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Psychotherapy outcome research: Methods for reporting variability and evaluating clinical significance
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“A change of 6.39 on the Y-BOCS was considered reliable.”
From A randomized clinical trial of acceptance and commitment therapy versus progressive relaxation training for obsessive-compulsive disorder (2010) · cites this paper as Jacobson, Follette, & Revenstorf, 1984
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How we should measure "change": Or should we?
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Grundy, C., Lambert, M., & Grundy, E. M. (1996) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638239650037162 · Cited by 36
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Wolgast, B. M., Lambert, M., & Puschner, B. (2004) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1300/j035v18n02_03 · Cited by 35
The unreliable change of reliable change indices.
Maassen, G. (2001) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00029-2 · Cited by 35
Utility of selected MMPI-2 scales in the outcome prediction for patients with chronic back pain
Vendrig, A., Derksen, J., & Mey, H. D. D. (1999) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.381 · Cited by 35
Treatment outcome of a group cognitive therapy program for depression.
Free, M., Oei, T., & Sanders, M. R. (1991) · International journal of group psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.1991.11490679 · Cited by 35
Slesnick, N., Bartle‐Haring, S., & Gangamma, R. (2006) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2006.tb01606.x · Cited by 34
Hardy, S., Hardy, K., Schatz, J., Thompson, A. L., & Meier, E. R. (2016) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.26019 · Cited by 34
“TheRCI for eachAWMAsubtest was computed using the T1 SDs and the published test–retest reliabilities to establish a cutoff score for themagnitude of change necessary to reflect a reliable and clinically significant change.[41,45]”
MethodPsychoanalytic and Psychodynamic Therapies for Depression: The Evidence Base
Taylor, D. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-792-1_6 · Cited by 34
Assessing the functional nature of binge eating in the eating disorders.
Davis, R., & Jamieson, J. (2005) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2005.02.001 · Cited by 34
Turk, D. C., & Burwinkle, T. M. (2005) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/0090-5550.50.1.56 · Cited by 36
Effectiveness of psychodynamic interpersonal therapy training for primary care counselors
Guthrie, E., Margison, F., Mackay, H., Chew-Graham, C., Moorey, J., & Sibbald, B. (2004) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1093/ptr/kph015 · Cited by 34
FAMILY THERAPY OUTCOME RESEARCH: POTENTIAL PITFALLS AND PROSPECTS*
Jacobson, N. S. (1985) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1985.tb00604.x · Cited by 31
Self-citationEnriching newlyweds: An evaluation of three enrichment programs
Hawley, D., & Olson, D. (1995) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926189508251344 · Cited by 34
“In addition to the comparison of group means detailed above, differences among the programs were also assessed using the Reliable Change Index, or RC (Jacobson et al., 1984), an index measuring magnitude of change.”
MethodPrediction of Outcome Following In Vivo Exposure Treatment of Agoraphobia
Chambless, D., & Gracely, E. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73543-1_20 · Cited by 34
Description, mechanisms of action, and assessment
Richard, D. C. S., Lauterbach, D., & Gloster, A. T. (2007) · Handbook of Exposure Therapies · doi:10.1016/b978-012587421-2/50002-8 · Cited by 34
Revivo, G., Amstutz, D. K., Gagnon, C. M., & McCormick, Z. L. (2019) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2018.06.018 · Cited by 33
“Given the paucity of outcomes andnormative data for the treatment population in the study, a balanced criterion was used in order to neither overestimate nor underestimate clinically significant change [26].”
MethodChambrone, L., & Armitage, G. (2016) · The Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1902/jop.2016.150554 · Cited by 33
Clinically meaningful change: False positives in the estimation of individual change.
Ferrer‐Urbina, R., & Pardo, A. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0035419 · Cited by 39
Cornwell, S. L., Kelly, K. S., & Austin, L. (2010) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2010.493770 · Cited by 39
“To adequately demonstrate the effectiveness and efficacy of treatment, it is necessary to demonstrate specificity along a continuum ( Jacobson, Follette, & Revenstorf, 1984 ), rather than the simple dichotomy of G-tube dependency versus no dependency.”
Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie bei Depressionen im Alter
Hautzinger, M., & Welz, S. (2004) · Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie (Print) · doi:10.1007/s00391-004-0262-x · Cited by 33
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for bulimia nervosa: an empirical analysis of clinical significance.
Lundgren, J., Danoff-Burg, S., & Anderson, D. (2004) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10254 · Cited by 33
“Analyses at the individual level were proposed by Jacobson, Follette, and Revenstorf (1984b) and were developed to assess variability in treatment outcome that traditional significance testing with group means could not.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBotella, C., & García-Palacios, A. (1999) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465899273055 · Cited by 33
DuPaul, G., & Barkley, R. (1993) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80256-4 · Cited by 33
Session impact and outcome in stress management training
Reynolds, S., Taylor, E., & Shapiro, D. (1993) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2450030409 · Cited by 33
Cognitive and cognitive-relaxation treatments of anger
Deffenbacher, J., Story, D. A., Brandon, A., Hogg, J., & Hazaleus, S. L. (1988) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01204929 · Cited by 33
“From 40 to 53O7o of cognitive and cognitive-relaxation subjects showed clinically meaningful change according to the criteria of Jacobson et al. (1984), whereas 0 to 17O7o of control subjects showed such change (figures changing depending on the variable and time of comparison).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFollow-up of Agoraphobic Patients Treated with Exposure in Vivo or Applied Relaxation
Jansson, L., Jerremalm, A., & Öst, L.-G. (1986) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.149.4.486 · Cited by 33
Short-term group therapies for complicated grief: Two research-based models.
Piper, W. E., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Joyce, A. S., & Weideman, R. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12344-000 · Cited by 32
Chen, Y.-C., & Fortson, B. L. (2015) · Children and youth services review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.10.009 · Cited by 32
A Preliminary Investigation of Stimulus Control Training for Worry
McGowan, S. K., & Behar, E. (2012) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445512455661 · Cited by 30
Predicting Psychotherapy Benefit: A Probabilistic and Individualized Approach
Lindhiem, O. J., Kolko, D. J., & Cheng, Y. (2011) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.08.004 · Cited by 33
“The PTB chart also incorporates several definitions of clinically significant change, such as ending treating within the normal range, falling outside of the clinical range, or resulting in a reliable change (e.g., Jacobson et al., 1984; Jacobson & Truax, 1991; Kendall et al., 1999).”
BackgroundCribbie, R. A., & Arpin-Cribbie, C. A. (2009) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503300902926554 · Cited by 32
Hester, P., & Kaiser, A. P. (1998) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/019874299802400105 · Cited by 32
Evaluation of two cognitive-behavioral approaches to general anger reduction
Deffenbacher, J., Oetting, E., Huff, M. E., Cornell, G. R., & Dallager, C. J. (1996) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf02227961 · Cited by 32
“Moreover, both treatments led to greater proportions of participants who revealed clinically meaningful change (Jacobson et al., 1984) as well.”
Hsu, L. (1996) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf02229141 · Cited by 32
“3. " . . .c [the cut score] is eqidvalent to the point where the probabilities of belonging to functional and dysfunctional populations are equal [italics added]" ( Jacobson et al., 1984, p. 340 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialClinical significance of outcome in long‐term follow‐up of borderline patients at a day hospital
Sandell, R., Alfredsson, E., Berg, M., Crafoord, K., Lagerlöf, A., Arkel, I., Cohn, T., RASCH, B., & Rugolska, A. (1993) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03396.x · Cited by 33
“(38), would be the likelihood of the patient’s discriminant score, given the norm group.”
BackgroundInfluentialPsychotherapy of depression research at a crossroads: Directions for the 1990s☆
Beckham, E. (1990) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/0272-7358(90)90058-i · Cited by 32
Marital quality and general life adjustment in relation to treatment outcome in agoraphobia
Arrindell, W., Emmelkamp, P., & Sanderman, R. (1986) · Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0146-6402(86)90002-0 · Cited by 32
Schema Therapy in Adolescents with Disruptive Behavior Disorders
van Wijk‐Herbrink, M. F., Broers, N. J., Roelofs, J., & Bernstein, D. P. (2017) · International Journal of Forensic Mental Health · doi:10.1080/14999013.2017.1352053 · Cited by 29
“The RCI is the difference score (post-pre) divided by the standard error of the measurement, resulting in a Z-score with a cut-off value of 1.96 for significant change (two-sided 5% significance level; Jacobson et al., 1984).”
MethodInfluentialMinimum clinically important difference in medical studies
Hedayat, A., Wang, J.-H., & Xu, T. (2015) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/biom.12251 · Cited by 31
“However, there has been growing recognition that statistical significance could be misleading when evaluating treatment effect (Jacobson, Follette, and Revenstorf, 1984; Jacobson and Truax, 1991).”
BackgroundAssessing Individual Change Using Short Tests and Questionnaires
Kruyen, P., Emons, W., & Sijtsma, K. (2014) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0146621613510061 · Cited by 31
“Jacobson et al. (1984) combined RC and a cut score XC that separates the population that functions psychologically well—the functional population—from the dysfunctional population.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStress ocupacional em bombeiros: efeitos de intervenção baseada em avaliação de necessidades
Murta, S. G., & Tróccoli, B. (2007) · Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/s0103-166x2007000100005 · Cited by 31
Splinting and radial nerve palsy: a single-subject experiment.
Hannah, S. D., & Hudak, P. (2001) · Journal of Hand Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0894-1130(01)80053-3 · Cited by 31
Strand, P. S. (2000) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00010-0 · Cited by 31
The Reliability and Validity of a Short Form of the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems
Hansen, N. B., Umphress, V., & Lambert, M. J. (1998) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/073428299801600302 · Cited by 7
Veränderungsmessung in der Psychotherapie mit dem Ergebnisfragebogen (EB-45)
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The future of marital and family therapy.
Gurman, A. S., & Kniskern, D. P. (1992) · doi:10.1037/0033-3204.29.1.65 · Cited by 31
Self-selected intensity exercise in the treatment of major depression: A pragmatic RCT
Doose, M., Ziegenbein, M., Hoos, O., Reim, D., Stengert, W., Hoffer, N., Vogel, C., Ziert, Y., & Sieberer, M. G. (2015) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.3109/13651501.2015.1082599 · Cited by 32
“Statistically signifi cant changes do not necessarily refl ect clinically signifi cant or meaningful changes in cohorts or individual participants (Jacobson et al. 1984).”
BackgroundMetacognitive Therapy for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder By Videoconference: A Preliminary Study
Fitt, S., & Rees, C. S. (2012) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2012.21 · Cited by 27
Cernvall, M., Carlbring, P., Ljungman, G., & von Essén, L. (2012) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology · doi:10.1080/07347332.2012.741095 · Cited by 28
“When distributions were overlapping, the reliable change index (RC) proposed by Jacobson, Follette, and Revenstorf (1984) was utilized to ensure that change was reliable.”
Method"Statistical significance and clinical significance are not synonyms!".
Turk, D. (2000) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200009000-00001 · Cited by 30
Clinical significance revisited
Wampold, B., & Jenson, W. (1986) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(86)80059-4 · Cited by 30
Toward a scientifically based marital therapy.
Gottman, J., Ryan, K., Carrère, S., & Erley, A. M. (2002) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10438-008 · Cited by 30
Samaan, M., Diefenbacher, A., Schade, C., Dambacher, C., Pontow, I.-M., Pakenham, K., & Fydrich, T. (2021) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2020.1802080 · Cited by 31
“Clinically significant change was examined in accord with the two-step approach recommended by Jacobson et al. (1984) and Jacobson and Truax (1991).”
MethodUnderstanding beginning teachers' professional identity changes through job demands-resources theory
Li, B., Li, Z., & Fu, M. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103760 · Cited by 48
Does Change on the MOLEST and RAPE Scales Predict Sexual Recidivism?
Nunes, K., Pettersen, C., Hermann, C. A., Looman, J., & Spape, J. (2016) · Sexual abuse. A Journal of Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/1079063214540725 · Cited by 29
“…mean minus 2 standard deviations, Cutoff B is equal to the functional mean plus 2 standard deviations, and Cutoff C is the midpoint between functional and dysfunctional means (for more detailed descriptions and formulas, see Jacobson et al., 1984; Jacobson & Truax, 1991; Nunes et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodChild Directed Interaction Training for Young Children in Kinship Care: A Pilot Study
N’zi, A. M., Stevens, M., & Eyberg, S. (2016) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.03.001 · Cited by 29
An evaluation of an interdisciplinary rural school mental health programme in Appalachia
Albright, A., Michael, K. D., Massey, C. S., Sale, R., Kirk, A., & Egan, T. E. (2013) · Advances in School Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.1080/1754730x.2013.808890 · Cited by 31
“…of the 20 students who began services at subclinical levels, three students demonstrated at least a 10-point increase in symptoms, which placed them in the dysfunctional population at post-treatment and were thus considered ‘deteriorated’ (Jacobson et al., 1984, 1999; Jacobson & Truax, 1991).”
BackgroundMandeville-Norden, R., Beech, A., & Hayes, E. (2008) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160801948907 · Cited by 29
“A more sophisticated analysis is to assess the Reliable Change Index (Christensen & Mendoza, 1986; Jacobson et al., 1984), which takes into account the error of measurement in 494 R.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialManning, J. J., Hooke, G., Tannenbaum, D., Blythe, T. H., & Clarke, T. M. F. (1994) · Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry (Print) · doi:10.1080/00048679409080790 · Cited by 29
Group Treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Evaluation
Enright, S. (1991) · Behavioural Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s0141347300012210 · Cited by 29
Follow-up outcome in short-term group therapy for complicated grief.
Piper, W. E., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Joyce, A. S., & Weideman, R. (2009) · Group Dynamics Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0013830 · Cited by 24
Pretherapy Training for Group Cognitive Therapy with Depressed Older Adults
Latour, D. J., & Cappeliez, P. (1994) · Canadian Journal on Aging/La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980800006036 · Cited by 29
Listunova, L., Kienzle, J., Bartolovic, M., Jaehn, A., Grützner, T. M., Wolf, R. C., Aschenbrenner, S., Weisbrod, M., & Roesch-Ely, D. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.008 · Cited by 36
Harrison, A. J., Paff, M. L., & Kaff, M. (2019) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.10.002 · Cited by 28
Aardema, F., Connor, K. P. O., Delorme, M.-E., & Audet, J. (2017) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2024 · Cited by 28
Chiu, E.-C., Wu, W.-C., Chou, C.-X., Yu, M.-Y., & Hung, J.-W. (2016) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2016.04.023 · Cited by 28
Treatment Attendance among Homeless Youth: The Impact of Childhood Abuse and Prior Suicide Attempts
Slesnick, N., Kang, M.-J., & Aukward, E. (2008) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897070802093056 · Cited by 28
Evidence-based practice in psychology and behavior analysis.
O’Donohue, W., & Ferguson, K. E. (2006) · The Behavior Analyst Today · doi:10.1037/h0100155 · Cited by 34
What Are Norms and Why Do We Need Valid Ones
Achenbach, T. (2006) · doi:10.1093/clipsy.8.4.446 · Cited by 28
How Do You Know Whether Your Patient Is Getting Better (or Worse)? A User's Guide
Perdices, M. (2005) · Brain Impairment · doi:10.1375/brim.2005.6.3.219 · Cited by 28
“Jacobson et al. (1984) proposed three independent operational definitions, or cut-off points, to determine if clinically significant change had occurred.”
BackgroundInfluentialWilkinson, L. (2005) · doi:10.1177/1363275205054163 · Cited by 28
“The reliable change index (RC) was used to determine whether students’ TRF scale scores were significantly reduced following treatment (Gresham and Noell, 1993; Jacobson et al., 1984).”
Hafkenscheid, A. (2000) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101003235.x · Cited by 23
“One of these methods is in the classic approach range, using raw score differences (formula [2], (3)); two of these methods are within the range of the residual or reliability-weighted change score approach (formulae [3] and [4]: (4, 5)), Table 3.”
MethodHoltzworth-Munroe, A., & Jacobson, N. (1988) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.1988.7.2-3.101 · Cited by 28
Self-citationCarlier, I., Kovács, V., van Noorden, M. V., van der Feltz-Cornelis, C., Mooij, N., Maaren, Y. W. M. S.-V., van Hemert, A., Zitman, F., & Giltay, E. (2017) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1978 · Cited by 28
Behavioral and Functional Assessment
Gresham, F. M., & Lambros, K. M. (1998) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5323-6_1 · Cited by 29
McInerney, D., Kavetski, D., Thyer, M., Lerat, J., & Kuczera, G. (2019) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1029/2018wr024148 · Cited by 27
“…when taking into account the typical magnitude of the metric, etc. Practical significance tests are common in the medical and psychotherapy literature, where it is often referred to as clinical significance (e.g., Jacobson et al., 1984; Page, 2014), and in social sciences (e.g., Vaske, 2002).”
BackgroundDejian Mind‐Body Intervention Improves the Cognitive Functions of a Child with Autism
Chan, A. S.-Y., Sze, S. L., Cheung, M., Han, Y. M. Y., Leung, W. W.-M., & Shi, D. (2011) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2011/549254 · Cited by 27
Ducharme, F., Lévesque, L., Lachance, L., Giroux, F., Legault, A., & Préville, M. (2005) · Dementia · doi:10.1177/1471301205049189 · Cited by 34
“The criteria that we used in our prediction analyses, which took into account improvement, stability or deterioration based on standard deviations from the mean, are of particular interest in that they are objective criteria that provide both statistical and clinical information (Jacobson et al., 1984).”
Adding a more Rigorous Scientific Agenda to the Empirically Supported Treatment Movement
Follette, W., & Beitz, K. (2003) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445503027003006 · Cited by 27
Self-citationMarital therapy: qualities of couples who fare better or worse in treatment.
Hampson, R. B., Prince, C. C., & Beavers, W. (1999) · Journal of Marital & Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1999.tb00259.x · Cited by 27
Three sessions of brief couples therapy: A clinical trial.
Davidson, G. N. S., & Horvath, A. O. (1997) · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.11.4.422-435 · Cited by 27
Behavioral martial therapy outcomes: Alternate interpretations of the data
Iverson, A., & Baucom, D. (1990) · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80194-7 · Cited by 27
Szekely, B., Botwin, D. E., Eidelman, B. H., Becker, M., Elman, N. S., & Schemm, R. (1986) · Headache · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.1986.hed2602086.x · Cited by 27
Bartle-Haring, S., Glade, A. C., & Vira, R. (2005) · Journal of Marital & Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2005.tb01548.x · Cited by 27
Wakefield, S., Delgadillo, J., Kellett, S., White, S., & Hepple, J. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12278 · Cited by 26
“The CSC would indicate whether an individual had made meaningful and significant change from a point of being within a ‘clinical population range’ to being within a ‘non-clinical range’ (Jacobson et al., 1984).”
BackgroundCounselling in the workplace: How time‐limited counselling can effect change in well‐being
Collins, J., Gibson, A., Parkin, S., Parkinson, R., Shave, D., & Dyer, C. (2012) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/14733145.2011.638080 · Cited by 26
“Pre-counselling/post-counselling change was assessed using the Reliable Change Index (Christensen & Mendoza, 1986 ; Jacobson, Follette, & Revenstorf, 1984 ).”
Tarrant, M., Smith, J. R., Ball, S., Winlove, C., Gul, S., & Charles, N. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.024 · Cited by 27
“A reliable change index (RCI) score (29) was calculated to determine individual-level change in alcohol consumption across the study (i.”
Punukollu, M., Burns, C., & Marques, M. (2019) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2019.1674167 · Cited by 26
“In addition to statistical significance, a proportion of participants demonstrated clinically significant change (Jacobson et al., 1984), suggesting that improvement in these participants is clinically meaningful.”
BackgroundPetts, R. A., Duenas, J. A., & Gaynor, S. T. (2017) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2017.02.006 · Cited by 33
Metadata
- Authors
- Jacobson, N. S., Follette, W. C., & Revenstorf, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Jacobson, Neil S.
- ORCID
- Jacobson, Neil S.
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1984-09
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 336-352
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2086791094
- Cited by
- 1,294
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 19.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Keywords
- psychotherapy outcome research, clinical significance, statistical significance, treatment response classification, statistical reliability, treatment outcome assessment
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