Impact of Breakfast Consumption on Nutritional Adequacy of the Diets of Young Adults in Bogalusa, Louisiana
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the impact of breakfast consumption patterns on the nutritional adequacy of diets of young adults and determine possible ethnic and gender differences. Design and setting Cross-sectional survey of young adults in Bogalusa, La. Subjects Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were collected from October 1988 through October 1991 on 504 young adults (mean age=23 years, 58% women, 70% white). Statistics Analysis of variance and logistic regression techniques were used to investigate the relationship of breakfast consumption, ethnicity, and gender on dietary adequacy. The P values are from an analysis of variance model that adjusted for gender and ethnicity. Results Thirty-seven percent of young adults skipped breakfast. Of those who ate breakfast, 75% ate at home, 10% ate a fast-food breakfast, and 15% reported other sources. Mean energy intake from breakfast was 485 kcal; men consumed more energy than women (P<.001), and blacks consumed more energy than whites (P<.01). The breakfast meal provided an average of 13% of energy from protein, 55% from carbohydrate, 14% from sucrose, 34% from fat, and 12% from saturated fat. Whites consumed a breakfast higher in carbohydrate and sucrose than blacks, who consumed a breakfast higher in fat and saturated fat. Variations in breakfast foods consumed explained the racial differences in the nutrient composition of the breakfast meal. Young adults who skipped breakfast had lower total daily intakes of energy (P<.0001), protein per 1,000 kcal (P<.05), and saturated fat per 1,000 kcal (P<.01) than those who consumed breakfast. For all vitamins and minerals studied, a higher percentage of young adults who skipped breakfast did not meet two thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowance than those who consumed a breakfast. Applications Encouraging consumption of breakfast, along with selection of more healthful breakfast food choices or snacks that are culturally appropriate, may be important strategies for improving the nutritional quality of young adults' diets.
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Only thirteen of these studies examined more than one micronutrient.
“However, only thirteen of these examined more than one micronutrient( 23 , 30 , 46 , 47 , 52 , 64 – 71 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [68]
Time-of-day definitions were also common, as well as a combination of two definitions.
“Time-of-day definitions were also common( 35 , 36 , 64 , 67 , 72 , 76 ) as well as a combination of two definitions (for example, self-identified and time-of-day, or time-of-day and type/combination of foods eaten)( 30 , 65 , 68 , 73 , 81 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [68]
Breakfast skipping was associated with a higher prevalence of not meeting the recommended intakes for Ca, vitamin C, folate, vitamin A and Mg compared with regular breakfast consumers.
“Breakfast skipping was also associated with a higher prevalence of not meeting the recommended intakes for Ca( 64 , 66 , 68 , 69 ), vitamin C( 23 , 64 , 68 , 69 ), folate( 64 , 68 , 69 ), vitamin A( 23 , 66 , 68 , 69 ) and Mg( 23 , 66 ) compared with regular breakfast consumers.”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [68]
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- Authors
- NICKLAS, T. A., MYERS, L., REGER, C., BEECH, B., & BERENSON, G. S.
- Affiliations
- North Dakota State University (US)
- Tulane University (US)
- Corresponding author
- NICKLAS, THERESA A
- Venue
- Journal of the American Dietetic Association
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-12
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1432-1438
- ISSN
- 0002-8223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W165077240
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Dietetic Association (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2r01hl038844-06)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (5R01-HL38844-03)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- breakfast consumption, breakfast skipping, nutritional adequacy, young adults, racial differences, gender differences, energy intake, macronutrient composition, saturated fat, protein intake, vitamin and mineral intake, dietary habits
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Black or African American, Energy Intake, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diet, Diet Surveys, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Louisiana, Male, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Mental Recall, Sex Factors, Vitamins, Cohort Studies, Diet Records, Logistic Models, White People
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