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Cited by 105Sexual Differentiation and DisordersNeuroendocrine regulation and behaviorGenetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities

Effects of prenatal androgens on rhesus monkeys: A model system to explore the organizational hypothesis in primates

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Thornton, Jan, Zehr, Julia L., Loose, Michael D.·2009·Hormones and Behavior
DOI 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.03.015PMC PMC3146061
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Abstract

After proposing the organizational hypothesis from research in prenatally androgenized guinea pigs (Phoenix, C.H., Goy, R.W., Gerall, A.A., Young, W.C., 1959. Organizational action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig. Endocrinology 65, 369-382.), the same authors almost immediately extended the hypothesis to a nonhuman primate model, the rhesus monkey. Studies over the last 50 years have verified that prenatal androgens have permanent effects in rhesus monkeys on the neural circuits that underlie sexually dimorphic behaviors. These behaviors include both sexual and social behaviors, all of which are also influenced by social experience. Many juvenile behaviors such as play, mounting, and vocal behaviors are masculinized and/or defeminized, and aspects of adult sexual behavior are both masculinized (e.g. approaches, sex contacts, and mounts) and defeminized (e.g. sexual solicits). Different behavioral endpoints have different periods of maximal susceptibility to the organizing actions of prenatal androgens. Aromatization is not important, as both testosterone and dihydrotestosterone are equally effective in rhesus monkeys. Although the full story of the effects of prenatal androgens on sexual and social behaviors in the rhesus monkey has not yet completely unfolded, much progress has been made. Amazingly, a large number of the inferences drawn from the original 1959 study have proved applicable to this nonhuman primate model.

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  • In primates, androgens mediate most, if not all, of the masculinization of the brain.

    “However, this does not appear to be true in primates, where androgens mediate most, if not all, of the masculinization of the brain (Thornton et al., 2009).”

    From Developmental origins of sex differences in the neural circuitry of play (2020) · cites this paper as Thornton et al., 2009

    The Conceptual issues and conclusions section says prenatal androgens organize neural mechanisms underlying sexually dimorphic behaviors and reports that many rhesus-monkey behaviors are affected. It also says the precise neural effects have not been directly tested in rhesus monkeys. The paper therefore supports a role for androgens, but not the claim that they mediate most or all brain masculinization across primates. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Authors
Thornton, J., Zehr, J. L., & Loose, M. D.
Affiliations
  • National Institute of Mental Health (US)
  • Oberlin College (US)
Venue
Hormones and Behavior
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2009-05
Volume
55
Issue
5
Pages
633-644
ISSN
0018-506X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.03.015
PMC
PMC3146061
OpenAlex
W2078746859
Cited by
105
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 12
FWCI
0.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (Z99 MH999999)
  • Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities
Keywords
prenatal androgens, rhesus monkeys, sexually dimorphic behavior, social behavior, sexual behavior, masculinization, dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, aromatization, social experience, nonhuman primate model
MeSH terms
Androgens, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain, Critical Period, Psychological, Female, Genitalia, Macaca mulatta, Male, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Sex Characteristics, Sex Differentiation, Social Behavior, Virilism, Fetal Development

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