Stress and memory retrieval in women: No strong impairing effect during the luteal phase.
Abstract
Stress has been shown to impair delayed memory retrieval, but so far no study has been conducted solely with naturally cycling women. In a crossover design, 36 women (all in the luteal phase) participated in two experimental conditions (stress vs. control). Delayed memory retrieval of a wordlist learned 24 hours earlier was tested after stress or control treatment. Although stressed subjects showed a strong cortisol increase following stress, no influence on memory retrieval occurred. In an additional data analysis, subjects were split up into a cortisol responder and a cortisol nonresponder group. However, again no evidence for a stress-induced retrieval impairment became apparent. Similarly, no correlation was observed between the stress-induced cortisol increase and memory. This study failed to find an influence of stress on memory retrieval in women tested in the luteal phase. The findings are in contrast to our previous results obtained with men. Evidence is discussed that the luteal phase, which is characterized by elevated gonadal steroids, is associated with reduced glucocorticoid sensitivity. This might underlie the missing impact of stress on memory.
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Menstrual cycle effects on stress responsivity have been reported, but results are inconsistent.
“Menstrual cycle effects on stress responsivity have also been reported and compared to findings in men, but results have been somewhat inconsistent (Kirschbaum et al., 1999; Schoofs and Wolf, 2009).”
From Menstrual cycle effects on cortisol responsivity and emotional retrieval following a psychosocial stressor (2015) · cites this paper as Schoofs and Wolf, 2009
A second study found that luteal-phase women had a smaller cortisol increase to the TSST compared to men.
“Conversely, a second study found that women tested in the luteal phase had a smaller increase in cortisol response to the TSST compared to men (Schoofs and Wolf, 2009).”
From Menstrual cycle effects on cortisol responsivity and emotional retrieval following a psychosocial stressor (2015) · cites this paper as Schoofs and Wolf, 2009
Ovarian steroid hormones might protect against stress-induced impairments in emotional retrieval.
“Menstrual cycle studies suggest that ovarian steroid hormones might protect against stress-induced impairments in emotional retrieval (Schoofs and Wolf, 2009).”
From Menstrual cycle effects on cortisol responsivity and emotional retrieval following a psychosocial stressor (2015) · cites this paper as Schoofs and Wolf, 2009
No impairing effect of stress or cortisol on emotional retrieval was observed in women tested during the luteal phase when estradiol and progesterone are high.
“In contrast to men, no impairing effect of stress or cortisol on emotional retrieval was observed in women tested during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle when levels of estradiol and progesterone are high (Schoofs and Wolf, 2009).”
From Menstrual cycle effects on cortisol responsivity and emotional retrieval following a psychosocial stressor (2015) · cites this paper as Schoofs and Wolf, 2009
The results raise the possibility that ovarian hormones protect memory from cortisol's impairing effects, or that luteal-phase glucocorticoid sensitivity is lower.
“These findings suggest a possible protective effect of ovarian hormones against the impairing effects of cortisol on memory, or given previous findings (Schoofs and Wolf, 2009), they may reflect reduced glucocorticoid sensitivity during the luteal phase.”
From Menstrual cycle effects on cortisol responsivity and emotional retrieval following a psychosocial stressor (2015) · cites this paper as Schoofs and Wolf, 2009
The correlational results are consistent with reduced glucocorticoid sensitivity in the luteal phase.
“Our correlation findings would support this interpretation since there was a significant stress-induced increase in cortisol in the luteal phase (albeit significantly lower than in the follicular phase), but no correlation was observed between cortisol levels and retrieval impairment.”
From Menstrual cycle effects on cortisol responsivity and emotional retrieval following a psychosocial stressor (2015) · cites this paper as Schoofs and Wolf, 2009
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- Authors
- Schoofs, D., & Wolf, O. T.
- Affiliations
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- ORCID
- Wolf, Oliver T.
- Venue
- Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 547-554
- ISSN
- 0735-7044 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-0084
- OpenAlex
- W2128478375
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- German Research Foundation (DFG) (WO 733/6 –1; 733/6-2)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- stress, memory retrieval, luteal phase, women, cortisol, delayed recall, sex steroids, glucocorticoid sensitivity, menstrual cycle, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- alpha-Amylases, Analysis of Variance, Estradiol, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Luteal Phase, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Progesterone, Mental Recall, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Vocabulary, Cross-Over Studies, Young Adult
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