Decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol responses to stress in healthy adults reporting significant childhood maltreatment
Open accessAbstract
Background Preclinical research findings suggest that exposure to stress and concomitant hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation during early development can have permanent and potentially deleterious effects. A history of early-life abuse or neglect appears to increase risk for mood and anxiety disorders. Abnormal HPA response to stress challenge has been reported in adult patients with major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder.Methods Plasma adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and cortisol reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Test were examined in healthy adults (n = 50) without current psychopathology. Subjects with a self-reported history of moderate to severe childhood maltreatment (MAL) (n = 23) as measured by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire were compared with subjects without such a history (CTL) (n = 27).Results Compared with CTLs, MAL subjects exhibited significantly lower cortisol and ACTH baseline-to-peak deltas. A significant group effect was seen in the (repeated measures) cortisol response to the stress challenge, reflecting lower concentrations among MAL subjects. A significant group x time effect characterized the relatively blunted ACTH response of the MAL group. Emotional neglect (-.34, p = .02) and sexual abuse (.31, p = .03) strongly predicted maximal cortisol release.Conclusions In adults without diagnosable psychopathology, childhood maltreatment is associated with diminished HPA axis response to a psychosocial stressor. Possible explanations for the finding are discussed.
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People with prior emotional trauma have blunted cortisol reactions to the TSST.
“Individuals with a history of emotional trauma show blunted cortisol responses to the TSST (Carpenter et al., 2007).”
From Menstrual cycle effects on cortisol responsivity and emotional retrieval following a psychosocial stressor (2015) · cites this paper as Carpenter et al., 2007
The Discussion reports a blunted cortisol response to the TSST in healthy adults who reported significant childhood maltreatment, particularly emotional neglect. The citing sentence captures that finding but broadens it to people with any history of emotional trauma, without the study’s childhood-exposure and healthy-adult limits. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAn undocumented trauma history might have influenced the results and could not be ruled out.
“Therefore, we cannot rule out the possible influence of an undocumented history of trauma on the present findings.”
From Menstrual cycle effects on cortisol responsivity and emotional retrieval following a psychosocial stressor (2015) · cites this paper as Carpenter et al., 2007
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- Authors
- Carpenter, L. L., Carvalho, J. P., Tyrka, A. R., Wier, L. M., Mello, A. F., Mello, M. F., Anderson, G. M., Wilkinson, C. W., & Price, L. H.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- Butler Hospital (US)
- Yale University (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carpenter, Linda L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-11
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1080-1087
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2094109
- OpenAlex
- W1976940235
- Semantic Scholar
- 98aa23907341cdafad049f04071697fe6e963532
- Cited by
- 564
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 9.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (RO1 MH068767-01)
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- child abuse, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, ACTH, cortisol, stress reactivity, Trier Social Stress Test, emotional neglect, sexual abuse, early trauma, healthy adults
- MeSH terms
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Child, Child Abuse, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Radioimmunoassay, Stress, Physiological, Time Factors
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