Beta-adrenergic Modulation of Cognitive Flexibility during Stress
Abstract
Stress-induced activation of the locus ceruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system produces significant cognitive and behavioral effects, including enhanced arousal and attention. Improvements in discrimination task performance and memory have been attributed to this stress response. In contrast, for other cognitive functions that require cognitive flexibility, increased activity of the LC-NE system may produce deleterious effects. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of pharmacological modulation of the LC-NE system on stress-induced impairments in cognitive flexibility performance in healthy individuals. Cognitive performance, plus psychological and physiological parameters for 16 adults without any history of anxiety disorders, was assessed during four test sessions: stress and no-stress, with each condition tested after administration of propranolol and placebo. The Trier Social Stress Test, a public-speaking and mental arithmetic stressor, was presented to participants for the stress sessions, whereas a similar, but nonstressful, control task (reading, counting) was utilized for the no-stress sessions. Tests of cognitive flexibility included lexical-semantic and associative problem-solving tasks (anagrams, Compound Remote Associates Test). Visuo-spatial memory and motor processing speed tests served as control tasks. Results indicate that (1) stress impaired performance on cognitive flexibility tasks, but not control tasks; (2) compared to placebo, cognitive flexibility improved during stress with propranolol. Therefore, psychological stress, such as public speaking, negatively impacts performance on tasks requiring cognitive flexibility in normal individuals, and this effect is reversed by beta-adrenergic antagonism. This may provide support for the hypothesis that stress-related impairments in cognitive flexibility are related to the noradrenergic system.
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The Trier social stress test impairs cognitive flexibility and working memory, both of which require prefrontal cortex function.
“This social stressor has been found to impair cognitive flexibility19 and working memory20, both of which require PFC function.”
From Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function (2009) · cites this paper as [19]
The link between stress hormone levels and executive functions has been shown in naturalistic studies of preschool children and in pharmacological studies with adults.
“In humans the link between stress hormone levels and executive functions has been demonstrated in naturalistic studies with preschool children (Blair, Granger, & Razza, 2005; Davis, Bruce, & Gunnar, 2002) and in pharmacological manipulations with adults (Alexander, Hillier, Smith, Tivarus, & Beversdorf, 2007; Lupien, Gillin, & Hauger, 1999).”
From Salivary cortisol mediates effects of poverty and parenting on executive functions in early childhood (2011) · cites this paper as Alexander, Hillier, Smith, Tivarus, & Beversdorf, 2007
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- Authors
- Alexander, J. K., Hillier, A., Smith, R. M., Tivarus, M. E., & Beversdorf, D. Q.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 2007-03-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 468-478
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2119305161
- Cited by
- 306
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 3.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ohio State University
- National Institutes of Health
- National Center for Research Resources
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- cognitive flexibility, psychological stress, beta-adrenoceptor antagonism, propranolol, noradrenergic system, Trier Social Stress Test, stress-induced cognitive impairment, visuospatial memory, processing speed
- MeSH terms
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists, Adult, Blood Pressure, Cognition, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Memory, Propranolol, Psychomotor Performance, Receptors, Adrenergic, beta, Social Environment, Space Perception, Stress, Psychological
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