CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 44Nutrition and Health in AgingMuscle metabolism and nutritionMuscle Physiology and Disorders

Novel Insights on Intake of Fish and Prevention of Sarcopenia: All Reasons for an Adequate Consumption

Open access
Rondanelli, Mariangela, Rigon, Chiara, Perna, Simone, Gasparri, Clara, Iannello, Giancarlo, Akber, Rashida, Alalwan, Tariq A., Freije, Afnan Mahmood·2020·Nutrients
DOI 10.3390/nu12020307PMC PMC7071242
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Sarcopenia is defined as a syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength and it is diagnosed by measurements of muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. Sarcopenia affects quality of life and is associated with several adverse health effects. Muscle decline is aggravated by a sedentary lifestyle and can be prevented through proper nutrition, together with adequate physical activity. Fish contains biologically active compounds, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, vitamin D, magnesium, and carnitine, which are able to intervene positively on muscle metabolism. This narrative literature review was performed to evaluate evidence regarding the actual benefit of fish consumption in the prevention of sarcopenia and the positive action on the muscle mass of the biological compounds present in fish. The results demonstrated that fish consumption has a protective and anti-inflammatory function on skeletal muscle and that its biologically active compounds help to maintain good muscle performance, preventing sarcopenia. Considering the nutritional and health benefits, elderly with sarcopenia should consume at least three servings per week of fish in order to have a minimum intake of 4–4.59 g daily of omega 3, and reaching the 50% RDA in Vitamin E and D. High biological value of proteins in 150 g of fish and its high available magnesium (20% of RDA in 150 g of fish) are an added value that could suggest fish as a “functional food” in order to prevent and treat sarcopenia.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This narrative review argues that fish consumption has protective and anti-inflammatory effects on skeletal muscle and that its bioactive compounds—omega-3 PUFAs, proteins, vitamin D, vitamin E, magnesium, and carnitine—help maintain muscle performance and prevent sarcopenia. It recommends that older adults with sarcopenia consume at least three servings of fish per week.

Key findings

  • Fish contains omega-3 PUFAs, proteins, vitamin D, vitamin E, magnesium, and carnitine that act positively on muscle metabolism; the review states that fish consumption has a protective and anti-inflammatory function on skeletal muscle and helps prevent sarcopenia.
  • For older adults with sarcopenia, the paper recommends at least three servings of fish per week, providing a minimum intake of 4–4.59 g daily omega-3, and reaching 50% RDA in vitamin E and D; 150 g of fish also provides high biological value proteins and magnesium at 20% of the RDA.
  • In cited human studies, Smith et al. found that 4 g/day long-chain omega-3 PUFAs (1.86 g EPA and 1.5 g DHA) for six months increased thigh muscle volume, handgrip strength, and average isokinetic leg muscle power in healthy older adults aged 60–85; Da Boit et al. found 3 g fish oil plus 18 weeks resistance exercise increased maximal isometric torque and muscle quality in elderly females but not males.
  • Other cited evidence includes Robinson et al. in 2983 older adults (59–73 years), where fatty fish consumption was the most influential dietary component positively affecting grip strength; Kim et al. in 3169 older Korean adults found a strong inverse association between serum 25(OH)D and sarcopenia; and Hayhoe et al. in 14,340 EPIC-Norfolk participants reported strong positive associations between dietary magnesium intake and indices of skeletal muscle mass in both men and women.

Methods

  • Narrative literature review evaluating evidence on fish consumption in the prevention of sarcopenia and the effects of fish’s biological compounds on muscle mass.
  • The omega-3 section considered works since 2007 focused on muscle-level effects of omega-3 PUFA supplementation, plus one study with no supplementation that examined fish consumption and grip strength.
  • The vitamin D section considered studies assessing the association between vitamin D levels and sarcopenia without supplementation, plus one study of high-dose vitamin D supplementation; the review summarizes findings in narrative tables.

Limitations

  • Stated in the paper: the main limitation is that the authors considered single nutrients typical of fish rather than fish itself, so the role of a single nutrient does not automatically apply to consumption of a food with a high content of that nutrient.
  • Evident from the text: this is a narrative review without a reported systematic search strategy, formal inclusion criteria, or meta-analytic synthesis, and the omega-3 evidence is described as contradictory, with two cited studies showing no effect.
  • Evident from the text: several supporting studies are animal or in vitro studies, and the paper notes that human trials have not yet been conducted with fish protein supplementation alone.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/nu12020307

Cites

104 of 104 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 120 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Many nutrients other than proteins are essential for the maintenance of muscle mass, including essential amino acids, amino acid metabolites, creatine monohydrate, antioxidants, omega-3 PUFAs, vitamin D, vitamin B6, folic acid, and magnesium.

    “In addition to proteins, many other nutrients are essential for the maintenance of muscle mass, such as essential amino acids, amino acid metabolites, creatine monohydrate, antioxidants, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), vitamin D, vitamin B6, folic acid, and magnesium [10,11].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] Calvani, 2013, Current nutritional recommendations and novel dietary strategies to manage sarcopenia, J. Frailty Aging

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] Calvani, 2013, Nutritional interventions in sarcopenia: Where do we stand?, J. Frailty Aging

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    LPS endotoxin leads to systemic inflammation which affects the skeletal muscle, affecting its integrity.

    “This endotoxin leads to systemic inflammation which affects the skeletal muscle, affecting its integrity [17].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Grosicki, 2018, Gut Microbiota Contribute to Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Size, Composition, and Function: Biological Basis for a Gut-Muscle Axis, Calcif. Tissue Int. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Older persons are at a higher risk for inadequate protein intake than their younger counterparts.

    “Epidemiological data indicate that older persons are at a higher risk for inadequate protein intake than their younger counterparts [7].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Kerstetter, 2018, Low Protein Intake: The Impact on Calcium and Bone Homeostasis in Humans, J. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    The aged muscle has a reduced ability to up-regulate protein synthesis in response to anabolic stimuli such as protein intake and exercise, and insulin and insulin-like growth factor I.

    “The aged muscle has a reduced ability to up-regulate protein synthesis in response to anabolic stimuli, such as protein intake and exercise [3], and insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) [4].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [3] Koopman, 2011, Dietary protein and exercise training in ageing, Proc. Nutr. Soc. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [4] Biolo, 2013, Protein metabolism and requirements, World Rev. Nutr. Diet. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Pregnant women who meet the recommended fish consumption of 2-3 times a week are more likely to have a dominant Bifidobacterium profile than a dominant Escherichia profile.

    “pregnant women who meet the recommended fish consumption (2–3 times a week) are more likely to have a dominant Bifidobacterium profile than a dominant Escherichia profile [13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Simione, 2020, Maternal Fish Consumption in Pregnancy Is Associated with a Bifidobacterium-Dominant Microbiome Profile in Infants, Curr. Dev. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. 53
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 16
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The results of the reviewed studies are contradictory, with the majority reporting that omega-3 PUFAs may be useful for the prevention of sarcopenia.

    “The results of these studies, summarized in Table 1, are contradictory, with the majority reporting that omega-3 PUFAs may be useful for the prevention of sarcopenia.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Very few studies in the literature evaluate the effect of fish consumption and its nutrients on maintaining muscle mass.

    “Although fish contains many nutrients that are potentially beneficial for maintaining muscle health, very few studies in the literature evaluate the effect of fish consumption and its nutrients on maintaining muscle mass.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Sarcopenia is associated with adverse outcomes such as physical disability, poor quality of life, and death.

    “Sarcopenia has been defined by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) as a syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with a risk of adverse outcomes such as physical disability, poor quality of life, and death [1].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Marzetti, 2017, Sarcopenia: An overview, Aging Clin. Exp. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    During old age, bacteria that produce butyrate decrease while bacteria belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum increase.

    “during old age, the bacteria that produce butyrate (which influence colon motility, immunity maintenance, and anti-inflammatory properties) decrease, while the bacteria belonging to Proteobacteria phylum increase [14,15,16].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [14] Rampelli, 2013, Functional metagenomic profiling of intestinal microbiome in extreme ageing, Aging source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] Enck, 2009, The effects of ageing on the colonic bacterial microflora in adults, Z. Gastroenterol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [16] Biagi, E., Nylund, L., Candela, M., Ostan, R., Bucci, L., Pini, E., Nikkïla, J., Monti, D., Satokari, R., and Franceschi, C. (2010). Through ageing, and beyond: Gut microbiota and inflammatory status in seniors and centenarians. PLoS ONE, 5. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Energy intake drops by about 600 kcal in women and 1330 kcal in men between the ages of 20 and 80 years.

    “Energy intake drops by about 600 kcal in women and 1330 kcal in men between the ages of 20 and 80 years [6].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] R, 1995, Total energy intake of the US population: The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nutrition plays an important role in the development of sarcopenia as food intake declines gradually throughout adulthood.

    “Nutrition plays an important role in the development of sarcopenia as food intake declines gradually throughout adulthood.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Dysbiosis causes greater intestinal permeability, promoting the passage of inflammatory molecules such as LPS, which are very high in the elderly.

    “This dysbiosis causes greater intestinal permeability promoting the passage of inflammatory molecules such as LPS (lipopolysaccharides), which are very high in the elderly.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Reduced sensitivity to anabolic stimuli, termed anabolic resistance, leads to a negative net protein balance causing losses of skeletal muscle protein and results in sarcopenia.

    “This reduced sensitivity to anabolic stimuli termed “anabolic resistance” leads to a negative net protein balance causing losses of skeletal muscle protein and results in sarcopenia [5].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [5] Bauer, 2013, Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: A position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group, J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Muscular stem cells, also called satellite cells, play an important role in sarcopenia; they are responsible for skeletal muscle repair following damage and play an important role in the maintenance of muscle mass with advancing age.

    “muscular stem cells, also called “satellite cells,” play an important role. They are responsible for skeletal muscle repair following damage [24] and have been implicated in regulating extracellular matrix production during hypertrophy and regenerative processes, and therefore play an important role in the maintenance of muscle mass with advancing age [25,26].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [24] McCarthy, 2011, Effective fiber hypertrophy in satellite cell-depleted skeletal muscle, Development source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [25] Murphy, 2011, Satellite cells, connective tissue fibroblasts and their interactions are crucial for muscle regeneration, J. Cell Sci.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] Fry, 2014, Regulation of the muscle fiber microenvironment by activated satellite cells during hypertrophy, FASEB J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fish consumption has protective effects against heart disease, metabolic diseases, and some cancers.

    “fish consumption has not only demonstrated protective effects against heart disease, metabolic diseases, and even some cancers [12]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Rodríguez-Martín, C., Garcia-Ortiz, L., Rodriguez-Sanchez, E., Martin-Cantera, C., Soriano-Cano, A., Arietaleanizbeaskoa, M.S., Magdalena-Belio, J.F., Menendez-Suarez, M., Maderuelo-Fernandez, J.A., and Lugones-Sanchez, C. (2019). The relationship of the atlantic diet with cardiovascular risk factors and markers of arterial stiffness in adults without cardiovascular disease. Nutrients, 11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The current recommendation for fish consumption of at least twice a week is important for human health as it protects against the risk of developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and possibly some cancers.

    “The current recommendation for the consumption of fish (at least twice a week) [18] is important for human health [19] as it protects against the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) [20], type 2 diabetes (T2D) [21], and possibly some cancers [22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [18] Lichtenstein, 2006, Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006, Circulation source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [19] Sidhu, 2003, Health benefits and potential risks related to consumption of fish or fish oil, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Mozaffarian, 2008, Fish and nϪ3 fatty acids for the prevention of fatal coronary heart disease and sudden cardiac death 1–4 OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The magnitude of decline in fat free mass is greater in men than in women and is amplified in sedentary individuals relative to physically active peers.

    “The magnitude of decline in fat free mass (FFM) is greater in men than in women and is amplified in sedentary individuals relative to their physically active peers [2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [2] Calvani, 2013, Tools in the assessment of sarcopenia, J. Frailty Aging

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The typical Western diet is deficient in omega-3 PUFAs and abundant in omega-6 PUFAs.

    “The typical Western diet is deficient in omega-3 PUFAs and abundant in omega-6 PUFAs [31].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Blasbalg, 2011, Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Treatment with fish oil-derived omega-3 PUFAs increased thigh muscle volume, handgrip strength, and average isokinetic leg muscle power.

    “The authors reported that treatment with fish oil-derived omega-3 PUFAs had increased thigh muscle volume, handgrip strength, and the average isokinetic leg muscle power [27].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] Smith, 2015, Fish oil-derived n-3 PUFA therapy increases muscle mass and function in healthy older adults, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The most common omega-3 PUFAs in the diet are ALA, present in plants and seeds, and DHA and EPA, present especially in cold water fish such as salmon and tuna.

    “The most common omega-3 PUFAs in the diet are α-linolenic acid (ALA) present in plants and seeds, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) that are both present especially in cold water fish species such as salmon and tuna [28].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Tachtsis, B., Camera, D., and Lacham-Kaplan, O. (2018). Potential roles of n-3 PUFAs during skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. Nutrients, 10. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A high omega-6/omega-3 ratio is linked to an increased state of chronic inflammation, which has been linked to diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity.

    “A high omega-6/omega-3 ratio is linked to an increased state of chronic inflammation, which has been linked to diseases such as T2D and obesity [31].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Blasbalg, 2011, Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    EPA, but not DHA, significantly enhanced protein synthesis and reduced protein breakdown in murine C2C12 myotubes.

    “Kamolrat et al. [31] reported that EPA, but not DHA, significantly enhanced protein synthesis and reduced protein breakdown in murine C2C12 myotubes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Blasbalg, 2011, Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In elderly women, supplementation with fish oil accompanied by strength training improved the response of the neuromuscular system and enhanced muscle strength and functional capacity.

    “In a study involving elderly women, Rodacki [37] showed that supplementation with fish oil accompanied by strength training improved the response of the neuromuscular system and enhanced their muscle strength and functional capacity [37].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Rodacki, 2012, Fish-oil supplementation enhances the effects of strength training in elderly women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    For women, 32%-41% and 22%-38% of men over the age of 50 consume less protein than recommended (RDA 0.8 g/kg/day), and virtually no older adult receives the highest Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for protein (35% of total energy intake).

    “For women, 32%–41% and 22%–38% of men over the age of 50 consume less protein than recommended (RDA for proteins 0.8 g·kg−1·day−1) and virtually no older adult receives the highest Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for protein (35% of total energy intake) [10].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Calvani, 2013, Current nutritional recommendations and novel dietary strategies to manage sarcopenia, J. Frailty Aging

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vitamin E is a known biological antioxidant and has been shown to inhibit the oxidation of long-chain PUFAs in oily fish.

    “Vitamin E is a known biological antioxidant and has been shown to inhibit the oxidation of long-chain PUFAs in oily fish [45].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Faizan, 2013, Dietary alpha-tocopherol affects tissue vitamin e and malondialdehyde levels but does not change antioxidant enzymes and fatty acid composition in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    EPA and DHA act as substrates for the synthesis of lipid-derived mediators of inflammation, eicosanoids, whose ability to mediate inflammation varies by substrate; eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid, an omega-6 PUFA, are considered pro-inflammatory.

    “EPA and DHA act as substrates for the synthesis of lipid-derived mediators of inflammation. These mediators, termed eicosanoids, vary in their ability to mediate inflammation depending on the substrate used for their synthesis. For example, eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid, an omega-6 PUFA, are considered to be pro-inflammatory [28].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Tachtsis, B., Camera, D., and Lacham-Kaplan, O. (2018). Potential roles of n-3 PUFAs during skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. Nutrients, 10. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Omega-3 PUFAs DHA and EPA have anti-inflammatory properties, and marine-derived omega-3 PUFAs can influence the exercise and nutritional response of skeletal muscle.

    “The omega-3 PUFAs (DHA and EPA) are known for their anti-inflammatory properties [32], and marine-derived omega-3 PUFAs can influence the exercise and nutritional response of skeletal muscle [33].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [32] Morin, 2017, Eicosapentaenoic acid monoglyceride resolves inflammation in an ex vivo model of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell, Eur. J. Pharmacol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [33] Jeromson, 2015, Omega-3 fatty acids and skeletal muscle health, Mar. Drugs source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ALA and LA are essential in the human diet because they cannot be synthesized from other fatty acids, while EPA and DHA can be synthesized from ALA in liver endoplasmic reticulum, but this conversion is limited in humans due to enzyme availability.

    “ALA and LA are essential in the human diet since they are indispensable constituents of cell membranes and cannot be synthesized from other fatty acids, while EPA and DHA can be synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum in liver cells through conversion from ALA, though this conversion is limited in the human body due to enzyme availability [29,30].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [29] Burdge, 2002, Eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids are the principal products of α-linolenic acid metabolism in young men, Br. J. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [30] Burdge, 2002, Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in young women, Br. J. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    In the two studies that showed no effect of omega-3 PUFAs, the duration of the McGlory et al. study was short compared to other studies, while the Pahor study assessed long-term omega-3 supplementation in a large number of very compromised patients.

    “In the two studies that showed no effect of omega-3 PUFAs, the duration of the study by Mcglory et al. [43] was short compared to other studies, while the study by Pahor [35] assessed long-term omega-3 supplementation on a large number of very compromised patients.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [43] Mcglory, 2016, Fatty Acids on Exercise Performance, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [35] Pahor, 2019, Effect of losartan and fish oil on plasma IL-6 and mobility in older persons.The ENRGISe pilot randomized clinical trial, J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Long-chain omega-3 PUFA supplementation increased maximal isometric torque and muscle quality values after 18 weeks of resistance exercise in elderly females, but not male patients.

    “The investigators showed that long-chain omega-3 PUFAs supplementation had increased maximal isometric torque and muscle quality values after 18 weeks of resistance exercise in elderly females, but not male patients [38].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Sibson, 2016, Sex differences in the effect of fish-oil supplementation on the adaptive response to resistance exercise training in older people: A randomized controlled trial, Am. J. Clin. Nutr.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Omega-3 PUFA therapy decreased pathways related to calpain- and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, mRNA translation, and inhibition of mTOR kinase signaling, and involved different pathways in mitochondrial regulation and organization of increased cell matrix.

    “Using the microarray technique, they found that different pathways were involved in mitochondrial regulation and in the organization of the increased cell matrix while the pathways related to calpain- and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, mRNA translation, and inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase signaling were decreased by omega-3 PUFAs therapy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Yoshino, 2016, Effect of dietary n-3 PUFA supplementation on the muscle transcriptome in older adults, Physiol. Rep. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adequate protein intake is of fundamental importance because a negative protein balance leads to atrophy of skeletal muscles, reduced muscle growth, and a decline in functional status.

    “For this reason, adequate protein intake is of fundamental importance as a negative protein balance leads to atrophy of the skeletal muscles, reduced muscle growth, and a decline in functional status [48].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] Deer, 2015, Protein intake and muscle function in older adults, Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vitamin D is essential for bone metabolism, its deficiency increases the risk of fractures, and low levels of vitamin D are associated with increased risk of developing autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and cancer diseases.

    “Vitamin D is essential for bone metabolism (its deficiency increases the risk of fractures) [65] and low levels of vitamin D are associated with the increased risk of developing autoimmune, neurogenerative, and cancer diseases [61].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [65] Wacker, 2013, Vitamin D-effects on skeletal and extraskeletal health and the need for supplementation, Nutrients source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [61] Wintermeyer, E., Ihle, C., Ehnert, S., Stöckle, U., Ochs, G., de Zwart, P., Flesch, I., Bahrs, C., and Nussler, A.K. (2016). Crucial role of vitamin D in the musculoskeletal system. Nutrients, 8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In addition to consuming the recommended amount of protein (1.2 g/kg body weight/day), the distribution of dietary protein throughout the day is important in older adults.

    “In addition to consuming the recommended amount of protein (1.2 g/kg body weight/day), the distribution of dietary protein throughout the day is important in older adults [48].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] Deer, 2015, Protein intake and muscle function in older adults, Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a multi-ethnic cross-sectional study of 572 patients, hypovitaminosis D was reported among 58% of patients, with the lowest levels found in those complaining of headaches.

    “In the multi-ethnic cross-sectional study of 572 patients, hypovitaminosis D were reported among 58% of the patients with the lowest levels found in those complaining of headaches [72].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [72] Knutsen, 2010, Vitamin D status in patients with musculoskeletal pain, fatigue and headache: A cross-sectional descriptive study in a multi-ethnic general practice in Norway, Scand. J. Prim. Health Care source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In 5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats, the volume of gastrocnemius increased in Alaska pollack protein-fed rats compared to casein-fed animals, with volume increase in both fast and slow fibers.

    “a recent study using 5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats showed that the volume of gastrocnemius increased in the APP-fed rats in comparison to the casein-fed animals. The results indicated a volume increase in both fast and slow fibers [50].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] Morisasa, 2019, Investigation of the Lipid Changes That Occur in Hypertrophic Muscle due to Fish Protein-feeding Using Mass Spectrometry Imaging, J. Oleo Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Several studies have shown that adequate intake of proteins of animal or vegetable origin contributes to the maintenance of lean mass, but very few have focused on fish proteins.

    “Several studies have shown that adequate intake of proteins of animal or vegetable origin contributes to the maintenance of lean mass, but very few have focused on fish proteins [52,53].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [52] Houston, 2008, Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [53] Huang, R.-Y., Yang, K.-C., Chang, H.-H., Lee, L.-T., Lu, C.-W., and Huang, K.-C. (2016). The Association between Total Protein and Vegetable Protein Intake and Low Muscle Mass among the Community-Dwelling Elderly Population in Northern Taiwan. Nutrients, 8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Wild salmon has the highest vitamin D3 content, while farmed fish exhibited a 25% reduction in vitamin D3 content.

    “A study carried out by Lu et al. [65] showed wild salmon as having the highest vitamin D3 content, while the farmed fish exhibited a 25% reduction in the content of vitamin D3.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [65] Wacker, 2013, Vitamin D-effects on skeletal and extraskeletal health and the need for supplementation, Nutrients source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Intake of animal proteins was related to a greater lean mass, while the benefits of vegetable proteins were only visible in those who carried out intense physical activity.

    “The authors found that the intake of animal proteins was related to a greater lean mass while the benefits of vegetable proteins were only visible in those who carried out intense physical activity [58].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [58] Bradlee, 2018, High-protein foods and physical activity protect against age-related muscle loss and functional decline, J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The active form of vitamin D binds to a highly specific nuclear receptor in muscle tissue and leads to protein synthesis and growth of muscle tissue.

    “the active form of vitamin D binds to a highly specific nuclear receptor in the muscle tissue [64,68] and leads to protein synthesis and growth of muscle tissue [64].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [64] Oh, 2009, The level of vitamin D in the serum correlates with fatty degeneration of the muscles of the rotator cuff, J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [68] Simpson, 1980, Characterization of a specific, high affinity binding macromolecule for 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in cultured chick kidney cells, J. Biol. Chem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Protein intake is able to contribute to maintaining and building muscle mass, and animal-derived proteins may preserve muscle mass.

    “Another study by Alexandrov et al. [51], also using animal protein (i.e., fish, meat, and eggs), demonstrated that protein intake is able to contribute to maintaining and building muscle mass. Furthermore, they measured the creatinine produced by the subjects and from the results they concluded that animal-derived proteins may preserve muscle mass.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] Sarcopenia, 2012, On Sarcopenia: An undiagnosed conditon in older adults.Current consensus dedinition:prevalance.etiology, and consequence, J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Consumption of fish proteins resulted in less epididymal adipose tissue and lower plasma triglycerides in rats compared with consumption of casein.

    “Kawabata et al. [56] reported that the consumption of fish proteins resulted in less epididymal adipose tissue and lower levels of plasma triglycerides in rats compared with the consumption of casein.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [56] Kawabata, 2015, Fish protein intake induces fast-muscle hypertrophy and reduces liver lipids and serum glucose levels in rats, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vitamin D affects muscle strength, muscle size, and muscle performance.

    “Vitamin D is also involved in neuromuscular function. In fact, it affects muscle strength [62], muscle size, and muscle performance [66].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [62] Heath, 2006, Vitamin D deficiency: Implications in the rehabilitation setting, Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [66] Shuler, 2012, Sports Health Benefits of Vitamin, D, Sports Health source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Vitamin D can be made by the body through exposure to sunlight.

    “Vitamin D is unique because it can be made by the body through exposure to sunlight [59].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] DeLuca, 2014, History of the discovery of vitamin D and its active metabolites, Bonekey Rep. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a cross-sectional study involving 2570 women aged 18 to 79 years, dietary magnesium had a positive association with indices of skeletal muscle mass and leg explosive power, indicating that dietary magnesium may slow the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass.

    “in a cross-sectional study involving 2570 women aged 18 to 79 years, Welch et al. [85] observed a positive association of dietary magnesium with indices of skeletal muscle mass and leg explosive power, indicating that dietary magnesium may slow the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [85] Welch, 2016, Dietary magnesium is positively associated with skeletal muscle power and incides of muscle mass and May Attenuate the Association Between Circulating C-Reactive Protein and Muscle Mass in Women, J. Bone Miner. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Magnesium may play a role in insulin secretion in insulin-resistant patients, as the condition has been associated with hypomagnesemia in diabetic patients.

    “Some studies have shown that magnesium may play a role in insulin secretion in insulin-resistant patients, as the condition has been associated with hypomagnesemia in diabetic patients [77,78].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [77] Reis, 2000, Biochemical and Molecular Action of Nutrients Magnesium Deficiency Modulates the Insulin Signaling Pathway in Liver but Not Muscle of Rats, J. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [78] Barbagallo, 2007, Magnesium metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Omnivores have a carnitine dietary intake ranging from 20 to 300 mg/day mainly from red meat, fish, and dairy products, while vegetarians consume 1-3 mg/day.

    “Omnivores have a carnitine dietary intake ranging from 20 to 300 mg/day mainly from red meat, fish, and dairy products consumption, while vegetarians consume 1–3 mg/day [93].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [93] Nabavi, 2014, Creatine, L-Carnitine, and ω 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation from Healthy to Diseased Skeletal Muscle, BioMed Res. Int.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The active metabolite of vitamin D, 25(OH)D, is essential in the regulation of calcium transport and protein synthesis in muscle cells, increasing the calcium pool which plays a crucial role in muscle contraction.

    “the active metabolite of vitamin D, 25(OH)D is essential in the regulation of calcium transport and protein synthesis in muscle cells, increasing the calcium pool which plays a crucial role in muscle contraction [74].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [74] (2019, December 13). 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Brussels, Belgium, 15–18 March 2016-PubMed –NCBI. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Vitamin+D+Status+according+to+the+Diseases+in+Hospitalized+Rehabilitation+Patients%3A+Single+Center+Study.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Serum 25(OH)D levels had a significant negative correlation with fatty degeneration of rotator cuff muscles and a positive correlation with isokinetic muscle performance in men and women with rotator cuff disorders.

    “Oh et al. [64] found that serum 25(OH)D levels had a significant negative correlation with fatty degeneration of rotator cuff muscles and a positive correlation with isokinetic muscle performance in men and women with rotator cuff disorders.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64] Oh, 2009, The level of vitamin D in the serum correlates with fatty degeneration of the muscles of the rotator cuff, J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    In the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study of 14,340 middle- to older-aged men and women, there were strong positive associations between dietary magnesium intake and indices of skeletal muscle mass in both men and women.

    “Hayhoe et al. [87] investigated the correlation between serum magnesium concentration and FFM. They analyzed 7-day food records from 14,340 middle- to older-aged men and women participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk cohort study and estimated the correlation between FFM-based indices of muscle mass and dietary magnesium intake. Researchers reported”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [87] Hayhoe, 2019, Cross-sectional associations of dietary and circulating magnesium with skeletal muscle mass in the EPIC-Norfolk cohort, Clin. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Magnesium is essential for the proper functioning of the human body and has multiple physiological functions at the enzymatic and structural levels.

    “Magnesium is essential for the proper functioning of the human body. It has multiple physiological functions at the enzymatic and structural levels [76].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [76] Ketteler, 2012, Magnesium basics, Clin. Kidney J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Muscle mass is significantly associated with serum-free testosterone, and testosterone levels decrease at approximately 1% per year after the age of 30.

    “Muscle mass significantly associated with serum-free testosterone [81] and testosterone levels decrease at a rate of approximately 1% per year after the age of 30 [82].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [81] Baumgartner, 1999, Predictors of skeletal muscle mass in elderly men and women, Mech. Ageing Dev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [82] Morley, 1997, Longitudinal changes in testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone in healthy older men, Metabolism source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In athletes, magnesium depletion leads to structural damage of muscle cells, possibly due to increased reactive oxygen species availability, lipid and protein damage, and/or altered calcium homeostasis.

    “In athletes, magnesium depletion leads to structural damage of the muscle cells, possibly due to increased reactive oxygen species availability, lipid and proteins damage, and/or altered calcium homeostasis [84].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [84] Dominguez, 2006, Magnesium and muscle performance in older persons: The InCHIANTI study, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Creatine is produced endogenously in the liver, pancreas, and kidney from arginine, glycine, and methionine, and is also principally found in muscle meats, including fish.

    “Creatine is a guanidino compound that is produced endogenously in the liver, pancreas, and kidney from arginine, glycine, and methionine [10], and is also principally found in muscle meats, including fish [88].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] Calvani, 2013, Current nutritional recommendations and novel dietary strategies to manage sarcopenia, J. Frailty Aging

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [88] Wyss, 2000, Creatine and creatinine metabolism, Physiol. Rev. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Fish consumption has a protective and anti-inflammatory function on skeletal muscle.

    “The results demonstrated that fish consumption has a protective and anti-inflammatory function on skeletal muscle”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The effects of isolated nutrients found in fish, such as omega-3 PUFAs, vitamin D, magnesium, and creatine, can be extrapolated to whole fish consumption for preventing sarcopenia.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Magnesium, together with constant physical activity, is correlated with an increase in testosterone levels; in athletes, magnesium supplementation improves performance by increasing plasma testosterone levels.

    “Magnesium, together with constant physical activity, is correlated also with an increase in testosterone levels. In athletes, magnesium supplementation is able to improve performance by increasing the plasma testosterone levels [80].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [80] Cinar, 2011, Effects of magnesium supplementation on testosterone levels of athletes and sedentary subjects at rest and after exhaustion, Biol. Trace Elem. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The main role of L-carnitine is the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane to be oxidized to produce ATP.

    “The main role of L-carnitine is the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane to be oxidized to produce ATP [94]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [94] Bezkorovainy, 1974, Carnosine, carnitine, and Vladimir Gulevich, J. Chem. Educ. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Magnesium is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions as a cofactor, stabilizing and activating many enzymes and ATP-generating reactions, and has a crucial role in muscle relaxation, muscle function, normal neurological function, and neurotransmitter release.

    “Magnesium is also involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it functions as a cofactor, stabilizing and activating many enzymes and many reactions that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), in addition to its crucial role in muscle relaxation and muscle function, normal neurological function, and release of neurotransmitters [79].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [79] Cunningham, 2012, Magnesium in chronic kidney disease Stages 3 and 4 and in dialysis patients, Clin. Kidney J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Fish is an optimal food for maintaining muscle mass and preventing sarcopenia.

    “Fish is an optimal food for maintaining muscle mass and preventing sarcopenia as it contains a complex array of macro- and micronutrients essential for the proper functioning of the skeletal muscle.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The main limitation of this study is that we have considered single nutrients typical of fish and not fish itself, so the role of a single nutrient does not automatically apply to consumption of a food with a high content of the nutrient.

    “The main limitation of this study is that we have considered single nutrients typical of fish and not fish itself, so the role of a single nutrient does not automatically apply to consumption of a food with a high content of the nutrient.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    With the help of vitamin E introduced into the feed, the anti-inflammatory effect of PUFAs is strengthened, reducing the risk of oxidation of fatty acids.

    “with the help of vitamin E introduced into the feed, the anti-inflammatory effect of PUFAs is strengthened, reducing the risk of oxidation of fatty acids”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Inactivity has a serious negative effect on the health of the individual.

    “Inactivity, in fact, has a serious negative effect on the health of the individual [104].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [104] Harridge, 2017, Physical activity, aging, and physiological function, Physiology source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The high biological value of fish proteins is essential for nourishing muscle mass and meeting the RDA of protein.

    “The high biological value of fish proteins is essential for nourishing muscle mass and meeting the RDA of protein.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    In centenarians with weakness, decreasing mental health, impaired mobility, and poor endurance, taking 2 g of L-carnitine daily for six days increased lean mass.

    “and an increase in lean mass”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [97] Malaguarnera, 2007, L-Carnitine treatment reduces severity of physical and mental fatigue and increases cognitive functions in centenarians: A randomized and controlled clinical trial, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Magnesium plays a fundamental role in maintaining muscle mass and protecting it from oxidative damage that can cause structural damage to muscle tissue.

    “magnesium, the cofactor of many enzymatic reactions, plays a fundamental role in maintaining muscle mass and protecting it from oxidative damage that can cause structural damage to muscle tissue”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Dietary intakes of vitamin D are low in vegans who do not achieve sufficient sun exposure.

    “Dietary intakes of vitamin D are low in vegans who do not achieve sufficient sun exposure [101].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [101] Crowe, 2011, Plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans: Results from the EPIC-Oxford study, Public Health Nutr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Vitamin D is involved in neuromuscular function and is essential for maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis.

    “Vitamin D is involved in neuromuscular function and is essential for maintaining calcium and phosphate homeostasis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
62 of 62

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Consuming at least three servings per week of fish provides a minimum intake of 4–4.59 g daily of omega-3 and reaches 50% of the RDA in vitamin E and D.

    “elderly with sarcopenia should consume at least three servings per week of fish in order to have a minimum intake of 4–4.59 g daily of omega 3, and reaching the 50% RDA in Vitamin E and D.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    150 g of fish provides high biological value proteins and 20% of the RDA in magnesium.

    “High biological value of proteins in 150 g of fish and its high available magnesium (20% of RDA in 150 g of fish) are an added value that could suggest”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The effects of isolated nutrients found in fish, such as omega-3 PUFAs, vitamin D, magnesium, and creatine, can be extrapolated to whole fish consumption for preventing sarcopenia.

    “Fish contains biologically active compounds, such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, vitamin D, magnesium, and carnitine, which are able to intervene positively on muscle metabolism.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Findings from animal and in vitro studies on fish proteins and omega-3 PUFAs generalize to humans for muscle mass and sarcopenia outcomes.

    “Animal and in vitro studies have also been conducted in an effort to elucidate the effects of omega-3 PUFAs on skeletal muscle health.”
4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Alexandrov is attributed to a different reference

    Minor

    The text cites [51] as a study by Alexandrov et al., whereas [51] is listed under Sarcopenia I.W.G. The Alexandrov study appears as [23].

  • Knutsen is assigned the wrong reference number

    Minor

    The text cites [68] for Knutsen et al., but the reference list identifies Knutsen et al. as [72]; [68] lists Simpson et al.

  • Kamolrat is attributed to a reference by Blasbalg

    Minor

    The cited reference [31] lists Blasbalg and colleagues, not Kamolrat and colleagues.

  • Lu is attributed to a reference by Wacker and Holiack

    Minor

    The study attributed to Lu et al. cites [65], whose listed authors are Wacker and Holiack.

  • Two different vitamin D compounds are called the active form

    Minor

    The paper first identifies 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 as the biologically active form, but later calls 25(OH)D the active metabolite.

5 of 5

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Calvani, 2013, Novel Insights on Intake of Meat and Prevention of Sarcopenia: All Reasons for an Adequate Consumption, J. Frailty Aging, 2, 2136
  2. Calvani, 2013, Nutritional interventions in sarcopenia: Where do we stand?, J. Frailty Aging, 2, 19
  3. Mcglory, 2016, Fatty Acids on Exercise Performance, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 3, 206
  4. Sarcopenia, 2012, On Sarcopenia: An undiagnosed conditon in older adults.Current consensus dedinition:prevalance.etiology, and consequence, J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc., 12, 249
  5. (2019, December 13). 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, Brussels, Belgium, 15–18 March 2016-PubMed –NCBI. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Vitamin+D+Status+according+to+the+Diseases+in+Hospitalized+Rehabilitation+Patients%3A+Single+Center+Study.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Rondanelli, M., Rigon, C., Perna, S., Gasparri, C., Iannello, G., Akber, R., Alalwan, T. A., & Freije, A. M.
Affiliations
  • University of Pavia (IT)
  • University of Bahrain (BH)
  • Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia (Italy) (IT)
Corresponding author
Gasparri, Clara
ORCID
Venue
Nutrients
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-01-24
Volume
12
Issue
2
Pages
307
ISSN
2072-6643 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/nu12020307
PMC
PMC7071242
OpenAlex
W3002426272
Cited by
44
References
102
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 9
FWCI
1.08
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nutrients (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Keywords
sarcopenia, fish consumption, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin D, magnesium, L-carnitine, muscle mass, muscle strength, anti-inflammatory activity, functional foods, elderly nutrition, protein intake, sedentary lifestyle
MeSH terms
Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Body Composition, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutritional Status, Nutritive Value, Risk Factors, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Seafood, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Strength, Sarcopenia, Recommended Dietary Allowances, Protective Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review