CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 88Stress Responses and CortisolMemory Processes and InfluencesMemory and Neural Mechanisms

Menstrual cycle effects on cortisol responsivity and emotional retrieval following a psychosocial stressor

Open access
Maki, Pauline M., Mordecai, Kristen L., Rubin, Leah H., Sundermann, Erin, Savarese, Antonia, Eatough, Erin, Drogos, Lauren·2015·Hormones and Behavior
DOI 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.023PMC PMC4876953
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Laboratory-induced stress produces elevations in cortisol and deficits in memory, especially when stress is induced immediately before retrieval of emotionally valent stimuli. Sex and sex steroids appear to influence these stress-induced outcomes, though no study has directly compared the effects of laboratory-induced stress on cortisol and emotional retrieval across the menstrual cycle. We examined the effect of psychosocial stress on cortisol responsivity and emotional retrieval in women tested during either the follicular phase (low estradiol and progesterone) or the luteal phase (higher estradiol and progesterone). Forty women (50%White; age 18–40 years) participated in the study; 20 completed the task during the luteal phase and 20 during the follicular phase. Psychosocial stress was induced with the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). On the day before the TSST, participants learned two lists of word pairs to 100% criterion. The next day, participants recalled one list after the control condition and the other after the TSST. Women in the follicular phase, but not the luteal phase, demonstrated a significant cortisol response to the TSST. There was a stress-induced decrease in emotional retrieval following the TSST, but this effect was not modified by menstrual phase. However, regression and correlational analyses showed that individual differences in stress-induced cortisol levels were associated with impaired emotional retrieval in the follicular phase only. The present…

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.023

Cites

35 of 35 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

27 tests recomputed · 0 with the reported and recomputed p on opposite sides of .05

Claims the paper makes

2 of 22 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    People with prior emotional trauma have blunted cortisol reactions to the TSST.

    “Individuals with a history of emotional trauma show blunted cortisol responses to the TSST (Carpenter et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Carpenter et al., 2007 source

      The Discussion reports a blunted cortisol response to the TSST in healthy adults who reported significant childhood maltreatment, particularly emotional neglect. The citing sentence captures that finding but broadens it to people with any history of emotional trauma, without the study’s childhood-exposure and healthy-adult limits. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    Individual differences in stress-induced cortisol levels were associated with impaired emotional retrieval in the follicular phase only.

    “However, regression and correlational analyses showed that individual differences in stress-induced cortisol levels were associated with impaired emotional retrieval in the follicular phase only.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 20-minute control condition used in the study was non-stressful.
  • Findingown data

    The TSST caused a decrease in emotional retrieval.

    “There was a stress-induced decrease in emotional retrieval following the TSST, but this effect was not modified by menstrual phase.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 20-minute control condition used in the study was non-stressful.
  • Findingown data

    Menstrual phase did not modify the stress-induced decrease in emotional retrieval.

    “There was a stress-induced decrease in emotional retrieval following the TSST, but this effect was not modified by menstrual phase.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 20-minute control condition used in the study was non-stressful.
  • Findingown data

    A Valence × Phase interaction showed a trend toward significance for emotional memory.

    “However, there was a trend for a Valence × Phase interaction, F(2, 76) = 2.77, p = 0.07.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 17
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 13

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    An undocumented trauma history might have influenced the results and could not be ruled out.

    “Therefore, we cannot rule out the possible influence of an undocumented history of trauma on the present findings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Carpenter et al., 2007 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Women in the follicular phase, but not the luteal phase, showed a significant cortisol response to the TSST.

    “Women in the follicular phase, but not the luteal phase, demonstrated a significant cortisol response to the TSST.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 20-minute control condition used in the study was non-stressful.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Cortisol levels correlated with emotion memory performance in the follicular phase only, and this held for neutral, positive, and negative words.

    “As shown in Table 2, performance on the emotion memory task was significantly associated with cortisol levels in the follicular but not the luteal phase, and these correlations were significant for neutral, positive and negative words.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Menstrual phase did not affect VAS anxiety or VAS stress ratings.

    “but no effect of menstrual phase. On the VAS measures of stress, there was also a significant main effect of Condition, F(1, 38) = 36.20, p < 0.001, and Time F(2, 76) = 30.25, p < 0.001, and a significant Condition × Time interaction, F(2, 76) = 16.69, p < 0.001, but no effect of menstrual phase.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among follicular-phase women, stress-related memory decline correlated with cortisol increases but not with anxiety increases.

    “Regression analyses of outcomes in the follicular group showed that the negative effect of stress on overall memory performance was associated with increases in cortisol (β = −0.37, p = 0.04) but not increases in self-reported anxiety on the STAI (β = −0.09, p = 0.59).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Positive- and neutral-word memory did not differ between the follicular and luteal groups.

    “Luteal and follicular groups did not differ in memory for positive or neutral words, F(1, 76) = 0.09 and F(1, 76) = 0, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Menstrual phase did not affect subjective anxiety ratings on the STAI, nor did it interact with condition or time.

    “There was no effect of menstrual phase on anxiety ratings, nor did phase interact with condition or time on this outcome.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In an early study, women tested in the luteal phase showed TSST-induced cortisol elevations similar to men and higher than follicular-phase women and oral contraceptive users.

    “For example, in an early study, women tested in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (higher estradiol and progesterone), showed TSST-induced elevations in cortisol that were similar in magnitude to men and higher than both women in the follicular phase (low estradiol and progesterone) and women using oral contraceptives (low endogenous estradiol and progesterone; high exogenous levels of estro”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kirschbaum et al., 1999 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The cortisol assay had intra-assay coefficients of variation of 1.9%, 2.8%, and 4.8% at high, medium, and low concentrations.

    “At high (4.09 mg/dL), medium (1.41 mg/dL) and low (0.47 mg/dL) concentrations of cortisol, the intra-assay coefficients of variation (CV) were 1.9%, 2.8% and, 4.8% respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    The two word lists were balanced on valence, arousal, word frequency, and word length.

    “The two word lists were balanced on overall ratings of valence, arousal, word frequency, and word length based on Affective Norms for English Words (Bradley and Lang, 1999).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bradley and Lang, 1999

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The cortisol assay had a sensitivity of 0.011 μg/d.

    “Assay sensitivity for cortisol was 0.011 µg/d.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Salivary cortisol samples for each participant were run on the same assay plate.

    “Each of the samples for each participant was run on the same assay plate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Participants were randomized to be tested during either the follicular or luteal phase.

    “Women were then randomized to be tested on two consecutive days during either the follicular or luteal phase of the menstrual cycle as follows.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The TSST is a valid laboratory stressor; social evaluative threat combined with uncontrollability produces the largest cortisol increases in the laboratory.

    “The validity of the TSST as a laboratory stressor was demonstrated in a meta-analysis which found that social evaluative threat combined with uncontrollability produces the largest cortisol increases in the laboratory (Dickerson and Kemeny, 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dickerson and Kemeny, 2004 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Cortisol responsivity and the impairing effects of cortisol on emotional memory are lower when estradiol and progesterone levels are high compared to when they are low.

    “The present findings indicate that cortisol responsivity and the impairing effects of cortisol on emotional memory are lower when levels of estradiol and progesterone are high compared to when levels are low.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 20-minute control condition used in the study was non-stressful.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Six women were missing cortisol levels due to a malfunctioning freezer.

    “Six women were missing cortisol levels (5 follicular, 1 luteal) due to a malfunctioning freezer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Not all studies find a sex difference in cortisol response to the TSST.

    “In general men show elevated cortisol responses to the TSST compared to women (Kudielka and Kirschbaum, 2005), but not all studies find a sex difference (Kudielka et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kudielka et al., 2004 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Learning the word lists to 100% criterion ensured equivalent learning across groups, avoided floor effects at recall, and ensured that recall errors the next day were not due to unsuccessful encoding.

    “The list was taught to 100% criterion to ensure equivalent learning across groups, avoid floor effects at recall, and ensure that any errors in recall on the next day were not due to unsuccessful encoding.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Presentation of lists was counterbalanced across conditions and groups.

    “The presentation of lists was counter-balanced across conditions (TSST or control) and groups (follicular, luteal).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Blood was drawn at the beginning of the session for hormone assays to confirm menstrual phase.

    “Blood was drawn at the beginning of the session for hormone assays to confirm menstrual phase.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The examiner was blinded to menstrual status.

    “During the first of the two consecutive test sessions, participants met one-on-one with an examiner who was blinded to menstrual status.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Menstrual cycle effects on stress responsivity have been reported, but results are inconsistent.

    “Menstrual cycle effects on stress responsivity have also been reported and compared to findings in men, but results have been somewhat inconsistent (Kirschbaum et al., 1999; Schoofs and Wolf, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kirschbaum et al., 1999 source
    • cites Schoofs and Wolf, 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The results raise the possibility that ovarian hormones protect memory from cortisol's impairing effects, or that luteal-phase glucocorticoid sensitivity is lower.

    “These findings suggest a possible protective effect of ovarian hormones against the impairing effects of cortisol on memory, or given previous findings (Schoofs and Wolf, 2009), they may reflect reduced glucocorticoid sensitivity during the luteal phase.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schoofs and Wolf, 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Follicular-phase women showed stronger cortisol reactivity, and within that phase higher cortisol went with worse memory performance.

    “Generally then, these findings indicate that cortisol responsivity is heightened in the follicular phase and that heightened cortisol levels during that phase negatively relate to memory performance.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Even with the missing cortisol data, menstrual cycle effects remained detectable in the continuous primary analysis and the categorical responder analysis.

    “Despite this loss, we were able to detect significant menstrual cycle effects both in our primary analysis of continuous cortisol outcomes and in our secondary analysis of categorical outcomes (i.e., responders versus non-responders).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Missing cortisol values caused by the freezer malfunction are missing at random and do not bias the cortisol findings.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Menstrual phase affects cortisol responses to a lab stressor, while it does not affect self-reported anxiety or stress.

    “The present findings indicate that menstrual phase influences cortisol levels following a laboratory stressor, but does not influence subjective ratings of anxiety or stress.”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusions · hedged
      “The present findings indicate that menstrual phase influences cortisol responsivity to a laboratory stressor, but does not influence subjective ratings of anxiety or stress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Ovarian steroid hormones might protect against stress-induced impairments in emotional retrieval.

    “Menstrual cycle studies suggest that ovarian steroid hormones might protect against stress-induced impairments in emotional retrieval (Schoofs and Wolf, 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Schoofs and Wolf, 2009 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    A freezer malfunction caused missing cortisol data for six women: one luteal and five follicular.

    “Due to a malfunctioning freezer, cortisol levels were missing on six women, including one woman in the luteal group and five women in the follicular group.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Women reporting mood or anxiety disorders were excluded, and questionnaire scores for mood and anxiety were in the normal range.

    “In the present study, we screened out women with a reported history of mood and anxiety disorders, and questionnaires indicated that mood and anxiety levels were within normal limits.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Because cortisol and emotional memory were negatively correlated in the follicular phase, the authors argue stress rather than fatigue or low motivation caused the post-stress retrieval impairment.

    “However, the fact that there was a significant negative correlation between cortisol and emotional memory performance during the follicular phase, when most women showed a cortisol response, suggests that it was the stress and not those other factors that accounted for the impaired emotional retrieval after stress.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
30 of 30

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 20-minute control condition used in the study was non-stressful.

    “A 20-minute non-stressful control condition was employed in this study in which participants completed a series of questionnaires relating to mood, symptoms and lifestyle habits.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cortisol levels vary minimally between 1:00 pm and 5:00 pm.

    “The two consecutive test sessions for all participants were scheduled between 1:00 pm and 5:00 pm due to the minimal variation in cortisol during that time of day.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Having the control condition always precede the stress condition does not confound the comparison between conditions.

    “The control condition always preceded the stress condition.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Missing cortisol values caused by the freezer malfunction are missing at random and do not bias the cortisol findings.

    “Due to a malfunctioning freezer, cortisol levels were missing on six women, including one woman in the luteal group and five women in the follicular group.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Maki et al. (2015) found that menstrual cycle phases influenced cortisol response to laboratory psychosocial stress, with women in the luteal phase having higher progesterone and estradiol and lower cortisol reactivity to the stressor than follicular phase women.

    “Maki et al. (2015) also found that menstrual cycle phases influenced cortisol response to laboratory psychosocial stress, however, in their study, compared to women in the follicular phase, women in the luteal phase had higher levels of progesterone and estradiol and lower cortisol reactivity to the stressor.”

    From The relationship between the menstrual cycle and cortisol secretion: Daily and stress-invoked cortisol patterns (2018) · cites this paper as Maki et al. (2015)

Statistics that don’t add up

Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.

  • Inconsistent p-value: F(1, 76) = 4.54, p < .01

    Minor

    The paper reports p < .01 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .036. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.

    Reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .036

  • Inconsistent p-value: F(1, 32) = 0.05, p = .81

    Minor

    The paper reports p = .81 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .824. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.

    Reported p = .81 · recomputed p = .824

2 of 2

Statistics recomputed

Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.

  • Doesn’t add upF(1, 32) = 0.05reported p = .81 · recomputed p = .824

    “F(1, 32) = 0.05, p = .81”

  • Doesn’t add upF(1, 76) = 4.54reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .036

    “F(1, 76) = 4.54, p < .01”

  • ConsistentF(1, 32) = 11.12reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002

    “F(1, 32) = 11.12, p = .002”

  • ConsistentF(1, 32) = 7.87reported p = .008 · recomputed p = .008

    “F(1, 32) = 7.87, p = .008”

  • ConsistentF(1, 32) = 5.61reported p = .02 · recomputed p = .024

    “F(1, 32) = 5.61, p = .02”

  • ConsistentF(2, 64) = 14.54reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(2, 64) = 14.54, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(2, 64) = 2.79reported p = .09 · recomputed p = .069

    “F(2, 64) = 2.79, p = .09”

    The paper states a sphericity correction

  • ConsistentF(1, 38) = 41.31reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 38) = 41.31, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(2, 76) = 25.05reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(2, 76) = 25.05, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(2, 76) = 24.89reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(2, 76) = 24.89, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(2, 76) = 84.74reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(2, 76) = 84.74, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(2, 76) = 0.2reported n.s. · recomputed p = .819

    “F(2, 76) = 0.20, ns.”

  • ConsistentF(1, 76) = 110.01reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 76) = 110.01, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 76) = 25.09reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 76) = 25.09, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 38) = 24.2reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 38) = 24.20, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(2, 76) = 23reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(2, 76) = 23.00, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(2, 76) = 16.81reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(2, 76) = 16.81, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 38) = 36.2reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(1, 38) = 36.20, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(2, 76) = 30.25reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(2, 76) = 30.25, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(2, 76) = 16.69reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(2, 76) = 16.69, p < .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 38) = 4.29reported p = .045 · recomputed p = .045

    “F(1, 38) = 4.29, p = .045”

  • ConsistentF(2, 76) = 8.24reported p = .001 · recomputed p < .001

    “F(2, 76) = 8.24, p = .001”

  • ConsistentF(1, 76) = 7.82reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .007

    “F(1, 76) = 7.82, p < .05”

  • ConsistentF(1, 76) = 2.6reported n.s. · recomputed p = .111

    “F(1, 76) = 2.60, ns”

  • ConsistentF(1, 76) = 1.4reported n.s. · recomputed p = .240

    “F(1, 76) = 1.40, ns”

  • ConsistentF(1, 38) = 1.91reported p = .17 · recomputed p = .175

    “F(1, 38) = 1.91, p = .17”

  • ConsistentF(2, 76) = 2.77reported p = .07 · recomputed p = .069

    “F(2, 76) = 2.77, p = .07”

27 of 27

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Discussion reverses the reported luteal cortisol result

    Major

    The Results state that the luteal group did not have a significant cortisol increase across conditions, but the Discussion describes that increase as significant.

  • Discussion reverses the luteal cortisol significance result

    Major

    The discussion calls the luteal-phase cortisol increase significant, whereas the results explicitly report that it was not significant (p = 0.81).

  • The labeled low cortisol concentration exceeds the high concentration

    Minor

    In the inter-assay concentration series, the value labeled low is 50 mg/dL, which is greater than the value labeled high, 4.12 mg/dL.

  • Maximum VAS rating exceeds the stated scale length

    Minor

    Two ratings on 10-cm lines can total at most 20 cm, not the stated 80 cm.

    Reported 80 · recomputed 20

  • The labeled low cortisol concentration exceeds the labeled high concentration

    Minor

    The inter-assay concentration labeled low is 50 mg/dL, which is greater than the 4.12 mg/dL concentration labeled high.

  • Maximum visual-analog rating exceeds the scale length

    Minor

    A two-item scale with each item marked on a 10-cm line has a maximum combined length of 20 cm, not 80 cm.

    Reported 80 · recomputed 20

6 of 6

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

2 of the 37 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Maki, P. M., Mordecai, K. L., Rubin, L. H., Sundermann, E., Savarese, A., Eatough, E., & Drogos, L.
Affiliations
  • Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science (US)
  • University of Illinois Chicago (US)
Corresponding author
Maki, Pauline M.
ORCID
Venue
Hormones and Behavior
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2015-08
Volume
74
Pages
201-208
ISSN
0018-506X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.023
PMC
PMC4876953
OpenAlex
W898822149
Semantic Scholar
0b3a3888f211840d0da9f23c92082e5f76e883b0
Cited by
87
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 1
FWCI
3.62
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Hormones and Behavior (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (1K01MH098798-01)
  • Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) (K12HD055892)
  • National Institutes of Health Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords
menstrual cycle, psychosocial stress, Trier Social Stress Test, estradiol, progesterone, luteal phase, follicular phase, sex hormones, stress-induced memory impairment
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Cognition, Emotions, Estradiol, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Memory, Menstrual Cycle, Progesterone, Mental Recall, Stress, Psychological, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review