The DOI matches its Crossref record; 8 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A one-dimensional model for frost formation on a cold flat surface
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In the citing paper
“Fig. 6b suggests that the model describes the measured frost surface temperature reasonably well except for some overprediction in the case of φ = 50% (where the data exhibit somewhat irregular behavior for times below about 40 min).”
From Frost growth and densification in laminar flow over flat surfaces (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Generally reasonable agreement is achieved between the model and the measurements for the frost thickness at the three values of φ = 50, 70 and 80% (Fig. 6a), although it must be admitted that the model somewhat underpredicts the data.”
From Frost growth and densification in laminar flow over flat surfaces (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“At φ = 80%, the measured frost surface temperature increases to about -4 ºC, which is relatively close to the melting temperature.”
From Frost growth and densification in laminar flow over flat surfaces (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“In the case of φ =50%, the model satisfactorily predicts that data up to t = 90 min, beyond which the data show a small jump in frost thickness.”
From Frost growth and densification in laminar flow over flat surfaces (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“The measurements suggest that as the air velocity increases the frost thickness increases, with the data for V = 0.5 m/s and V = 1m/s approach each other for times in excess of about 110 minutes.”
From Frost growth and densification in laminar flow over flat surfaces (2011) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Existing frosting models have focused on predicting the characteristics of heat and mass transfer at the surfaces of basic geometries, such as a flat plate or cylindrical surface [1-12].”
From Performance prediction of a fin-and-tube heat exchanger considering air-flow reduction due to the frost accumulation (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“According to their correlations [9,10,11] frost thermal conductivity varies with its density.”
From Frost formation on fin-and-tube heat exchangers. Part I—Modeling of frost formation on fin-and-tube heat exchangers (2004) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Therefore, frost formation on flat plate and cylindrical surface is relatively well known and can be predicted reliably with existing models and correlations.”
From Modeling for predicting frosting behavior of a fin–tube heat exchanger (2006) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“relative to experiments, the average relative deviations are 17.01% for these representative literature models”
From A physics-informed quasi-steady frosting model with coupled heat–mass transfer for predicting frost layer growth (2026) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Lee et al. [11] presented a model that only considered the frost layer when calculating the frost formation on a cold flat surface.”
From Numerical Simulation of Frosting on Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Surfaces (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“The model assumed that the humid air was saturated at the frost surface, while Webb and coworker [7,12] assumed that the humid air was supersaturated at the frost surface.”
From Numerical Simulation of Frosting on Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Surfaces (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“In 1997, this method was used for the validation of the developed one-dimensional model for the frost formation on a cold flat surface by Lee et al. [44].”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“the probe of the digital micrometer was made of acrylic resin to prevent frost from melting when it would come in contact with the frost surface.”
From Review on the measurement and calculation of frost characteristics (2018) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“the frost thickness was decreased along the air flow direction, but they indicated the difference in frost thickness along air flow direction was negligible when the air velocity was higher than 2 m/s.”
From Frosting mechanism and behaviors on surfaces with simple geometries: A state-of-the-art literature review (2022) · cites this paper as [75]
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“The mass flux from the frost density absorbed into the frost layer is given by (Lee et al., 1997):”
Frost distribution characteristics of laminar airflow on cold surface of mini-channels
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BackgroundInfluentialModelling of frost formation and growth on microstuctured surface
Muntaha, M. A., Haider, M. M., & Rahman, M. A. (2016) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.4958433 · Cited by 3
The effect of surface wettability on frost growth and densification on flat plates
ElCheikh, A. (2013) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 3
Xia, Y., Hrnjak, P., & Jacobi, A. M. (2006) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 3
Liu, X., Dong, X., Yan, S., Hou, Y., & Lai, T. (2022) · Energy Storage and Saving · doi:10.1016/j.enss.2022.10.002 · Cited by 2
Jeong, J., Poncet, S., Michel, B., & Bonjour, J. (2025) · International journal of thermal sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2025.109837 · Cited by 2
Hao, Y., Zheng, H., Ma, C., Fu, D.-Y., Sheng, W., Chen, X.-Z., Song, M., & Dang, C.-B. (2026) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128091 · Cited by 2
Experimental study on freezing process in a grooved heat pipe
Lei, J., Wang, W., Sixue, L. I. U., Wang, H., Miao, J., & Zhang, H. (2026) · International Journal of Thermal Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.110820 · Cited by 2
Modeling of frost accretion on microchannel evaporators for household refrigerators
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Bai, X., Chen, G.-Y., Du, Y., Xu, C., & Chen, J. (2024) · China Ocean Engineering · doi:10.1007/s13344-024-0045-7 · Cited by 2
Advances in defrosting: exploring the use of surface treatment to promote frost layer delamination.
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Unsteady heat and mass transfer during frost formation in a fin-and-tube heat exchanger.
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Cui, J., Yang, T.-Y., Yang, F., & Yang, G.-F. (2019) · Journal of Thermal Science · doi:10.1007/s11630-018-1066-4
Frost Measuring and Prediction Systems for Demand Defrost Control
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Modeling of Frosting on Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger of a Domestic Refrigerator
Pegallapati, A. S., & Ramgopal, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in mechanical engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6360-7_21 · Cited by 2
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Safikhani, H., & Shabani, H. (2020) · International Journal of Engineering · doi:10.5829/ije.2020.33.12c.17 · Cited by 2
“[5, 6] presented a unidimensional model for simulating growth in frost density and thickness and also they developed a model for analyzing frost layer and air flow.”
MethodDimensionless Model of Frost Roughness on Cold Flat Plate Under Forced Convection
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Sedoni, R., Santangelo, P. E., Angeli, D., Romani, M., & Fioravanti, L. (2025) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2940/1/012015 · Cited by 1
A prediction model for frosting process on inclined cold surface of microchannel heat exchanger
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A real-time frost thickness prediction model via evaporator resistance identification
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A Unified Review of Physical Modeling of Heat and Mass Transfer Processes in Frosting and Icing
Balachandar, S., & Sherif, S. A. (2026) · ASME Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1115/1.4070930 · Cited by 1
Chen, J., PARK, Y., & Wang, S. (2026) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.131303 · Cited by 1
Frost Growth on Vertical Surfaces with Varying Wettability
ElCheikh, A., & Jacobi, A. M. (2012) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System) · Cited by 1
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF FROST LAYER GROWTH IN A FIN-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
Lenić, K., Trp, A., & Franković, B. (2007) · Cited by 1
Dechesne, B. J., Gendebien, S., Lemort, V., & Bertagnolio, S. (2017) · ORBi (University of Liège) · Cited by 1
Numerical study on the condensed and frozen water vapor on a flat plate using an open source code
Park, S., Kihara, H., & Abe, K. (2018) · AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference · doi:10.2514/6.2018-3018 · Cited by 1
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“In the in paper [3], an analytical model of frost formation for the one-dimensional problem was E3S Web of Conferences 323, 00020 (2021) https://doi.”
MethodARTIFICIAL 3-D FROST STRUCTURE RECONSTRUCTION BY GENERATIVE ADVERSARIAL NETWORK
Ściążko, A., Nishimura, K., Takayashiki, M., Okabe, T., & Shikazono, N. (2023) · International Heat Transfer Conference (IHTC) · doi:10.1615/ihtc17.190-90 · Cited by 1
An Empirical Study of Frost Accumulation Effects on Louvered-Fin, Microchannel Heat Exchangers
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Frost/Defrost Models for Air-Source Heat Pumps with Retained Water Refreezing Considered
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Frost Formation Phenomenon in a Fin-and-Tube Heat Exchanger
Lenić, K., & Trp, A. (2008) · University of Zagreb University Computing Centre (SRCE)
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Jeon, S.-W., & Lee, J. (2012) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria)
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Ji, S., Lee, G.-S., & Yeo, M.-S. (2002) · Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B · doi:10.3795/ksme-b.2002.26.9.1325
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Guo, Q., Wang, W., Lu, W., Feng, Y., & Zhang, F. (2011) · International Conference on Mechanic Automation and Control Engineering · doi:10.1109/mace.2011.5988337
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Gatica, J., Pita, V. A., & Lobo, N. D. C. (2009) · Información tecnológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-07642009000200014 · Cited by 1
“En este trabajo, como en el de muchos otros investigadores; Le Gall et al. (1997), Lee et al. (1997) y Tao et al. (1993), se asume que el vapor de agua es saturado en la superficie de la escarcha.”
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Sommers, A. D., & Jacobi, A. M. (2003) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
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Bing, G., Dong, Z., Cheng, Z. Y., & Luo, E. C.-R. (2006) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries)
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ElCheikh, A., & Jacobi, A. M. (2012)
Козаченко, И. С. (2017) · Refrigeration Engineering and Technology · doi:10.15673/ret.v53i5.853
吹場, 活. (2017) · doi:10.11322/tjsrae.17-16r
Numerical simulation of frost growth and densification using deformable and static grids
Bartrons, E. (2018) · UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) · doi:10.5821/dissertation-2117-123111
Satô, O., Iwai, H., & Yoshida, H. (2019) · Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese) · doi:10.1299/transjsme.18-00366
“…ºC程度）をコンデンサと呼ぶ熱交換器に導入し，低圧 （低温）側にはタービン出口空気を導入して冷却し，高圧空気中の水蒸気を凝縮させて除去する除湿機構である （佐藤他，…”
Moallem, E., Hong, T., & Cremaschi, L. (2012)
Effect of Frost Growth on Performance of Cooled Flat Surface. (Dept M ( Power ))
Alkandari, M. (2020) · Bulletin of the Faculty of Engineering Mansoura University · doi:10.21608/bfemu.2020.103784
Chu, F. (2020) · Springer Theses · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-8493-0_1
Liu, Y., & Kulacki, F. A. (2018) · SpringerBriefs in applied sciences and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-02616-5_2
Roh, J., Han, C., & Kim, Y. (2023) · Proceedings of the World Congress on Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.11159/icmfht23.119
Capacitance Sensing of Frost Growth Dynamics on Aluminum Surfaces with Different WettabilitiesPreprint
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“The same ffiffi t p behavior is observed for the frost thickness, which was also observed by several authors [36, 46, 47].”
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Measurement and calculation of frost characteristics on cold surfaces
Song, M., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95457-0.00006-x
Gas transport and bubble-driven ignition in slow Cookoff for a Melt-cast explosive
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Zheng, M., Chen, W., Han, X., & Guan, N. (2025) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/3056/1/012009
“Lee [5] developed governing equations for both frost layer and humid air, and proposed a frost growth prediction model under turbulent flow conditions.”
Passarelli, A. F., Merlo, U., Pelella, F., Viscito, L., Filippini, S., & Mauro, A. W. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5390436
Zhao, S., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Xie, T., Li, Y., & Song, M.-J. (2025) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127856
Yu, S., Song, M., Zhang, L., & Liu, Z. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5417161
Wei, W., Guo, Y., Wang, W., Jiang, Z., Zhang, X., Dai, C., Sun, Y., Li, B., Wang, S., & Zhang, C. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5556478
Wei, W., Guo, Y., Jiang, Z., Zhang, X., Wang, W., Sun, Y., Wang, S., & Zhang, C. (2025) · Environmental science and engineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-3253-7_16
Yang, Z., Shi, F., Li, J., & Liu, S.-K. (2026) · Fluids · doi:10.3390/fluids11030074
Study of low temperature processes for non-reactive elimination of tars from the producer gas
Harb, R. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/431133d5ze9e6z46a0z8806z967ca3fb9a52
Numerical study of frost formation on an industrial food freezing system
Badri, D. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/18ef7f42z85f6z4cf0z901dzac4832053863
Jeong, J. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/3dee01e3z6bf0z47b1zb468z9bcc2a4243b5 · Cited by 1
Investigation of Frosting Performance on Air-Sourced Heat Pump Evaporator for Cold Climate
Alsotary, O., & Amano, R. S. (2026) · Journal of energy resources technology. · doi:10.1115/1.4071929
Kroll, D., Hasan, N., Ganni, V., & Laumer, B. (2026) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1344/1/012139
Frost detection in food refrigeration systems through computer vision integration
de Aguiar, M. L., Gaspar, P. D., & da Silva, P. D. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33360-6.00035-5
Heat transfer characteristics of a protruded flat surface under frost formation
Abdusoglu, A., Demirhan, K., Yakut, E. M., Başol, A., & Arik, M. (2026) · International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2026.112473
Linari, A., Milazzo, A., & Socci, L. (2026) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/3258/1/012027
“The following model for estimating frost thickness growth over time is based on the work of both [2] and [3].”
Study of frosting characteristics on plate surface under wide-range convection
Zhang, D., Yuan, X., Wang, Y., He, Z., Li, Z., & Liu, B. (2026) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.132754
Mechanism of frost thickening and densification on louvered surfaces
Hu, B., Huang, S., Cao, Z., Wang, J., Chu, W., & Wang, Q. (2026) · International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2026.110628
Shu, W., Yue, C., Ye, H., Zhu, S., Deng, J., Zhi, X., & Qiu, L. (2026) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.129540
Zheng, J.-W., Zhang, Z., Wang, C.-K., Isaka, T., 佐々木, 実., Yang, K.-S., & Lo, C. (2026) · International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer · doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2026.129789
Modeling for Prediction of Frost Formation Phenomena on a Cold Plate
Yang, D.-K., Kim, J. S., & Lee, K.-S. (2004) · Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B · doi:10.3795/ksme-b.2004.28.6.665
Self-citationFrost Formation in a Straight Duct under Turbulent Flow
Yang, D.-K., & Lee, K.-S. (2003) · Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B · doi:10.3795/ksme-b.2003.27.8.1114
Self-citationSimulation of frost deposition on the surface of elliptical cylinder
Kuś, J., & Fodemski, T. R. (2007) · Archives of Thermodynamics
Metadata
- Authors
- Lee, K.-S., Kim, W.-S., & Lee, T.-H.
- Affiliations
- Hanyang University (KR)
- Venue
- International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-11
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 4359-4365
- ISSN
- 0017-9310 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2122043584
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Icing and De-icing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Adsorption and Cooling Systems
- Keywords
- frost formation, frost layer, sublimation, heat generation, water vapor concentration, absorption coefficient, one-dimensional model, analytical model
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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