nodule
Saha, B. K., Chong, W. H., Chieng, H., & Chopra, A. (2021) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2021-243695 · Cited by 1
Collins, J. M., & Lorber, B. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555815950.ch5 · Cited by 1
Dirofilaria Infections in Humans and Other Zoonotic Filarioses
Genchi, C., Bandi, C., Kramer, L. H., & Epis, S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1782-8_13
Kan infektion med hjärtmask (Dirofilaria immitis) smitta i Sverige
Östman, A. (2010) · Epsilon Archive for Student Projects (University of Southampton)
ПРИСУСТВO МИКРОФИЛАРИЈА КОД ПАСА БЕЗ ВЛАСНИКА НА ТЕРИТОРИЈИ ГРАДА ЛЕСКОВЦА
Gojkovic, K., Манић, M., Đorić, G., Stojiljković, M., & Антанасијевић, С. (2018) · ВЕТЕРИНАРСКИ ЖУРНАЛ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ · doi:10.7251/vetj1601004g
Hepatobiliary ascariasis complicated by obstructive jaundice: case-report and mini-review
Буката, В. В., & Чорномидз, А. В. (2020) · Archives of the Balkan Medical Union · doi:10.31688/abmu.2020.55.3.18
", Mitev, M. A., & Chakarova, B. (2020) · Archives of the Balkan Medical Union · doi:10.31688/abmu.2020.55.3.17
Canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis, Leidy) and risk of infection in human
Tiawsirisup, S. (2010) · Chulalongkorn Medical Journal · doi:10.58837/chula.cmj.54.6.8
Les bactéries de la famille des Anaplasmataceae, agents pathogènes à transmission vectorielle
Dahmani, M. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f32c2865z36a8z4258z9113zc060721ec037
Genital Dirofilaria: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Presentations, Diagnosis and Management
Franzò, A., Messina, A. M. I., Bruno, R., Bellocchi, B., Pistarà, E., Cosentino, F., Spampinato, S., Celesia, B. M., Cacopardo, B. S., Nunnari, G., et al. (2026) · Acta Parasitologica · doi:10.1007/s11686-026-01271-8
Metadata
- Authors
- Simón, F., López-Belmonte, J., Marcos-Atxutegi, C., Morchón, R., & Martín-Pacho, J. R.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Salamanca (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Simón, F.
- Venue
- Veterinary Parasitology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 133
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 181-189
- ISSN
- 0304-4017 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2008831311
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Veterinary Parasitology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Università degli Studi di Parma
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Helminth infection and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Keywords
- human dirofilariasis, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, Wolbachia, serological diagnosis, Th1 response, host resistance to infection, seroprevalence, Mediterranean countries, Europe, ocular dirofilariasis, pulmonary nodules, subcutaneous nodules
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial, Dirofilaria, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilariasis, Europe, Humans, Symbiosis, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Sentinel Surveillance, Wolbachia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review