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Cited by 522

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Protective actions of sex steroid hormones in Alzheimer’s disease

Open access
Pike, Christian J., Carroll, Jenna C., Rosario, Emily R., Barron, Anna M.·2009·Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
DOI 10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.04.015
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Abstract

Risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with age-related loss of sex steroid hormones in both women and men. In postmenopausal women, the precipitous depletion of estrogens and progestogens is hypothesized to increase susceptibility to AD pathogenesis, a concept largely supported by epidemiological evidence but refuted by some clinical findings. Experimental evidence suggests that estrogens have numerous neuroprotective actions relevant to prevention of AD, in particular promotion of neuron viability and reduction of β-amyloid accumulation, a critical factor in the initiation and progression of AD. Recent findings suggest neural responsiveness to estrogen can diminish with age, reducing neuroprotective actions of estrogen and, consequently, potentially limiting the utility of hormone therapies in aged women. In addition, estrogen neuroprotective actions are also modulated by progestogens. Specifically, continuous progestogen exposure is associated with inhibition of estrogen actions whereas cyclic delivery of progestogens may enhance neural benefits of estrogen. In recent years, emerging literature has begun to elucidate a parallel relationship of sex steroid hormones and AD risk in men. Normal age-related testosterone loss in men is associated with increased risk to several diseases including AD. Like estrogen, testosterone has been established as an endogenous neuroprotective factor that not only increases neuronal resilience against AD-related insults, but also reduces β- amyloid accumulation. Androgen neuroprotective effects are mediated both directly by activation of androgen pathways and indirectly by aromatization to estradiol and initiation of protective estrogen signaling mechanisms. The successful use of hormone therapies in aging men and women to delay, prevent, and or treat AD will require additional research to optimize key parameters of hormone therapy and may benefit from the continuing development of selective estrogen and androgen receptor modulators.

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Metadata

Authors
Pike, C. J., Carroll, J. C., Rosario, E. R., & Barron, A. M.
Venue
Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2009-07
Volume
30
Issue
2
Pages
239-258
ISSN
0091-3022 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.04.015
OpenAlex
W2083293065
Cited by
522
References
31
FWCI
20.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

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