Lower serum zinc in major depression is a sensitive marker of treatment resistance and of the immune/inflammatory response in that illness
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to examine i) serum zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) in treatment resistant depression (TRD); ii) the effects of subchronic antidepressant therapy on these trace elements; and iii) the relationships between serum Zn and Cu and immune/inflammatory markers. Serum Zn was significantly lower in TRD than in normal controls. There was a significant inverse correlation between baseline serum Zn and staging of depression based on severity of prior treatment resistance. There were no significant effects of antidepressive treatment on serum Zn, whereas serum Cu was significantly reduced. There were highly significant correlations between serum Zn and the CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio (negative), and total serum protein, serum albumin, and transferrin (all positive). The results suggest that lower serum Zn is a marker of TRD and of the immune/inflammatory response in depression. It is suggested that treatment resistance may bear a relationship with the immune/inflammatory alterations in major depression.
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Considering the implications of melatonin in regulation of the circadian rhythm, melatonergic products have been noticed to have antidepressant capacity in depression encountered in shift workers.
“Moreover, considering the well-known implications of melatonin in regulation of the circadian rhythm, melatonergic products have been noticed to have antidepressant capacity in depression encountered in shift workers [282, 284].”
From Oxidative Stress Implications in the Affective Disorders: Main Biomarkers, Animal Models Relevance, Genetic Perspectives, and Antioxidant Approaches (2016) · cites this paper as [284]
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- Authors
- Maes, M., Vandoolaeghe, E., Neels, H., Demedts, P., Wauters, A., Meltzer, H. Y., Altamura, C., & Desnyder, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- University of Cagliari (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Maes, Michael
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-09
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 349-358
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2029691379
- Cited by
- 272
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 47808, MH41684)
- National Center for Research Resources (MO-1-RR00080, M01RR000080)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- serum zinc, serum copper, treatment-resistant depression, major depressive disorder, trace elements, immune-inflammatory response, CD4/CD8 ratio, transferrin, serum albumin, biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antidepressive Agents, Copper, Depressive Disorder, Drug Resistance, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Zinc, Biomarkers, CD4-CD8 Ratio
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