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Associations between physical activity, sedentary time, sleep duration and daytime sleepiness in US adults
Abstract
Objective To examine the associations between objectively measured physical activity (PA) or sedentary behavior and self-reported sleep duration or daytime sleepiness in a nationally representative sample of healthy US adults (N=2128).Methods We report analyses of four aspects of sedentary behavior and PA derived from accelerometry data (minutes of sedentary time, activity counts/minute, Minutes of Moderate and Vigorous PA [MVPA], and MVPA in 10-minute bouts) versus self-report of sleep duration and frequency of daytime sleepiness from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Results Age and sex dependence of associations between PA and sleep were observed. Aspects of PA were significantly lower in adults reporting more frequent daytime sleepiness in younger (20-39) and older (≥ 60) age groups, but not in middle-aged (40-59), respondents. In younger respondents, PA increased with sleep duration, but in middle aged and older respondents PA was either unrelated to sleep duration or lower in those reporting ≥ 8 h of sleep. Objectively measured sedentary time showed limited evidence of associations with sleep duration.Conclusions Further research delineating the relationships between sleep and PA is important because both activities have been implicated in diverse health outcomes as well as in the etiology of obesity.
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“Higher levels of physical activity were observed in younger and middle-aged women who achieved at least 8 hours of sleep per day [18].”
From Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
In the citing paper
“For example, higher levels of physical activity have been positively associated with sleep duration in younger and middle-aged men, but showed a curvilinear relationship in those aged 60 years or older [18].”
From Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
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No Evidence of Reciprocal Associations between Daily Sleep and Physical Activity
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“There are many factors contributing to childhood obesity and being overweight, yet sedentary behaviors are one of the major factors (6, 15, 23, 24).”
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“, difficulty in falling asleep) of insomnia [21] and better sleep quality [26], although the extent of such benefits varies according to age and sex (see for example [7, 32]).”
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“Third, osteoporosis is more common in women (38), but there were fewer women OSAHS patients in our meta-analysis, which may have generated a selection bias.”
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BackgroundIs sleep duration associated with overweight/obesity in Indigenous Australian adults?
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BackgroundResultCultural beliefs affecting sleep duration
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“There is evidence that MVPA is associated with favorable sleep duration and quality (Loprinzi & Cardinal, 2011; McClain et al., 2014).”
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“…affect an individuals’ energy intake and expenditure resulting in obesity (Taheri, 2006; Bayon et al., 2014), and perhaps also low physical activity (McClain et al., 2014), skipping breakfast (Kim et al., 2011), high coffee/tea intake (Cheng et al., 2012), and low fruit, vegetable intake (Tu et…”
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“In the other study, PA increased with sleep duration in young-aged participants, but PA was either lower in those reporting more than 8 h of sleep or unrelated to sleep duration in middle-aged and older participants [8].”
What are the important risk factors for excessive daytime sleepiness in a population‐based cohort?
Theorell‐Haglöw, J., Ulander, M., Brandberg, J., Claesson, M., Franklin, K. A., Hedner, J. A., Hultin, M., Iredahl, F., Lindberg, E., Ljunggren, M. E., et al. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14449 · Cited by 10
“A high BMI and lifestyle factors such as low physical activity have previously been associated with increased daytime sleepiness (Dixon et al., 2007; Fernandez-Mendoza et al., 2015; McClain et al., 2014).”
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“The sample is representative of the wider US population in terms of prevalence of depression [34], mean fasting plasma glucose [35], BMI [36], and average daily time spent sedentary [37].”
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“Consequently, beyond being an effector or outcome in intervention studies, sleep duration is related to physical activity (McClain et al., 2014; Mendelson et al., 2016).”
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Cui, Y., Kwan, M., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c08270 · Cited by 6
Association of Sleep and Physical Activity Among Older Adults and the Moderation of Chronotype
Huang, J., Li, M., McPhillips, M., Lukkahatai, N., & Li, J. (2022) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/00914150221128974 · Cited by 6
“Some studies found no association between sleep duration and physical activity (Kline et al., 2017; McClain et al., 2014); some found a positive association (Kredlow et al., 2015; Štefan et al., 2018).”
BackgroundAtoui, S., Bernard, P., Carli, F., & Liberman, A. S. (2023) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-023-10216-8 · Cited by 6
“For the 2015–2018 NHANES survey cycle sample, models 1 and 2 were carried out by adding sex, survey number, and anxiolytic use as a covariate [47, 48].”
Effect of nocturia on next-day sedentary activity in adults with type 2 diabetes
Morris, J. L., Sereika, S. M., Houze, M. P., & Chasens, E. R. (2016) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2016.04.006 · Cited by 6
Rao, J., Ma, J., & Dong, G. (2024) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103370 · Cited by 5
Zhang, G., Luo, C., Cui, Y., Lu, Y., & Yang, Y. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.9025 · Cited by 5
“This finding is in agreement with data from previous work, where physically active individuals were less likely to report sleep disturbances and daytime tiredness (McClain et al., 2014; Tu et al., 2012).”
ResultSmolensky, M. H., Hermida, R. C., Castriotta, R. J., & Geng, Y. (2025) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd12030095 · Cited by 4
Andriessen, C., Rutters, F., Hoeks, J., Kalsbeek, A., Noordam, R., Rosendaal, F. R., van Heemst, D., Després, J., Raina, P. S., Campbell, D. J. T., et al. (2025) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2025.103035 · Cited by 5
“…the association between habitual physical activity and sleep characteristics (Gubelmann et al., 2018; Kline et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2013; McClain et al., 2014; Sp ¨ orndly-Nees et al., 2017), and mostly they relied on self-reported physical activity and sleep (Kline et al., 2013; Lang…”
Sleep and lifestyle in young adult monozygotic twin pairs discordant for body mass index
Berntzen, B. J., Paavonen, E. J., Rissanen, A., Kaprio, J. A., & Pietiläinen, K. H. (2021) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.04.002 · Cited by 4
Association between self-reported sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk in corporate executives
Pienaar, P. R., Roden, L. C., Boot, C. R. L., van Mechelen, W., Twisk, J. W. R., Lambert, E. V., & Rae, D. E. (2021) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-021-01739-2 · Cited by 4
Determinants of Daytime Sleepiness Among Middle-Aged Adults
Liu, X.-Y., Commodore-Mensah, Y., Himmelfarb, C., Li, J.-X., Stoner, L., Shahane, A., & Logan, J. G. (2023) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/10547738231156148 · Cited by 3
“Similar findings were reported in a nationally representative sample of healthy U.S. adults, in which an inverse relationship between MVPA and selfreported daytime sleepiness was observed only in younger and older age groups, but not in middle-aged adults (McClain et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultChen, J., Zou, W., Li, H., Luo, Y., Lu, K., Yi, X., Li, H., Shi, Z., & Meng, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1427672 · Cited by 3
“In addition, physical activity has also been confirmed to have a strong association with healthy sleep (27), moderate-to-high intensity physical activity has a significant preventive effect on insufficient sleep and sleep disturbance (28–30).”
BackgroundPlekhanova, T., Rowlands, A. V., Davies, M. J., Edwardson, C. L., Hall, A. P., & Yates, T. E. (2020) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0361 · Cited by 3
Aggarwal, K., Joty, S., Fernández-Luque, L., & Srivastava, J. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1712.09527 · Cited by 3
“Sleep deprivation and poor physical activity habits severely impact quality of life [26].”
BackgroundLuciano, Y. M., Pinto, R. Z., Gobbi, C., Fernandes, G. L., Dokkedal‐Silva, V., Lemos, Í. R., Pires, G. N., Andersen, M. L., Tufik, S., & Morelhao, P. K. (2024) · Sleep Science · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1787757 · Cited by 2
Wang, X., Lei, J., Li, W., Liu, X., Chen, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., Lv, M., Han, X., Wang, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120354 · Cited by 2
Exercise for Older People With Mental Illness
Chen, L., Ku, P., & Fox, K. R. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812605-9.00007-1 · Cited by 2
Aneni, E. C., Osondu, C. U., Joseph, J., Saeed, G. J., Elizondo, J. V., Veledar, E., & Nasir, K. (2022) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2022.10.001 · Cited by 2
Sorbie, G. G., Williams, A. K., Carter, S. E., Campbell, A. K., Glen, J., Lavallee, D. E., Sculthorpe, N. F., Murray, A. D., & Beaumont, A. J. (2023) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2023-0288 · Cited by 3
Kim, T., Hyun, S. M., Shin, S. H., Im, Y., Na, Y., Do, J. G., Park, H. Y., & Kong, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57232-6 · Cited by 2
“In the general population, an analysis using NHANES data reported a quadratic relationship between aerobic MVPA and sleep duration 25 .”
MethodPatterns of Sleep Duration and Metabolic Biomarkers Across the Menstrual Cycle
Dunietz, G. L., Shedden, K., Lyu, X., Chervin, R. D., Baylín, A., O'Brien, L. M., Jansen, E. C., Wactawski‐Wende, J., Schisterman, E. F., & Mumford, S. L. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae191 · Cited by 2
Parental Report of Physical Activity and Sleep in Individuals with Down Syndrome
Chen, C., & Ringenbach, S. D. R. (2022) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-022-09855-8 · Cited by 1
Tello-Castro, W., Morales-García, W. C., Chaparro, J. E. T., Huancahuire‐Vega, S., & Mamani, P. G. R. (2022) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v20i56.4903 · Cited by 1
Riskawati, Y. K., Alfarabyn, S. U., Soeroso, D. A., & Rakhmatiar, R. (2022) · BIO Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/bioconf/20224903003 · Cited by 1
“This is different from the research by McClain (2014), which state that there's an interface between physical activity and EDS [18].”
ResultYasuhara, Y., Tanioka, T., Locsin, R. C., Kongsuwan, W., King, B., & Kobayashi, H. (2017) · Open Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4236/ojpsych.2017.74027
“A review of the literature identified several factors associated with sleep duration and sleep quality; gender [16], age [17], negative affectivity [18], diet [19], daytime nap [20] [21], and activities of daytime [22] [23].”
BackgroundRelationships Between Sleep and Self-Care in Type 2 Diabetes: An Ecological Momentary Perspective
Zhu, B. (2018) · Figshare
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Premenstrual Syndrome in Female College StudentsPreprint
Chen, C. Y., Kawabe, R., Morino, S., Nagai‐Tanima, M., Aoyama, T., Mukaiyama, K., Shinohara, Y., Shimizu, H., Shimoura, K., & Kato, M. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1248368/v1
Insulin resistance in adolescents with overweight and obesity
Dorenbos, E. (2020) · doi:10.26481/dis.20200923ed
Sleep: The Forgotten Heart Pill, and How We Can Improve it (Fellow's Voice)
Kirkpatrick, B. S. B. (2023) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2023.100506
“have poor diet quality; and in some age groups, reduced sleep is associated with lower physical activity levels [3,4].”
BackgroundAssociação entre parâmetros do sono e atividade física em corredores durante a pandemia de COVID-19
de Siqueira, P. P. S., Tassitano, R. M., Silva, G. F. C. D. D., Guimarães, J. M. R., dos Santos, D. M., & de Lima, A. M. J. (2023) · Saúde e Pesquisa · doi:10.17765/2176-9206.2023v16n3.e11485
Hasanaj, K., Leonard, K. S., Sears, D. D., Yu, F., Petrov, M. E. R., Keadle, S. K., & Buman, M. P. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6803906/v1
Yi, Q., Ding, M., Liu, J., Wang, X., & Zheng, L. (2025) · Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ibmb.2025.104404
Kawabe, R., Chen, C. Y., Morino, S., Mukaiyama, K., Shinohara, Y., Kato, M., Shimizu, H., Shimoura, K., Nagai‐Tanima, M., & Aoyama, T. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21213347
Lounassalo, I., Hirvensalo, M., Palomäki, S. H., Salin, K., Tolvanen, A. J., Pahkala, K., Rovio, S., Fogelholm, M., Yang, X., Hutri-Kähönen, N., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14252248
Metadata
- Authors
- McClain, J. J., Lewin, D. S., Laposky, A. D., Kahle, L., & Berrigan, D.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Children's National (US)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US)
- Information Management Services (US)
- Corresponding author
- McClain, James J.
- Venue
- Preventive Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 66
- Pages
- 68-73
- ISSN
- 0091-7435 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2051114916
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 6.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Preventive Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, age differences, sex differences, accelerometry, NHANES
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, United States, Exercise, Young Adult, Sedentary Behavior, Accelerometry
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