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Cited by 549Fatty Acid Research and HealthMercury impact and mitigation studiesFood Industry and Aquatic Biology

Health benefits and potential risks related to consumption of fish or fish oil

Sidhu, Kirpal S.·2003·Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
DOI 10.1016/j.yrtph.2003.07.002
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Abstract

The nutritional benefits of fish consumption relate to the utilization of proteins of high biological value, as well as certain minerals and vitamins that fish provide. Fish or fish oil contains omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that appear to play several useful roles for human health. Conversely, some carcinogenic contaminants are also stored in the adipose tissue of fish. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential health benefits and risks related to the consumption of fish or fish oil. Health benefits related to the consumption of fish or omega-3 PUFAs were obtained by an extensive literature search. Potential health risks related to carcinogenic contaminants (e.g., dioxin, PCB, etc.) in fish were estimated using the U.S. EPA-approved cancer risk assessment guidelines. Potential health risk estimates were evaluated by comparing them with the acceptable excess risk level of 10(-6)-10(-4). Scientific data indicate that the consumption of fish or fish oil containing omega-3 PUFAs reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, decreases mild hypertension, and prevents certain cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. Risk estimates in humans for carcinogenic environmental contaminants in fish ranged from an excess risk level of 3x10(-6)-9x10(-4). These risk estimates appeared to meet the acceptable excess risk level criteria. Therefore, consumption of fish in accordance with the State of Michigan Fish Advisory Guidelines is safe and should be encouraged. The top 11 fish species [e.g., sardines, mackerel, herring (Atlantic and Pacific), lake trout, salmon (Chinook, Atlantic, and Sockeye), anchovy (European), sablefish, and bluefish] provide an adequate amount of omega-3 PUFAs (2.7-7.5g/meal) and appear to meet the nutritional recommendation of the American Heart Association.

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  • The current recommendation for fish consumption of at least twice a week is important for human health as it protects against the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and possibly some cancers.

    “The current recommendation for the consumption of fish (at least twice a week) [18] is important for human health [19] as it protects against the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) [20], type 2 diabetes (T2D) [21], and possibly some cancers [22].”

    From Novel Insights on Intake of Fish and Prevention of Sarcopenia: All Reasons for an Adequate Consumption (2020) · cites this paper as [19]

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Authors
Sidhu, K. S.
Affiliations
Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (US)
Corresponding author
Sidhu, Kirpal S.
Venue
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2003-12
Volume
38
Issue
3
Pages
336-344
ISSN
0273-2300 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.yrtph.2003.07.002
OpenAlex
W2043300413
Cited by
549
References
71
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 35
FWCI
11.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Mercury impact and mitigation studies
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Industry and Aquatic Biology
Keywords
fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, health benefits, cancer risk assessment, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, fish contaminants, coronary artery disease, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, sudden death, fish species comparison, American Heart Association guidelines
MeSH terms
American Heart Association, Animals, Feeding Behavior, Fish Oils, Fishes, Health, Humans, Michigan, United States, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Guidelines as Topic, Seafood, Risk Assessment

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