The DOI matches its Crossref record; 142 of the 144 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Oxytocin modulates cooperation within and competition between groups: An integrative review and research agenda
Abstract
The author reviews evidence that hypothalamic release (or infusion) of the neuropeptide oxytocin modulates the regulation of cooperation and conflict among humans because of three reasons. First, oxytocin enables social categorization of others into in-group versus out-group. Second, oxytocin dampens amygdala activity and enables the development of trust. Third, and finally, oxytocin up-regulates neural circuitries (e.g., inferior frontal gyrus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, caudate nucleus) involved in empathy and other-concern. Consistent with an evolutionary perspective on the functionality of cooperation, it is concluded that oxytocin-motivated cooperation is mostly parochial-it motivates (i) in-group favoritism, (ii) cooperation towards in-group but not out-group members, and (iii) defense-motivated non-cooperation towards threatening outsiders. Thus, in addition to its well-known role in reproduction and pair-bond formation, oxytocin's primary functions include in-group "tend-and-defend." This review concludes with avenues for new research on oxytocin's functions in within-group cooperation and between-group competition. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior.
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In the citing paper
“since OXT can also promote risk aversion (Declerck et al., 2010) and noncooperation toward individuals perceived as outsiders (De Dreu, 2012).”
From Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females (2012) · cites this paper as De Dreu, 2012
In the citing paper
“The anxiolytic effect of oxytocin is proposed to facilitate social cohesion during highly risky situations that might otherwise precipitate defection away from threat (4).”
From Oxytocin reactivity during intergroup conflict in wild chimpanzees (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“This suggests that oxytocin triggers a “tend and defend” form of parochial altruism, accentuating cooperative behavior toward the in-group as well as defensive behavior toward out-groups (4).”
From Oxytocin reactivity during intergroup conflict in wild chimpanzees (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Finally, in some studies oxytocin only increases positive perceptions or social motivations toward others (Chang et al., 2012; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2013) and in other studies it also amplifies pre-existing social motivations or perceptions, whether positive or negative (De Dreu, 2012).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as De Dreu, 2012
In the citing paper
“As a final effect of oxytocin, it is thought that under certain circumstances, oxytocin may activate a positive feedback system, such that oxytocin may trigger a behavior or motivation, or vice versa. Then, the behavior or motivation may trigger further oxytocin release, which may again initiate more of the behavior (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998; De Dreu, 2012).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as De Dreu, 2012
In the citing paper
“There are indications for this in the context of labor during child birth (Russell et al., 2003), and this is hypothesized, for example, in the context of affiliation (Uvnäs-Moberg, 1998) and cooperation (see De Dreu, 2012).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as De Dreu, 2012
In the citing paper
“oxytocin typically increases cooperation toward those perceived as being in-group members but simultaneously decreases cooperation and increases negative attitudes toward out-group members (see De Dreu, 2012 for a review).”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as De Dreu, 2012
In the citing paper
“In contrast, high oxytocin and high testosterone might induce loyal comradeship required for dangerous or risky group action that individuals are less likely to engage in alone (De Dreu, 2012), such as dare-devil acts or warfare.”
From Endogenous peripheral oxytocin measures can give insight into the dynamics of social relationships: a review (2014) · cites this paper as De Dreu, 2012
In the citing paper
“Since the publication of this study, increasing evidence suggests that OT's function is not always consistent with facilitating social approach, but that administering intranasal OT can also lead to parochial, competitive, and envious behaviors and behaviors that appear to be driven by schadenfreude 16,17,32 , which have an anti-social dimension.”
From A registered replication study on oxytocin and trust (2020) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“Research in non-human primates as well as in humans (Bartz et al., 2011; De Dreu, 2012; Guastella et al., 2012; Heinrichs and Domes, 2008; Insel, 2010; MacDonald and Feifel, 2013; Meyer-Lindenberg et al., 2011) suggests that OT might be an important component of the neuroendocrinological regulation of social relationships.”
From Oxytocin and social cognition in rhesus macaques: Implications for understanding and treating human psychopathology (2014) · cites this paper as De Dreu, 2012
In the citing paper
“OXT has been emphasized as an important regulator of fairness, trust, cooperation, and competition in humans (De Dreu, 2012; Kosfeld, Heinrichs, Zak, Fischbacher, & Fehr, 2005; Radke & De Bruijn, 2012; Zak, Stanton, & Ahmadi, 2007).”
From Inequity aversion strategies between marmosets are influenced by partner familiarity and sex but not by oxytocin (2016) · cites this paper as De Dreu, 2012
In the citing paper
“These studies in humans strongly reinforce the view that the relationship between OXT and prosociality is highly sensitive to social context, especially with regard to the relationship quality between social partners (De Dreu, 2012; Everett, Faber, Crockett, & De Dreu, 2015).”
From Inequity aversion strategies between marmosets are influenced by partner familiarity and sex but not by oxytocin (2016) · cites this paper as De Dreu, 2012
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Yap, W., Cheon, B., Hong, Y.-Y., & Christopoulos, G. I. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00209 · Cited by 8
“Notably, oxytocin has also been linked to intergroup bias among humans, suggesting that this neurobiological mechanism regulating pair bonding and attachment also contributes to broader group-level cohesion and defense (De Dreu, 2012).”
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“De Dreu, C. K. W. (2012). Oxytocin modulates coop-”
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Declerck, C. H., Lambert, B., & Boone, C. (2014) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.04.010 · Cited by 9
“For example, exogenous OT tends to promote in-group cooperation and ethnocentrism (reviewed in De Dreu, 2012), increase the perception of fear expression (Fisher-Shofty et al., 2010), decrease trust when people are perceived to be untrustworthy (Mikolajczak et al., 2010) and decrease cooperation…”
BackgroundWeisel, O. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01594 · Cited by 11
“Results from studies investigating the hormone oxytocin, known for increasing peoples’ affinity to their group (i.e., their groupness), suggest that it is associated mainly with ingroup love, as opposed to outgroup hate (De Dreu et al., 2010; De Dreu, 2012).”
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“…number of studies linking endogenous and exogenous oxytocin to different aspects of human behavior (Caldwell, Lee, Macbeth, & Young, 2008; De Dreu, 2012; Ebstein et al., 2009; Ebstein, Knafo, Mankuta, Chew, & Lai, 2012; Guastella & MacLeod, 2012; Higashida, Yokoyama, Kikuchi, & Munesue,…”
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“Social norm enforcement, particularly in-group cooperation, has been linked to the neuropeptide oxytocin (De Dreu, 2012; Israel et al., 2012; Ten Velden et al., 2014).”
BackgroundIntergroup Relationship and Empathy for Others’ Pain: A Social Neuroscience Approach
Han, S. (2015) · International and cultural psychology/International and cultural psychology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2260-4_2 · Cited by 9
“Recent behavioral studies have shown increasing evidence that oxytocin plays a key role in the maintenance of social groups and development of trust in in-group members (De Dreu, 2012 for a review).”
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BackgroundIs It Easy to Synchronize Our Minds When We Are Forced to Cooperate?
Romero‐Martínez, Á., Rodríguez, A., & Moya‐Albiol, L. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9100282 · Cited by 9
“Furthermore, it would be advisable to study the role of specific hormones such as oxytocin, a hormone related to empathy [38] and probably also to cooperation [39], testosterone, and/or cortisol in psychophysiological synchronization.”
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“Regarding OXT, this hormone is known to influence a wide repertoire of social behaviors such as trust, cooperation, perspective taking, and empathy [48,55,73,74], which may affect the process of moral judgment.”
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“Selection for prosocial psychology is also thought to promote oxytocin expression via the reduction of testosterone, which is antagonistic to oxytocin (De Dreu 2012).”
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“…is perceived as trustworthy (vs. untrustworthy; Mikolajczak et al., 2010), and only toward ingroup members, but not toward outgroup members, when the interaction involves intergroup competition where negative aspects of outgroup members are likely made salient (De Dreu et al., 2010; De Dreu, 2012).”
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“14,15 This suggests that oxytocin is deeply involved in maintaining human relations and social cognitive abilities.”
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“…para establecer vínculos de cooperación adecuados y para reducir los prejuicios entre grupos diferentes (Olaizola, Rodríguez, & Musitu, 2014), y la gran capacidad de los humanos para distinguir entre miembros del endogrupo y miembros del exogrupo desempeña un papel decisivo (De Dreu, 2012).”
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“2005), and enhance sensitivity to social stimuli (Young and Wang 2004), increasing in-group bias and dissociation from other groups (De Dreu 2012, Mustoe et al.”
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“Firstly, OT is found to be not only involved in facilitating prosocial behavior, as often suggested, but also in facilitating antisocial behavior (see, e.g., De Dreu 2012, Olff et al. 2013, Guzmán et al. 2013, Kemp and Guastella 2011, Kelly and Vitousek 2017,).”
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“Such an OXT-induced increase in social comparative decisions against out-group versus in-group members is consistent with previous findings on the role of OXT in in-group favoritism [20] and parochial altruism [23].”
InfluentialTurcsán, B., Román, V., Lévay, G. I., Lendvai, B., Kedves, R., Petró, E., & Topál, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2022.785805 · Cited by 4
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“Moreover, it has been proven that oxytocin motivates intragroup compliance with norms and rules, namely group conformity [93,96,97], as well as intra-group cooperation [93,98].”
Gao, J., Yan, Y., Li, J., Bai, W., & Geng, Y. (2024) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/10597123241302837 · Cited by 3
“Researchers fi nd that oxytocin motivates and enables humans to like and empathize with others in their groups and show more cooperative behavior (De Dreu, 2012; De Dreu & Kret, 2016).”
Sugiyama, Y., Tanaka, S., Komagome, A., Yuhi, T., Furuhara, K., Higashida, H., Tsuji, T., Kikuchi, M., & Tsuji, C. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1431952 · Cited by 3
“However, the impact of oxytocin on social cognitive processes depends on the context, such as the presence or absence of in-group or out-group members (De Dreu, 2012; De Dreu et al., 2010; De Dreu and Kret, 2016).”
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Gordon, I. (2013) · Research and perspectives in neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02904-7_11 · Cited by 3
Forgiveness as a method of the fourth wave of behaviour therapy
Baumann, M., Handrock, A., & Łonak, A. (2022) · Spiritual Care · doi:10.1515/spircare-2022-0005 · Cited by 3
Hormonal Mechanisms of In-Pair Mating and Maintenance
Denes, A., Crowley, J. P., & Dhillon, A. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197524718.013.13 · Cited by 3
Cooperation increases bottlenose dolphins’ (Tursiops truncatus) social affiliation
Bigiani, S., & Pilenga, C. (2023) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-023-01781-2 · Cited by 3
Wu, W. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.107645 · Cited by 3
Yang, S., Xu, Q., & Li, P. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104597 · Cited by 3
Új kutatási eredmények aktív-éber hipnózisban: fenomenológiai, fiziológiai és endokrin elemzések
Kasos, E., Kasos, K., Józsa, E., Költő, A., Bányai, E. I., & Varga, K. (2019) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2019.74.1.6 · Cited by 3
“A fenyegetés és bizonytalanság leküzdése és a védekező mechanizmusok gyengülése után előtérbe kerül a bizalom és gondoskodás, a kötődés és a közelség megtapasztalására való képesség (De Dreu, 2012; Taylor, Gonzaga, Klein, Hu, P., Greendale és Seeman, 2006).”
Group-specific social dynamics affect urinary oxytocin levels in Taï male chimpanzees
Anna, P., Liran, S., Tobias, D., Catherine, C., & Roman, W. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108674218.022 · Cited by 3
Takizawa, Y., Murray, J. A., Bambling, M., Matsumoto, Y., Ishimoto, Y., Yamane, T., & Edirippulige, S. (2022) · Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia · doi:10.59158/001c.71199 · Cited by 3
Pratchett, M. S. (2013) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b15458-15 · Cited by 3
del Toro, C. J., & Nekaris, K. A. I. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1040 · Cited by 3
Hormonal changes through a social justice lens
Ruttle, P. L., Jolly, D., DuBois, L. Z., Phan, J., Moody, S. N., Gordon, R. E. F., & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-96023-6.00125-1 · Cited by 4
Multi-dimensional social relationships shape social attention in monkeysPreprint
Liu, S., Huang, J., Chen, S., Platt, M. L., & Yang, Y. T. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.104460 · Cited by 3
“Recent evidence suggests that oxytocin influences in-group and out-group behavioral dynamics ( De Dreu, 2012 ; De Dreu and Kret, 2016 ; De Dreu et al., 2010 ).”
Salivary oxytocin and anxiety in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study
Kunitake, Y., Imamura, Y., Kunitake, H., Ohishi‐Fukuchi, J., Tateishi, H., Matsushima, J., Murakawa‐Hirachi, T., Kojima, R., Shiraishi, T., Orihashi, R., et al. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107502 · Cited by 4
“…elevate observed concentrations: in one comparison, mean oxytocin in non-extracted saliva was 4.92 pg/mL versus 3.15 pg/mL in extracted samples (Engel et al., 2019), and correlations between extracted and non-extracted values are inconsistent (MacLean et al., 2018; Nagahashi-Araki et al., 2022).”
InfluentialControversies around Neuroeconomics: Empirical, Methodological and Philosophical Issues
Serra, D. (2023) · Revue de philosophie économique · doi:10.3917/rpec.232.0135 · Cited by 2
Should Weaponised Moral Enhancement Replace Lethal Aggression in War?
Fabiano, J. (2023) · Israel Law Review · doi:10.1017/s002122372200022x · Cited by 2
The Interplay of Oxytocin and Attachment in Schizophrenic Patients: An fMRI Study
Hennig-Fast, K., Meissner, D., Steuwe, C., Dehning, S., Blautzik, J., Eilert, D. W., Zill, P., Müller, N., Meindl, T., Reiser, M., et al. (2023) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci13081125 · Cited by 2
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Silkis, I. G. (2024) · Neurochemical Journal · doi:10.1134/s1819712424010215 · Cited by 2
Coppeto, D. J., Martin, J. S., Ringen, E. J., Palmieri, V., Young, L. J., & Jaeggi, A. V. (2024) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171270 · Cited by 2
“In this capacity, OT has roles not only in partner and parental bonding, but also with behaviors that manage social relationships, such as social memory, affiliation, and cooperation [27,30,81].”
Salivary Oxytocin Has Nonlinear Relationships with Trust and Reciprocity
Arai, S., Watabe, M., Kanari, K., Shou, Q., Krüeger, F., & Takagishi, H. (2023) · Games · doi:10.3390/g14010017 · Cited by 2
Dreu, C. K. W. D. (2013) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/1529100613496959 · Cited by 2
“We have even begun to unravel the evolved brain circuitries and neurohormonal modulators of human cooperation (De Dreu, 2012; Rilling & Sanfey, 2011).”
BackgroundOxytocin, attachment, and self-regarding preferences in humans: Rejoinder to Bartz
Dreu, C. K. W. D. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.004 · Cited by 2
Mackenzie, R., & Watts, J. (2012) · Tizard Learning Disability Review · doi:10.1108/13595471211272532 · Cited by 3
Butterflyfishes as a Model Group for Reef Fish Ecology
Pratchett, M. S., Chong‐Seng, K., Feary, D. A., Hoey, A. S., Fulton, C. J., Nowicki, J. P., Dewan, A., Walker, S. P. W., & Berumen, M. L. (2013) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b15458-14 · Cited by 2
Neurochemistry of Prosocial Decision Making
Declerck, C. H., & Boone, C. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801303-8.00003-3 · Cited by 2
Group specific social dynamics affect urinary ocytocin levels in Tai male chimpanzees
Preis, A., Samuni, L., Deschner, T., Crockford, C., & Wittig, R. M. (2019) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 2
Basic Vital Functions and Instincts
Ferentinos, P. P., Kokras, N., & Konstantakopoulos, G. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-18323-3_3 · Cited by 2
Decentralised Terrorism, Religion, and Social Identity
Eswaran, M., & Neary, H. M. (2022) · Journal of Economics Management and Religion · doi:10.1142/s2737436x22500030 · Cited by 2
The Hormonal Underpinnings of Sexual Communication
Denes, A., Dhillon, A., Ponivas, A. L. P., & Winkler, K. L. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190679446.013.14 · Cited by 2
Social Distance and Parochial Altruism: An Experimental StudyPreprint
Boulu-Reshef, B., & Schulhofer-Wohl, J. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3386193 · Cited by 2
“…sacrifice to benefit the in-group and harm an outgroup – is an ingrained behavior that undermines inter-group cooperation and causes inter-group conflict (Bernhard et al. 2006; Choi & Bowles 2007; De Dreu et al. 2010; Ten Velden et al. 2017; Ma et al 2015; Filippin & Guala 2017; De Dreu 2012).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- De Dreu, C. K. W.
- Venue
- Hormones and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-03
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 419-428
- ISSN
- 0018-506X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2115705437
- Semantic Scholar
- b82421cb88ce148f928d6ed1f618c1f31b15c26d
- Cited by
- 455
- References
- 144
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 3.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
- Keywords
- oxytocin, cooperation, in-group favoritism, intergroup competition, social categorization, trust, amygdala, empathy, vasopressin, social behavior
- MeSH terms
- Competitive Behavior, Cooperative Behavior, Discrimination, Psychological, Empathy, Fear, Group Processes, Humans, Love, Oxytocin, Social Behavior, Recognition, Psychology, Trust
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