Cited by 797Stress Responses and CortisolNeuroendocrine regulation and behaviorAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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Sex differences in stress responses: social rejection versus achievement stress

Stroud, Laura R, Salovey, Peter, Epel, Elissa S·2002·Biological Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01333-1

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Abstract

Background Sex differences in stress responses may be one mechanism underlying gender differences in depression. We hypothesized that men and women would show different adrenocortical responses to different stressors. In particular, we predicted that women would show greater responses to social rejection stressors, whereas men would demonstrate greater responses to achievement stressors.Methods Following a rest session in which they habituated to the laboratory, 50 healthy volunteers (24 men and 26 women, mean age 19.1, SD = 1.13) were randomly assigned to achievement or rejection stress conditions. The achievement condition involved a mathematical and a verbal challenge; the rejection condition involved two social interaction challenges. Self-reported affect and salivary cortisol were measured throughout each stress session (baseline, stress, and poststress periods).Results There were no sex differences in mood ratings following the stressors; however, cortisol responses showed the predicted gender by condition by time interaction. Men showed significantly greater cortisol responses to the achievement challenges, but women showed greater cortisol responses to the social rejection challenges.Conclusions Women appear more physiologically reactive to social rejection challenges, but men react more to achievement challenges. Women's greater reactivity to rejection stress may contribute to the increased rates of affective disorders in women.

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Authors: Stroud, L. R., Salovey, P., & Epel, E. S.
Affiliations: Brown University (US)
Yale University (US)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author: Stroud, Laura R
ORCID: Stroud, Laura R
Salovey, Peter
Epel, Elissa S
Venue: Biological Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2002-08
Volume: 52
Issue: 4
Pages: 318-327
ISSN: 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01333-1
OpenAlex: W2024158767
Cited by: 797
References: 100
Citations by year: 2026: 26 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 35
FWCI: 4.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Center for Research Resources (M01RR000125, RR00125)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: sex differences, stress response, social rejection, salivary cortisol, adrenocortical reactivity, gender differences in depression, mood disorders, mood, stress hormones
MeSH terms: Achievement, Adolescent, Adrenal Cortex, Adult, Affect, Arousal, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Rejection, Psychology, Saliva, Stress, Psychological

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Sex differences in stress responses: social rejection versus achievement stress

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