Cited by 797Stress Responses and CortisolNeuroendocrine regulation and behaviorAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 99 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Sex differences in stress responses: social rejection versus achievement stress

Stroud, Laura R, Salovey, Peter, Epel, Elissa S·2002·Biological Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01333-1

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background Sex differences in stress responses may be one mechanism underlying gender differences in depression. We hypothesized that men and women would show different adrenocortical responses to different stressors. In particular, we predicted that women would show greater responses to social rejection stressors, whereas men would demonstrate greater responses to achievement stressors.Methods Following a rest session in which they habituated to the laboratory, 50 healthy volunteers (24 men and 26 women, mean age 19.1, SD = 1.13) were randomly assigned to achievement or rejection stress conditions. The achievement condition involved a mathematical and a verbal challenge; the rejection condition involved two social interaction challenges. Self-reported affect and salivary cortisol were measured throughout each stress session (baseline, stress, and poststress periods).Results There were no sex differences in mood ratings following the stressors; however, cortisol responses showed the predicted gender by condition by time interaction. Men showed significantly greater cortisol responses to the achievement challenges, but women showed greater cortisol responses to the social rejection challenges.Conclusions Women appear more physiologically reactive to social rejection challenges, but men react more to achievement challenges. Women's greater reactivity to rejection stress may contribute to the increased rates of affective disorders in women.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01333-1

Cites

99 of 99 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The ‘Trier Social Stress Test’—a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting
Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (2008) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000119004 · Cited by 6,093
The psychology of sex differences
Maccoby, E. E. (1975) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(75)80031-1 · Cited by 5,714
Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight.
Taylor, S. E., Klein, L. C., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.107.3.411 · Cited by 3,308
Models of the self: self-construals and gender.
Cross, S., & Madson, L. (1997) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.122.1.5 · Cited by 2,851
The Concepts of Stress and Stress System Disorders: Overview of Physical and Behavioral Homeostasis
Chrousos, G. P. (1992) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03480090092034 · Cited by 2,689
Book Reviews
Mendelson, G. (1995) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048679509064964 · Cited by 2,592
A Specific Laboratory Test for the Diagnosis of Melancholia: Standardization, Validation, and Clinical Utility
Carroll, B. J. (1981) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780260017001 · Cited by 2,243
Gender differences in personality: A meta-analysis.
Feingold, A. (1994) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.429 · Cited by 2,240
Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory.
Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1987) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.259 · Cited by 2,001
Impact of Gender, Menstrual Cycle Phase, and Oral Contraceptives on the Activity of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis
Kirschbaum, C., Kudielka, B. M., Gaab, J., Schommer, N. C., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1999) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199903000-00006 · Cited by 1,890 · cited 3×
“In response to laboratory challenges including public speaking and mental arithmetic before an audience (Kirschbaum et al 1992, 1999; Kudielka et al 1998) as well as “real-world” examination stress (Frankenhaeuser et al 1978), male subjects have generally shown greater cortisol and ACTH responses…”
Background

Show all 100 references

Sorted by citations

Items 401–500 of 793

Gender Role, But Not Sex, Shapes Humans’ Susceptibility to Emotion
Yuan, J., Li, H., Long, Q., Yang, J., Lee, T. M. C., & Zhang, D. (2020) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-020-00588-2 · Cited by 22
Depressive Symptoms in Women and the Preference and Emotional Benefits of Discussing Positive Life Events
Hershenberg, R., Davila, J., & Leong, S. H. (2014) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2014.33.9.767 · Cited by 22
The cortisol awakening response and the metabolic syndrome in a population-based sample of middle-aged men and women
Bengtsson, I., Lissner, L., Ljung, T., Rosengren, A., Thelle, D. S., & Währborg, P. (2010) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.10.024 · Cited by 21
A meta-analysis of salivary cortisol responses in the Trier Social Stress Test to evaluate the effects of speech topics, sex, and sample size
Gu, H., Ma, X., Zhao, J., & Liu, C. (2022) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2022.100125 · Cited by 21
Community structure analysis of rejection sensitive personality profiles: A common neural response to social evaluative threat?
Kortink, E. D., Weeda, W. D., Crowley, M. J., Moor, B. G., & van der Molen, M. J. W. (2018) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0589-1 · Cited by 20
Empathy and mentalizing abilities in relation to psychosocial stress in healthy adult men and women
Tollenaar, M. S., & Overgaauw, S. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04488 · Cited by 23
Transition novelty moderates daters' cortisol responses when talking about marriage
Loving, T. J., Gleason, M. E. J., & Pope, M. T. (2009) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2009.01218.x · Cited by 20
Children's responses to cognitive challenge and links to self-reported rumination
Gentzler, A. L., Wheat, A. L., Palmer, C. A., & Burwell, R. A. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.716394 · Cited by 20
Sex Differences in Salivary Cortisol Responses to Sex-Linked Stressors: A Test of the Tend-and-Befriend Model
Byrd‐Craven, J., Auer, B. J., & Kennison, S. M. (2014) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-014-0013-1 · Cited by 20
Identifying the most effective acute stress induction methods for producing SAM- and HPA-related physiological responses: a meta-analysis
Brunyé, T. T., Goring, S. A., Navarro, E., Hart-Pomerantz, H., Grekin, S., McKinlay, A. M., & Plessow, F. (2025) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2025.2450620 · Cited by 21
An investigation of racial/ethnic and sex differences in the association between experiences of everyday discrimination and leukocyte telomere length among patients with coronary artery disease
Sullivan, S. M., Hammadah, M., Mheid, I. A., Shah, A. J., Sun, Y. V., Kutner, M., Ward, L. A., Blackburn, E. H., Zhao, J., Lin, J., et al. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.021 · Cited by 19
Identifying sex differences in EEG-based emotion recognition using graph convolutional network with attention mechanism
Peng, D., Zheng, W., Liu, L., Jiang, W.-B., Li, Z., Lu, Y., & Lu, B. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad085a · Cited by 19
Contextual exclusion processing: an fMRI study of rejection in a performance-related context
Wagels, L., Bergs, R., Clemens, B., Bauchmüller, M., Gur, R. C., Schneider, F. W., Habel, U., & Kohn, N. (2016) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9561-2 · Cited by 19
How negative social interactions at work seep into the home: A prosocial and an antisocial pathway
Klumb, P. L., Voelkle, M. C., & Siegler, S. (2016) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2154 · Cited by 20
An approach to assess stress in response to drive hunts using cortisol levels of wild boar (Sus scrofa)
Güldenpfennig, J., Schmicke, M., Hoedemaker, M., Siebert, U., & Keuling, O. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95927-2 · Cited by 19
Chronic Stress and Allostatic Load
Juster, R., & LUPIEN, S. J. (2012) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000336343 · Cited by 19
Why Does Frustration Predict Psychopathology? Multiple Prospective Pathways over Adolescence: A Trails Study
Jeronimus, B. F., Riese, H., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Ormel, J. (2016) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2086 · Cited by 24
Critical stress factors influencing architecture students in Turkey: a structural equation modelling approach
Ayalp, G. G., & Çivici, T. (2021) · Open House International · doi:10.1108/ohi-10-2020-0150 · Cited by 24
What Shapes Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Intention for Sustainable Fashion Consumption during a Stressful Time Event?
Penz, E., & Drewes, K. L. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su142215331 · Cited by 15
The Influence of Forest Landscape Spaces on Physical and Mental Restoration and Preferences of Young Adults of Different Genders
Zhang, Z., Chen, Y., Qiao, X., Zhang, W., Meng, H., Gao, Y., & Zhang, T. (2022) · Forests · doi:10.3390/f14010037 · Cited by 24
Climbing the Social Ladder: Physiological Response to Social Status in Adolescents
Massey-Abernathy, A. R., Byrd‐Craven, J., Auer, B. J., & Swearingen, C. L. (2014) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-014-0009-x · Cited by 18
Survival, Selection, and Sex Differences in Fear
Campbell, A. C. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108131797.027 · Cited by 19
The relationship between the gendered norm of eating last and mental health of newly married women in Nepal: A longitudinal study
Gopalakrishnan, L., Diamond‐Smith, N., Acharya, B., Puri, M. C., & Bertozzi, S. (2023) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13508 · Cited by 17
Effect of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Stressors on Clinical Skills Performance in Third-Year Medical Students
Pottier, P., Hardouin, J.-B., Dejoie, T., Castillo, J.-M., Loupp, A.-G. L., Planchon, B., Bonnaud‐Antignac, A., & LeBlanc, V. R. (2015) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-015-3314-6 · Cited by 17
Physiological stress response patterns during a blood donation
Hoogerwerf, M. D., Veldhuizen, I. J. T., Tarvainen, M. P., Merz, E., Veld, E. M. J. H. I. ’., de Kort, W. L. A. M., Sluiter, J. K., & Frings‐Dresen, M. H. W. (2018) · Vox Sanguinis · doi:10.1111/vox.12646 · Cited by 17
Mediating Effects of Depressive Symptoms on Perceived Social Support and HIV Disclosure: Assessing Moderation by Sex
Brown, M. J., Serovich, J. M., Laschober, T. C., Kimberly, J. A., & Lescano, C. M. (2018) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-018-2369-x · Cited by 17
Social support and unsupportive interactions in relation to depressive symptoms: Implication of gender and the BDNF polymorphism
Woods, R., McInnis, O. A., Bedard, M., Asokumar, A., Santoni, S., Anisman, H., Matheson, K., & McQuaid, R. J. (2019) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2019.1650826 · Cited by 16
Sex-dependent multimodal response profiles to psychosocial stress
Kuhn, L., Noack, H., Wagels, L., Prothmann, A., Schulik, A., Aydin, E., Nieratschker, V., Derntl, B., & Habel, U. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac086 · Cited by 21
Social support coping style predicts women’s cortisol in the laboratory and daily life: the moderating role of social attentional biases
Sladek, M. R., Doane, L. D., Jewell, S. L., & Luecken, L. J. (2016) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2016.1181754 · Cited by 17
Women recovering from social rejection: The effect of the person and the situation on a hormonal mechanism of affiliation
Duffy, K. A., Harris, L. T., Chartrand, T. L., & Stanton, S. J. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.017 · Cited by 18
Can we return good for evil? A meta‐analysis of social exclusion and prosocial behaviour
Lin, S., Su, W., Wang, Y., & Bai, L. (2025) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12879 · Cited by 18
Common oxytocin receptor gene variant interacts with rejection sensitivity to influence cortisol reactivity during negative evaluation
Auer, B. J., Byrd‐Craven, J., Grant, D. M., & Granger, D. A. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.023 · Cited by 16
Children's cortisol responses to a social evaluative laboratory stressor from early to middle childhood
Leppert, K. A., Kushner, M. R., Smith, V. C., Lemay, E. P., & Dougherty, L. R. (2016) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21435 · Cited by 17
Correlates of maternal glucocorticoid levels in a socially flexible rodent
de Pinho, G. M., Ortiz‐Ross, X., Reese, A. N., & Blumstein, D. T. (2019) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104577 · Cited by 16
The endocrinology of female friendships: Cortisol and progesterone attunement after separation
Rankin, A. M., Garza, R., & Byrd-Craven, J. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108059 · Cited by 16
Assessment of subjective stress in the municipal police force at the start and at the end of the shift
Tomei, G., Cherubini, E., Ciarrocca, M., Biondi, M., Rosati, M. V., Tarsitani, L., Capozzella, A., Monti, C., & Tomei, F. (2006) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1093 · Cited by 16
Psychophysiological Methods for the Study of Developmental Psychopathology
Fox, N. A., Ashley Hane, A., & Pérez‐Edgar, K. (2015) · Developmental Psychopathology · doi:10.1002/9780470939390.ch9 · Cited by 16
The Association Between Adverse Life Events, Psychological Stress, and Pain-Promoting Affect and Cognitions in Native Americans: Results from the Oklahoma Study of Native American Pain Risk
Huber, F. A., Kell, P. A., Kuhn, B. L., Lannon, E. W., Palit, S., Payne, M. F., Hellman, N. M., Sturycz, C. A., Guereca, Y. M., Toledo, T. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00945-x · Cited by 15
Gender roles are related to cortisol habituation to repeated social evaluative stressors in adults: secondary analyses from a randomized controlled trial
Manigault, A. W., Shorey, R. C., Appelmann, H. M., Hamilton, K. R., Scanlin, M. C., Juster, R., & Zoccola, P. M. (2021) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2021.1892069 · Cited by 15
Impact of Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) on Salivary Cortisol Secretion
Juan, Y. A. N. G., Hou, Y., Yu, Y. A. N. G., & Zhang, Q. (2012) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2011.00403 · Cited by 15
Hyper- and hypo-cortisol functioning in post-institutionalized adolescents: The role of severity of neglect and context
Shirtcliff, E. A., Hanson, J. L., Phan, J., Ruttle, P. L., & Pollak, S. D. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105067 · Cited by 15
Simultaneously examining negative appraisals, emotion reactivity, and cognitive reactivity in relation to depressive symptoms in children
Cole, D. A., Zelkowitz, R. L., Nick, E. A., Lubarsky, S. R., & Rights, J. D. (2019) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418001207 · Cited by 16
Urinary free cortisol levels among depressed men and women: differential relationships to age and symptom severity?
Grant, M. S., Friedman, E. S., Haskett, R. F., Riso, L. P., & Thase, M. E. (2007) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-007-0171-2 · Cited by 15
Is social stress in the first half of life detrimental to later physical and mental health in both men and women?
Steverink, N., Veenstra, R., Oldehinkel, A. J., Gans, R. O. B., & Rosmalen, J. G. M. (2011) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-011-0178-4 · Cited by 16
Ostracism and Solitude
Wesselmann, E. D., Williams, K. D., Ren, D., & Hales, A. H. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119576457.ch15 · Cited by 14
Sex‐specific behavioral, neurobiological, and cardiovascular responses to chronic social stress in mice
Helman, T. J., Headrick, J. P., Vider, J., Peart, J. N., & Stapelberg, N. J. C. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25115 · Cited by 14
Psychological and hormonal stress response patterns during a blood donation
Hoogerwerf, M. D., Veldhuizen, I. J. T., Merz, E., de Kort, W. L. A. M., Frings‐Dresen, M. H. W., & Sluiter, J. K. (2017) · Vox Sanguinis · doi:10.1111/vox.12556 · Cited by 14
Why is heartache associated with sadness? Sadness is represented by specific physical pain through verbal knowledge
Shirai, M., & Soshi, T. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216331 · Cited by 14
Psychological stress and psychological support of Chinese nurses during severe public health events
Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Huang, M., Wang, C., Pan, Y., Ye, J., Wu, S., Wu, C., Wang, H., Wang, T., et al. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04451-8 · Cited by 14
Depression – überdiagnostiziert bei Frauen, unterdiagnostiziert bei Männern?
Möller-Leimkühler, A. M. (2008) · Der Gynäkologe · doi:10.1007/s00129-008-2161-5 · Cited by 16
Differential relations between youth internalizing/externalizing problems and cortisol responses to performance vs. interpersonal stress
Laurent, H. K., Vergara‐Lopez, C., & Stroud, L. R. (2016) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2016.1218843 · Cited by 15
Self-citation
Exposure to Discrimination and Sleep
Lewis, T. T., & McKinnon, I. I. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190930448.003.0011 · Cited by 14
AN ANALOGUE STUDY OF LOVING-KINDNESS MEDITATION AS A BUFFER AGAINST SOCIAL STRESS
Law, R. W. (2011) · Cited by 14
Association between social isolation and depression, and sex differences in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Liu, Y., Zhou, Y., Sun, D., Wen, Y., Zhao, H., Long, Y., Yu, Q., Jia, Q., & Yu, Y. (2025) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2025.105915 · Cited by 13
Parasympathetic cardio-regulation during social interactions in individuals with obesity—The influence of negative body image
Schrimpf, A. M., Kube, J., Neumann, J., Horstmann, A., Villringer, A., & Gaebler, M. (2016) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0482-8 · Cited by 15
Validation of an Electrochemical Sensor to Detect Cortisol Responses to the Trier Social Stress Test
Urizar, G. G., Hernández, H. S., Rayo, J., & Bhansali, S. (2020) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100263 · Cited by 14
Cortisol responses to social evaluation in 10- to 15-year-old boys and girls
Zijlmans, M. A. C., Beijers, R., Mack, S., Pruessner, J. C., & de Weerth, C. (2013) · Stress · doi:10.3109/10253890.2013.764494 · Cited by 13
The Relationship Between Autonomy and Relatedness and Adolescents’ Adrenocortical and Cardiovascular Stress Response
Cook, E. C., Chaplin, T. M., & Stroud, L. R. (2015) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-015-0331-z · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Two Experimental Virtual Paradigms for Stress Research: Developing Avatar-Based Approaches for Interpersonal and Evaluative Stressors
Kothgassner, O. D., Hlavacs, H., Beutl, L., Glenk, L. M., Palme, R., & Felnhofer, A. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46100-7_5 · Cited by 14
Effects of Rejection by a Friend for Someone Else on Emotions and Behavior
Rajchert, J. M., Żółtak, T., Szulawski, M., & Jasielska, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00764 · Cited by 16
Stress response in the daily lives of simulation repeaters. A randomized controlled trial assessing stress evolution over one year of repetitive immersive simulations
Ghazali, D. A., Brèque, C., Sosner, P., Lesbordes, M., Chavagnat, J.-J., Ragot, S., & Oriot, D. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220111 · Cited by 15
Sex-specific susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus and preventive effect of linalyl acetate
Shin, Y. K., Hsieh, Y.-S., Han, A. Y., Kwon, S., Kang, P., & Seol, G. H. (2020) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118432 · Cited by 13
Death thoughts mediate ostracism mood reduction: The moderating role of marital status
Yaakobi, E. (2018) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9672-8 · Cited by 14
Individual differences in social homeostasis
Bales, K. L., Hang, S., Paulus, J. P., Jahanfard, E., Manca, C., Jost, G. M., Boyer, C. J., Bern, R., Yerumyan, D., Rogers, S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1068609 · Cited by 15
Irritability and rejection‐elicited aggression in adolescents and young adults
Quarmley, M., Vafiadis, A., & Jarcho, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13804 · Cited by 18
Neighborhood Stressors and Epigenetic Age Acceleration Among Older Americans
Choi, E. Y., & Ailshire, J. (2024) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbae176 · Cited by 15
Anxiety Symptoms During Adolescence Predicts Salivary Cortisol in Early Adulthood Among Blacks; Sex differences
Assari, S., Lankarani, M. M., Caldwell, C. H., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2015) · Intern J Endocrinol Metab · doi:10.5812/ijem.18041 · Cited by 12
Parent–child relationship quality and adolescent health: Testing the differential susceptibility and diathesis-stress hypotheses in African American youths
Shakiba, N., Gao, M. M., Conradt, E. D., Terrell, S., & Lester, B. M. (2021) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13667 · Cited by 18
Engaging in social rejection may be riskier for women
Freedman, G., Fetterolf, J. C., & Beer, J. S. (2018) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2018.1532388 · Cited by 13
Impact of financial debt on borrower’s health based on gender
Chen, G., Jia, Q., Maskara, P. K., & Williams, A. A. (2020) · International Journal of Consumer Studies · doi:10.1111/ijcs.12632 · Cited by 12
Gender Differences in Sleep and War Zone-Related Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Burkman, K. M., & Maguen, S. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-7148-0_4 · Cited by 11
Sex differences in the ACTH and cortisol response to pharmacological probes are stressor-specific and occur regardless of alcohol dependence history
Anthenelli, R. M., Heffner, J. L., Blom, T. J., Daniel, B. E., McKenna, B. S., & Wand, G. S. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.05.007 · Cited by 11
Gender and Emotion
Latu, I. M., Mast, M. S., & Kaiser, S. (2013) · doi:10.3726/978-3-0351-0599-5 · Cited by 13
Sex differences in the relationship between cortisol levels and the Empathy and Systemizing Quotients in humans.
Nakayama, Y., Takahashi, T., Wakabayashi, A., Oono, H., & Radford, M. (2007) · PubMed · Cited by 11
The effects of gender and migrant status on physical and psychological well-being
Kirkcaldy, B. D., Furnham, A. F., & Siefen, R. G. (2009) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh.2009.21.1.61 · Cited by 11
Psychological and Biological Validation of a Novel Digital Social Peer Evaluation Experiment (digi-SPEE).
Menne-Lothmann, C., Decoster, J., van Winkel, R., Collip, D., Rutten, B., Delespaul, P., de Hert, M., Derom, C., Thiery, E., Jacobs, N., et al. (2017) · Nöropsikiyatri arşivi · doi:10.5152/npa.2017.19318 · Cited by 10
Stress and Emotional Learning in Humans: Evidence for Sex Differences
Merz, C. J., & Wolf, O. T. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802114-9.00007-x · Cited by 11
Modeling social rejection, physiological arousal, and peer influence on risky driving among adolescents and young adults
Sutherland, J. E., Hassein, U., Day, D. M., & Easa, S. M. (2021) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2021.11.010 · Cited by 10
Stress Overload and DNA Methylation in African American Women in the Intergenerational Impact of Genetic and Psychological Factors on Blood Pressure Study
Kalinowski, J., Huang, Y., Rivas, M. A., Barcelona, V., Wright, M. L., Crusto, C. A., Spruill, T. M., Sun, Y. V., & Taylor, J. Y. (2022) · Epigenetics Insights · doi:10.1177/25168657221126314 · Cited by 13
Reconsidering the role of interpersonal stress in eating pathology: Sensitivity to rejection might be more important than actual experiences of peer stress
Schell, S. E., & Racine, S. E. (2023) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2023.106588 · Cited by 9
Racial discrimination predicts the increase in body weight and BMI in Black individuals from ELSA-Brasil cohort
Machado, A. V., Camelo, L. D. V., de Menezes, S. T., Guimarães, J. M. N., Chor, D., Griep, R. H., Matos, S. M. A., Molina, M. D. C. B., Giatti, L., & Barreto, S. M. (2023) · Ciência & Saúde Coletiva · doi:10.1590/1413-81232023286.14992022 · Cited by 10
The interplay of sex and gender on the reactivity of the endocrine stress axis in humans
Pruessner, J. C. (2018) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.08.003 · Cited by 10
Effect of sex differences in remifentanil requirements for inhibiting the response to a CO2 pneumoperitoneum during propofol anesthesia: an up-and-down sequential allocation trial
Yang, C., Feng, Y., Wang, S., Han, M., Wang, S., Kang, F., Huang, X., & Li, J. (2020) · BMC Anesthesiology · doi:10.1186/s12871-020-0951-z · Cited by 10
Desire to drink as a function of laboratory-induced social stress among adolescents
Blumenthal, H., Cloutier, R. M., Douglas, M. E., Kearns, N. T., & Carey, C. N. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101617 · Cited by 10
Overall and Gender-specific Associations between Dimensions of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Mental Health Outcomes among Homeless Adults: Associations Générales et Sexospécifiques Entre les Dimensions des Expériences Défavorables de L’enfance et les Résultats de Santé Mentale Chez les Adultes Sans Abri
Liu, M., Mejía-Lancheros, C., Lachaud, J., Latimer, E. A., Aubry, T., Somers, J. M., Distasio, J., Stergiopoulos, V., & Hwang, S. W. (2021) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743721989158 · Cited by 10
Assisted Reproduction and Risk of Depressive Relapse: Considerations for Treatment
Freeman, M. P., Toth, T. L., & Cohen, L. S. (2013) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012371302500408 · Cited by 10
Sex-specific association between the cortisol awakening response and obsessive-compulsive symptoms in healthy individuals
Melia, C. S., Soria, V., Salvat‐Pujol, N., Cabezas, Á., Nadal, R. A., Urretavizcaya, M., Gutiérrez‐Zotes, A., Monreal, J. A., Crespo, J. M., Alonso, P., et al. (2019) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-019-0273-3 · Cited by 10
Linking autonomic nervous system reactivity with sleep in adolescence: Sex as a moderator
Martín‐Piñón, O., Erath, S. A., & El‐Sheikh, M. (2020) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22041 · Cited by 10
Associations between social loneliness trajectories and chronotype among adolescents
Chang, C.-S., Wu, C.-C., Chang, L., & Chang, H. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-023-02160-5 · Cited by 9
Sex Differences in Pain and Stress
Bartley, E. J., & Fillingim, R. B. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800538-5.00004-2 · Cited by 9
Self-esteem, gender, and emotional contagion: What predicts people’s proneness to “catch” the feelings of others?
Juszkiewicz, A., Lachowicz‐Tabaczek, K., & Wróbel, M. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109803 · Cited by 13
Links between parental socialization of coping on affect: Mediation by emotion regulation and social exclusion
Szkody, E. M., Steele, E. H., & McKinney, C. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.02.004 · Cited by 13
Testing links between unfavorable living conditions, fast life-history strategy adoption, and overeating: a four-wave longitudinal study
Luo, Y., Jackson, T., Chang, L., & Chen, H. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01910-7 · Cited by 9
The moderated mediation effect of emotion dysregulation and stress reactivity on the relationship between childhood maltreatment and self-efficacy for avoiding sexual behaviors
Rellini, A. H., Zvolensky, M. J., & Rosenfield, D. (2012) · Sexual & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/14681994.2012.736023 · Cited by 9
Effectiveness of a brief stress management intervention in male college students
Kim, S., Kim, H., Lee, H., Lee, H., & Noh, D. (2017) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12212 · Cited by 10
Physiological responses to proposals during dyadic decision-making conversations
Stevanovic, M., Tuhkanen, S., Järvensivu, M., Koskinen, E., Savander, E. È., & Valkia, K. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244929 · Cited by 9
Zebrafish gender-specific anxiety-like behavioral and physiological reactions elicited by caffeine
Li, Y., Yan, Z., Lu, Z. Z., & Li, K. (2024) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115151 · Cited by 8
Reading Skills, Social Competence, and Physiological Stress in the First Grade
Jõgi, A., Pakarinen, E., Tolvanen, A. J., & Lerkkanen, M. (2021) · School Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s12310-021-09487-x · Cited by 12
Sex differences in neural mechanisms of social and non-social threat monitoring
Clarkson, T., Karvay, Y., Quarmley, M., & Jarcho, J. M. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.101038 · Cited by 8
Gender effect on the relationship between stress hormones and panic-agoraphobic spectrum dimensions in healthy subjects
Dell’Osso, L., Marazziti, D., Pozzo, E. D., Conversano, C., Baroni, S., Massimetti, G., Martini, C., & Carmassi, C. (2012) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852912000685 · Cited by 8

Authors: Stroud, L. R., Salovey, P., & Epel, E. S.
Affiliations: Brown University (US)
Yale University (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author: Stroud, Laura R
ORCID: Stroud, Laura R
Salovey, Peter
Epel, Elissa S
Venue: Biological Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-08
Volume: 52
Issue: 4
Pages: 318-327
ISSN: 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01333-1
OpenAlex: W2024158767
Cited by: 797
References: 100
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 4.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000125, RR00125)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: sex differences, stress response, social rejection, salivary cortisol, adrenocortical reactivity, gender differences in depression, mood disorders, mood, stress hormones
MeSH terms: Achievement, Adolescent, Adrenal Cortex, Adult, Affect, Arousal, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Rejection, Psychology, Saliva, Stress, Psychological

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Sex differences in stress responses: social rejection versus achievement stress

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks