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Psychotherapy outcome research: Methods for reporting variability and evaluating clinical significance

Jacobson, Neil S., Follette, William C., Revenstorf, Dirk·1984·Behavior Therapy

DOI 10.1016/s0005-7894(84)80002-7

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SOCIAL VALIDITY: THE CASE FOR SUBJECTIVE MEASUREMENT or HOW APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS IS FINDING ITS HEART 1
Wolf, M. M. (1978) · Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1901/jaba.1978.11-203 · Cited by 3,176
How we should measure "change": Or should we?
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Theoretical risks and tabular asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the slow progress of soft psychology.
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Assessing the Clinical or Applied Importance of Behavior Change through Social Validation
Kazdin, A. E. (1977) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/014544557714001 · Cited by 1,117
The test of significance in psychological research.
Bakan, D. (1966) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0020412 · Cited by 957
The case against statistical significance testing
Carver, R. (1978) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.48.3.t490261645281841 · Cited by 931
Drug and Family Therapy in the Aftercare of Acute Schizophrenics
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Interventions for boys with conduct problems: Multiple settings, treatments, and criteria.
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Critical dimensions in the choice and maintenance of successful treatments: Strength, integrity, and effectiveness.
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On the relation of clinical research to clinical practice: Current issues, new directions.
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Hayes, 1981, Time series methodology and empirical clinical practice, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 193, 10.1037/0022-006X.49.2.193 · DOI
Hugdahl, 1981, On the difference between statistical and clinical significance, Behavioral Assessment, 3, 289

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Method
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Method
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Method
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Background
PTSD and major depression: Methodological and treatment considerations in a single case design*
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“One definition is “the extent to which therapy moves someone outside the range of scores typical of the dysfunctional population or within the range of the functional population” [12].”
Background
Meeting the Needs of Evidence‐based Practice in Family Therapy: Developing the Scientist‐practitioner Model
Crane, D., & Hafen, M. (2002) · Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/1467-6427.00206 · Cited by 39
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Piper, W. E., Joyce, A. S., McCallum, M., Azim, H. F. A., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2002) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10445-000 · Cited by 65
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“(The alpha coefficient of internal reliability was .97 for the initial data on all 95 subjects and .92 in those with complete data.) as suggested by Jacobson, Folette & Revenstorf (1984).”
Residual cognitive dysfunctioning at 6 months following coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
Bruggemans, E., van Dijk, J. V., & Huysmans, H. (1995) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/s1010-7940(05)80110-1 · Cited by 39
Assessment of agoraphobia—II
Himadi, W. G., Boice, R., & Barlow, D. H. (1986) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90192-0 · Cited by 42
Brief metacognitive therapy for emotional distress in adult cancer survivors.
Fisher, P. L., Byrne, A., Fairburn, L., Ullmer, H., Abbey, G., & Salmon, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00162 · Cited by 38
“To determine the clinical significance of treatment effects the methodology developed by Jacobson et al. (1984) and Jacobson and Truax (1991) was applied to the HADS-Total.”
Method
Multi‐temporal Hydrological Residual Error Modeling for Seamless Subseasonal Streamflow Forecasting
McInerney, D., Thyer, M., Kavetski, D., Laugesen, R., Tuteja, N., & Kuczera, G. (2020) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1029/2019wr026979 · Cited by 38
“Practical significance testing assesses whether the difference between metric values are large enough to provide tangible benefits in a practical (and necessarily subjective) sense (e.g., Jacobson et al., 1984; McInerney et al., 2019; Vaske, 2002).”
Background
Individual trajectories of cognitive performance in first episode psychosis: a 2-year follow-up study
Sánchez-Torres, A., Moreno-Izco, L., Lorente-Omeñaca, R., Cabrera, B., Lobo, A., González-Pinto, A., Merchán-Naranjo, J., Corripio, I., Vieta, E., de la Serna, E., et al. (2018) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-017-0857-z · Cited by 38
Self-regulation workshop and Occupational Performance Coaching with teachers: A pilot study
Hui, C. E., Snider, L., & Couture, M. M. (2016) · Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.1177/0008417415627665 · Cited by 60
Evaluation of an Intervention for Apathy After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multiple-Baseline, Single-Case Experimental Design
Lane-brown, A., & Tate, R. (2010) · The journal of head trauma rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0b013e3181d98e1d · Cited by 38
Response und Remission in der Psychotherapieforschung
Hiller, W., & Schindler, A. C. (2010) · PPmP. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1255040 · Cited by 38
Proximal Change Experiments With Couples: A Methodology for Empirically Building a Science of Effective Interventions for Changing Couples' Interaction
Gottman, J., Ryan, K., Swanson, C., & Swanson, K. R. (2005) · Journal of Family Communication · doi:10.1207/s15327698jfc0503_1 · Cited by 38
Development and Evaluation of a Cognitive Behavioural Intervention for Chronic Post-Stroke Insomnia
Herron, K., Farquharson, L., Wroe, A., & Sterr, A. (2018) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465818000061 · Cited by 38
“Jacobson et al. (1984) outlined a method to examine the data to determine clinical change.”
Method
Tailored cognitive-behavioural therapy and exercise training improves the physical fitness of patients with fibromyalgia
van Koulil, S., van Lankveld, W., Kraaimaat, F. W., van Helmond, T., Vedder, A., van Hoorn, H., Donders, A. R. T., Wirken, L., Cats, H., van Riel, P. L. C. M., et al. (2011) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.2010.148577 · Cited by 37
Measuring individual significant change on the Beck Depression Inventory-II through IRT-based statistics
Brouwer, D., Meijer, R. R., & Zevalkink, J. (2013) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.794400 · Cited by 38
“This RCI (Christensen & Mendoza, 1986; Jacobson et al., 1984; Jacobson & Truax, 1991) is defined as the ratio of an individual’s observed change score and the standard error of measurement of the difference score, RCI ¼ X2…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Comparing Recidivism Rates of Treatment Responders/Nonresponders in a Sample of 413 Child Molesters Who Had Completed Community-Based Sex Offender Treatment in the United Kingdom
Beech, A., Mandeville-Norden, R., & Goodwill, A. (2012) · International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x10387811 · Cited by 37
“The Reliability of Change index (RC) was used, which has been described by Jacobson et al. (1984) as: RC = (posttreatment) − (pretreatment) , SE RC is being essentially expressed as an effect size, and any pre–post change is significant (at p <.05) if RC is greater than 1.64 (i.e., the p = .05…”
MethodInfluential
Recovery and improvement benchmarks for counselling and the psychological therapies in routine primary care
Mullin, T., Barkham, M., Mothersole, G., Bewick, B., & Kinder, A. (2006) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733140600581515 · Cited by 37
“A crucial step forward in how change was conceptualised and operationalised came about with the publication by Neil Jacobson and colleagues of a series of papers, beginning in the mid-1980s, which set out procedures for adopting a standard definition of clinically significant change (Jacobson et al, 1984 1986 , 1988 ;…”
Background
Statistical considerations in the interpretation of research on occupational stress management interventions
Bunce, D., & Stephenson, K. (2000) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678370010016126 · Cited by 37
“The criterion for meaningful change involves the calculation of a threshold from the means and standard deviations of the normal and dysfunctional populations (Jacobson, Follette, and Revenstorf, 1984; Jacobson, and Revenstorf, 1988).”
Background
Traumatic onset of temporomandibular disorders: positive effects of a standardized conservative treatment program.
Greco, C., Rudy, T., Turk, D. C., Herlich, A., & Zaki, H. H. (1997) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-199712000-00012 · Cited by 37
Behavioral and cognitive treatment methods: A critical comparative review
Sweet, A. A., & Loizeaux, A. L. (1991) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0005-7916(91)90014-v · Cited by 85
Pupillometric discrimination of insomniacs
Lichstein, K. L., & Johnson, R. S. (1994) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)90093-0 · Cited by 36

Authors: Jacobson, N. S., Follette, W. C., & Revenstorf, D.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
University of Tübingen (DE)
Corresponding author: Jacobson, Neil S.
ORCID: Jacobson, Neil S.
Venue: Behavior Therapy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1984-09
Volume: 15
Issue: 4
Pages: 336-352
ISSN: 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7894(84)80002-7
OpenAlex: W2086791094
Cited by: 1,294
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 48
FWCI: 19.53
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
Keywords: psychotherapy outcome research, clinical significance, statistical significance, treatment response classification, statistical reliability, treatment outcome assessment

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Psychotherapy outcome research: Methods for reporting variability and evaluating clinical significance

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