Effects of sex steroid hormones on regional fat depots as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in transsexuals
Abstract
We investigated prospectively the effect of sex steroids on regional fat depots and thigh muscle mass in adult transsexuals. Ethinyl estradiol in combination with cyproterone acetate, a progestational antiandrogen, was given to 20 male-to-female (M-F) transsexuals, and parenteral testosterone esters were given to 17 female-to-male (F-M) transsexuals. Before and after 12 mo of cross-sex hormone administration, several anthropometric measurements (weight, skinfolds, body circumferences, and bioimpedance) were performed, and transverse magnetic resonance images were obtained at the level of the abdomen, hip, and thigh to quantify fat depots (subcutaneous and visceral) and muscle areas. We observed that treatment with ethinyl estradiol in M-F transsexuals induced a significant increase in all subcutaneous fat depots, with a lesser but proportional and significant increase in the visceral fat depot and a decrease in thigh muscle area. Testosterone administration in F-M transsexuals markedly increased thigh muscle area, reduced subcutaneous fat deposition at all levels measured, but slightly increased the visceral fat area. We conclude that sex steroid hormones are important determinants of the sex-specific localization of body fat.
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One study reported a 9.5% decrease in quadriceps cross-sectional area compared with baseline after 12 months and an 11.7% decrease after 36 months.
“The first study42 reported a 9.5% decrease in quadriceps CSA compared with baseline after 12 months and an 11.7% decrease in quadriceps CSA compared with baseline after 36 months.”
There was only one study in which the limits of agreement indicated a change in cross-sectional area at the 95% CI.
“There was only one study42 in which the limits of agreement indicated a change at the 95% CI.”
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- Authors
- Elbers, J. M. H., Asscheman, H., Seidell, J. C., & Gooren, L. J. G.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1999-02-01
- Volume
- 276
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- E317-E325
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- OpenAlex
- W2115643460
- Cited by
- 236
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 3.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Rivm (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Keywords
- sex hormones, transsexuals, gender-affirming hormone therapy, ethinyl estradiol, cyproterone acetate, testosterone esters, subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral fat, thigh muscle mass
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adolescent, Adult, Androgen Antagonists, Anthropometry, Drug Combinations, Ethinyl Estradiol, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Prospective Studies, Sex Characteristics, Transsexualism, Cyproterone Acetate, Estradiol Congeners
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