Deleterious effects of omitting breakfast on insulin sensitivity and fasting lipid profiles in healthy lean women1–3
Open accessAbstract
Background Breakfast consumption is recommended, despite inconclusive evidence of health benefits.Objective The study's aim was to ascertain whether eating breakfast (EB) or omitting breakfast (OB) affects energy intake, energy expenditure, and circulating insulin, glucose, and lipid concentrations in healthy women.Design In a randomized crossover trial, 10 women [x+/-SD body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2): 23.2+/-1.4] underwent two 14-d EB or OB interventions separated by a 2-wk interval. In the EB period, subjects consumed breakfast cereal with 2%-fat milk before 0800 and a chocolate-covered cookie between 1030 and 1100. In the OB period, subjects consumed the cookie between 1030 and 1100 and the cereal and milk between 1200 and 1330. Subjects then consumed 4 additional meals with content similar to usual at predetermined times later in the day and recorded food intake on 3 d during each period. Fasting and posttest meal glucose, lipid, and insulin concentrations and resting energy expenditure were measured before and after each period.Results Reported energy intake was significantly lower in the EB period (P=0.001), and resting energy expenditure did not differ significantly between the 2 periods. OB was associated with significantly higher fasting total and LDL cholesterol than was EB (3.14 and 3.43 mmol/L and 1.55 and 1.82 mmol/L, respectively; P=0.001). The area under the curve of insulin response to the test meal was significantly lower after EB than after OB (P<0.01).Conclusion OB impairs fasting lipids and postprandial insulin sensitivity and could lead to weight gain if the observed higher energy intake was sustained.
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Irregular meal frequency appears to produce a degree of insulin resistance.
“Studies by Farshchi and colleagues have suggested that irregular meal frequency appears to produce a degree of insulin resistance (11,12).”
From Eating Meals Irregularly: A Novel Environmental Risk Factor for the Metabolic Syndrome (2008) · cites this paper as [12]
The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is higher in men than in women in this population (34 % in men v. 19 % in women) and in other European populations, but not consistently so worldwide.
“in model 1, sex (because the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome differs between men and women; the prevalence is higher in men in this population (34 % in men v. 19 % in women) as well as in other European populations (19) , but not consistently so worldwide (20) );”
From Irregular eating of meals in adolescence and the metabolic syndrome in adulthood: results from a 27-year prospective cohort (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Farshchi, H. R., Taylor, M. A., & Macdonald, I. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Farshchi, Hamid R
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-02
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 388-396
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2124216538
- Cited by
- 302
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 5.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- breakfast skipping, breakfast consumption, insulin sensitivity, fasting lipid profile, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, energy intake, resting energy expenditure, postprandial insulin response, postprandial blood glucose, weight gain
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Anthropometry, Appetite, Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Eating, Energy Metabolism, Fasting, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Insulin, Lipids, Oxidation-Reduction, Cross-Over Studies, Postprandial Period, Area Under Curve
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