The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Protective actions of sex steroid hormones in Alzheimer’s disease
Open accessAbstract
Risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with age-related loss of sex steroid hormones in both women and men. In postmenopausal women, the precipitous depletion of estrogens and progestogens is hypothesized to increase susceptibility to AD pathogenesis, a concept largely supported by epidemiological evidence but refuted by some clinical findings. Experimental evidence suggests that estrogens have numerous neuroprotective actions relevant to prevention of AD, in particular promotion of neuron viability and reduction of β-amyloid accumulation, a critical factor in the initiation and progression of AD. Recent findings suggest neural responsiveness to estrogen can diminish with age, reducing neuroprotective actions of estrogen and, consequently, potentially limiting the utility of hormone therapies in aged women. In addition, estrogen neuroprotective actions are also modulated by progestogens. Specifically, continuous progestogen exposure is associated with inhibition of estrogen actions whereas cyclic delivery of progestogens may enhance neural benefits of estrogen. In recent years, emerging literature has begun to elucidate a parallel relationship of sex steroid hormones and AD risk in men. Normal age-related testosterone loss in men is associated with increased risk to several diseases including AD. Like estrogen, testosterone has been established as an endogenous neuroprotective factor that not only increases neuronal resilience against AD-related insults, but also reduces β- amyloid accumulation. Androgen neuroprotective effects are mediated both directly by activation of androgen pathways and indirectly by aromatization to estradiol and initiation of protective estrogen signaling mechanisms. The successful use of hormone therapies in aging men and women to delay, prevent, and or treat AD will require additional research to optimize key parameters of hormone therapy and may benefit from the continuing development of selective estrogen and androgen receptor modulators.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED ARTICLE: A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory
Lesné, S., Koh, M. T., Kotilinek, L., Kayed, R., Glabe, C. G., Yang, A., Gallagher, M., & Ashe, K. H. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04533 · Cited by 2,769 · cited 1×
“ory [61,198].”
RetractedStructure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids
Rice-Evans, C. A., Miller, N. J., & Paganga, G. (1996) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0891-5849(95)02227-9 · Cited by 9,085
Alzheimer's disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis
Hardy, J. A., & Higgins, G. A. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1566067 · Cited by 7,484
Soluble protein oligomers in neurodegeneration: lessons from the Alzheimer's amyloid β-peptide
Haass, C., & Selkoe, D. J. (2007) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm2101 · Cited by 4,744
Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease
Akiyama, H. (2000) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00124-x · Cited by 4,514
The Bcl2 family: regulators of the cellular life-or-death switch
Cory, S., & Adams, J. M. (2002) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc883 · Cited by 4,032
Valery (1995) · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03520270033028 · Cited by 2,320
Hydrogen peroxide mediates amyloid β protein toxicity
Behl, C. (1994) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90131-7 · Cited by 2,074
Aβ Oligomers – a decade of discovery
Walsh, D. M., & Selkoe, D. J. (2007) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04426.x · Cited by 1,938
Feldman, H. A., Longcope, C., Derby, C. A., Johannes, C. B., Araujo, A. B., Coviello, A. D., Bremner, W. J., & McKinlay, J. B. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.2.8201 · Cited by 1,861
APP Processing and Synaptic Function
Kamenetz, F., Tomita, T., Hsieh, H., Seabrook, G., Borchelt, D., Iwatsubo, T., Sisodia, S., & Malinow, R. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00124-7 · Cited by 1,644
Tau pathology in Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies
Iqbal, K., del C. Alonso, A., Chen, S., Chohan, M. O., El-Akkad, E., Gong, C.-X., Khatoon, S., Li, B., Liu, F., Rahman, A., et al. (2005) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2004.09.008 · Cited by 1,037
Amyloid deposition precedes tangle formation in a triple transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease
Oddo, S. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.08.012 · Cited by 980
Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men
Bhasin, S., Woodhouse, L., Casaburi, R., Singh, A. B., Bhasin, D., Berman, N., Chen, X., Yarasheski, K. E., Magliano, L., Dzekov, C., et al. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.281.6.e1172 · Cited by 967
Predictors of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men and women
Baumgartner, R. N., Waters, D. L., Gallagher, D., Morley, J. E., & Garry, P. J. (1999) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(98)00130-4 · Cited by 809 · cited 1×
“brain [24,50,96,125,179,183,217,224,302].”
Scavenger receptor-mediated adhesion of microglia to β-amyloid fibrils
Khoury, J. E., Hickman, S. E., Thomas, C. A., Cao, L., Silverstein, S. C., & Loike, J. D. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/382716a0 · Cited by 727
Gender differences in the incidence of AD and vascular dementia: The EURODEM Studies
Andersen, K., Launer, L. J., Dewey, M. E., Letenneur, L., Ott, A., Copeland, J. R. M., Dartigues, J.-F., Kragh–Sorensen, P., Baldereschi, M., Brayne, C., et al. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.9.1992 · Cited by 650
Estrogen and cognitive functioning in women
Sherwin, B. B. (2003) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2001-0016 · Cited by 560
Ferrando, A. A., Sheffield-Moore, M., Yeckel, C. W., Gilkison, C., Jiang, J., Achacosa, A., Lieberman, S. A., Tipton, K., Wolfe, R. R., & Urban, R. J. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00362.2001 · Cited by 522
Emmelot-Vonk, M. H., Verhaar, H. J. J., Nakhai Pour, H. R., Aleman, A., Lock, T. M. T. W., Bosch, J. L. H. R., Grobbee, D. E., & van der Schouw, Y. T. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2007.51 · Cited by 518
Microglia and inflammatory mechanisms in the clearance of amyloid β peptide
Rogers, J., Strohmeyer, R., Kovelowski, C. J., & Li, R. (2002) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10153 · Cited by 381
Endogenous sex hormones in men aged 40-80 years
Muller, M., den Tonkelaar, I., Thijssen, J., Grobbee, D., & van der Schouw, Y. (2003) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1490583 · Cited by 346
Progesterone and Estrogen Regulate Oxidative Metabolism in Brain Mitochondria
Irwin, R. W., Yao, J., Hamilton, R. T., Cadenas, E., Brinton, R. D., & Nilsen, J. (2008) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-1227 · Cited by 289
Brain levels of sex steroid hormones in men and women during normal aging and in Alzheimer's disease
Rosario, E. R., Chang, L., Head, E. H., Stanczyk, F. Z., & Pike, C. J. (2011) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.008 · Cited by 289
Self-citationAugmented Senile Plaque Load in Aged Female β-Amyloid Precursor Protein-Transgenic Mice
Callahan, M. J., Lipinski, W. J., Bian, F., Durham, R. A., Pack, A., & Walker, L. C. (2001) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64064-3 · Cited by 274
CORDER, E. H., GHEBREMEDHIN, E., TAYLOR, M. G., THAL, D. R., OHM, T. G., & BRAAK, H. (2004) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1297.005 · Cited by 254 · cited 2×
“Further, there is a stronger association between the apolipoprotein E e4 allele and sporadic AD in women compared to men [66,84,165] and the e4 allele has been shown to be associated with greater hippocampal atrophy and memory impairments in women compared to men [98].”
Testosterone increases analgesia, anxiolysis, and cognitive performance of male rats
FRYE, C. A., & SELIGA, A. M. (2001) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.1.4.371 · Cited by 239
Ivins, K. J., Bui, E. T. N., & Cotman, C. W. (1998) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1006/nbdi.1998.0228 · Cited by 164
β-Amyloid induces neuritic dystrophy in vitro: similarities with Alzheimer pathology
Pike, C. J., Cummings, B. J., & Cotman, C. W. (1992) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199209000-00012 · Cited by 131 · cited 1×
“[72,348,373] degeneration of neurites [169,262] and synaptic dysruption [145,182,288,348] leading to impaired learning and mem-”
Self-citationFarrer, L. A. (1997) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1997.03550160069041 · Cited by 124
Ogiue-Ikeda, M., Tanabe, N., Mukai, H., Hojo, Y., Murakami, G., Tsurugizawa, T., Takata, N., Kimoto, T., & Kawato, S. (2008) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.06.010 · Cited by 119
Cited by
Gillies, G. E., & McArthur, S. (2010) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.109.002071 · Cited by 733
Buckley, R. F., Mormino, E. C., Rabin, J. S., Hohman, T. J., Landau, S., Hanseeuw, B. J., Jacobs, H. I. L., Papp, K. V., Amariglio, R. E., Properzi, M. J., et al. (2019) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.4693 · Cited by 373
Androgen therapy in women: a reappraisal: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Wierman, M. E., Arlt, W., Basson, R., Davis, S. R., Miller, K. K., Murad, M. H., Rosner, W., & Santoro, N. (2014) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2014-2260 · Cited by 363
Carroll, J. C., Rosario, E. R., Kreimer, S., Villamagna, A., Gentzschein, E., Stanczyk, F. Z., & Pike, C. J. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.009 · Cited by 273
Self-citationSexual dimorphism in predisposition to Alzheimer's disease
Fisher, D. W., Bennett, D. A., & Dong, H. (2018) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.04.004 · Cited by 270
Metadata
- Authors
- Pike, C. J., Carroll, J. C., Rosario, E. R., & Barron, A. M.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 239-258
- ISSN
- 0091-3022 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2083293065
- Cited by
- 522
- References
- 31
- FWCI
- 20.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
