The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Faecal contamination of greywater and associated microbial risks
Abstract
The faecal contamination of greywater in a local treatment system at Vibyåsen, north of Stockholm, Sweden was quantified using faecal indicator bacteria and chemical biomarkers. Bacterial indicator densities overestimated the faecal load by 100-1000-fold when compared to chemical biomarkers. Based on measured levels of coprostanol, the faecal load was estimated to be 0.04 g person(-1) day(-1). Prevalence of pathogens in the population and the faecal load were used to form the basis of a screening-level quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) that was undertaken for rotavirus, Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum. The different exposure scenarios simulated--direct contact, irrigation of sport fields and groundwater recharge--gave unacceptably high rotavirus risks (0.04 < Pinf < 0.60) despite a low faecal load. The poor reduction of somatic coliphages, which were used as a virus model, in the treatment was one main reason and additional treatment of the greywater is suggested. Somatic coliphages can under extreme circumstances replicate in the wastewater treatment system and thereby underestimate the virus reduction. An alternative QMRA method based on faecal enterococci densities estimated similar risks as for rotavirus. Growth conditions for Salmonella in greywater sediments were also investigated and risk modelling based on replication in the system increased the probability of infection from Salmonella 1000-fold, but it was still lower than the risk of a rotavirus infection.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Studies conducted by Eriksson et al. (2002) and Ottoson and Stenstrom (2003) revealed a large collection of excreta-related pathogens associated with greywater.”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003
In the citing paper
“Inappropriate food handling in the kitchen and direct handling of contaminated food have been identified as sources of enteric pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and Campylobacter into greywater (Maimon et al. 2014; Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003).”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003
Citations
Cites
Food-Related Illness and Death in the United States
Mead, P. S., Slutsker, L., DIETZ, V. J., McCaig, L. F., Bresee, J., Shapiro, C. A., Griffin, P. M., & Tauxe, R. V. (1999) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid0505.990502 · Cited by 7,305
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment
Haas, C. N., Rose, J. B., & Gerba, C. P. (2012) · SpringerReference · doi:10.1007/springerreference_226419 · Cited by 1,042
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment
Haas, C. N., Rose, J. B., & Gerba, C. P. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118910030 · Cited by 872
Wheeler, J. G., Sethi, D., Cowden, J. M., Wall, P. G., Rodrigues, L. C., Tompkins, D. S., Hudson, M. J., & Roderick, P. J. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7190.1046 · Cited by 794
Sanitation and disease: health aspects of excreta and wastewater management.
Feachem, R. G., Bradley, D. J., Garelick, H., & Mara, D. D. (1983) · Cited by 657
Ward, R. L., Bernstein, D. I., Young, E. C., Sherwood, J. R., Knowlton, D. R., & Schiff, G. M. (1986) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/154.5.871 · Cited by 407
Using faecal sterols from humans and animals to distinguish faecal pollution in receiving waters
Leeming, R., Ball, A., Ashbolt, N., & Nichols, P. (1996) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(96)00011-5 · Cited by 383
Virus persistence in groundwater
Yates, M. V., Gerba, C. P., & Kelley, L. M. (1985) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.49.4.778-781.1985 · Cited by 368
An investigation into greywater reuse for urban residential properties
Christova-Boal, D., Eden, R. E., & McFarlane, S. (1996) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/s0011-9164(96)00134-8 · Cited by 341
Chemical and microbiological characterisation of kefir grains
GARROTE, G. L., ABRAHAM, A. G., & DE ANTONI, G. L. (2001) · Journal of Dairy Research · doi:10.1017/s0022029901005210 · Cited by 332
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Jackson, 2000, Greywater re-use—benefit or liability? The UK Perspective, Water, 21, 38
- Trujillo, 1998, Potential for greywater recycle and reuse in New Mexico, New Mexico J Sci, 38, 293
- Gerba, 1995, Water quality of graywater treatment system, Water Sci Technol, 31, 109
- Nichols, 1992, Survey of Sydney's coastal environment, Aust Water Wastewater Assoc J, Water, 19, 32
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 340
Alfiya, Y., Gross, A., Sklarz, M. Y., & Friedler, E. (2013) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2013.687 · Cited by 35
Leas, E. C., Dare, A. E., & Al‐Delaimy, W. K. (2013) · AMBIO · doi:10.1007/s13280-013-0462-y · Cited by 33
“– Salmonella 1 Ottoson and Stenstrom (2003)”
BackgroundInfluentialLalander, C., Dalahmeh, S., Jönsson, H., & Vinnerås, B. (2013) · Environmental Technology · doi:10.1080/09593330.2013.783603 · Cited by 34
“This study compared the pathogen removal efficiency of pine bark and activated charcoal filters with that of conventional sand filters at three organic loading rates.”
BackgroundMattos, K., Eichelberger, L., Warren, J. A., Dotson, A. D., Hawley, M., & Linden, K. G. (2020) · Environmental Engineering Science · doi:10.1089/ees.2020.0283 · Cited by 34
“…activities near the disposal site, such as through boot or vehicle tire contamination (as shown with fecal matter in Chambers et al., 2009) or subsistence activities (Daley et al., 2018), has been characterized as a significant risk for health (Ottoson and Stenström, 2003; Benami et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialGreywater characteristics in developed and developing countries
Khanam, K., & Patidar, S. K. (2022) · Materials Today: Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.12.022 · Cited by 40
Greywater reuse for toilet flushing at a university academic and residential building
Ilemobade, A. A., Olanrewaju, O. O., & Griffioen, M. L. (2013) · Water SA · doi:10.4314/wsa.v39i3.2 · Cited by 33
Gonçalves, R. F., Vaz, L., Peres, M. R., & Merlo, S. S. (2020) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101751 · Cited by 33
Determination of fecal contamination indicator sterols in an Australian water supply system
Hussain, M. A., Ford, R., & Hill, J. (2009) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-009-0934-5 · Cited by 33
Holistic assessment of a secondary water supply for a new development in Copenhagen, Denmark
Rygaard, M., Godskesen, B., Jørgensen, C., et al. (2014) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.078 · Cited by 32
“The faecal load of grey water is approximately 0.1 g faeces/person/day (Ottoson and Stenström, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialEvaluation of pollution prevention options in the municipal water cycle
Galvis, A., Zambrano, D. A., Steen, P., et al. (2013) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.057 · Cited by 32
Growth and reduction of microorganisms in sediments collected from a greywater treatment system
Ottosson, J., & Stenström, T. A. (2003) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01286.x · Cited by 31
“The faecal input in greywater measured by the chemical biomarker coprostanol was only 0Æ04 g per person per day in a community north of Stockholm, Sweden (Ottosson and Stenström 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationNakagawa, Y. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12031000 · Cited by 31
Behera, L., Barik, B., & Mohapatra, S. (2021) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126553 · Cited by 30
Human Health Risk Assessment of Non-Regulated Xenobiotics in Recycled Water: A Review
Debroux, J.-F., Soller, J. A., Plumlee, M. H., et al. (2012) · Human and Ecological Risk Assessment An International Journal · doi:10.1080/10807039.2012.672883 · Cited by 30
“The proportion of daily drinking water intake due to park irrigation can be informed by data reported by various researchers (Cooper and Olivieri 1998 ; Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003 ; Sakaji and Funamizu 1998 ) and has been represented by a uniform distribution with bounds of 0.”
BackgroundInfluentialIto, T., Kitajima, M., Kato, T., Ishii, S., Segawa, T., Okabe, S., & Sano, D. (2017) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.057 · Cited by 33
Tao, X., Zhou, Y., Xu, K., et al. (2018) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b04251 · Cited by 30
Barker, F., Harper, G. A., & Hamilton, A. J. (2009) · Irrigation and Drainage Systems · doi:10.1007/s10795-009-9082-x · Cited by 28
“Attempts have been made to model microbial health risks for localised and reticulated greywater reuse systems elsewhere (Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003), but the risks associated with ad hoc backyard greywater irrigation are poorly understood.”
BackgroundKaushik, R., Daniel, P. V., Mondal, P., et al. (2019) · Microporous and Mesoporous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.micromeso.2019.04.068 · Cited by 27
Craddock, H. A., Chattopadhyay, S., Rjoub, Y., von Rosen, D., Greif, J., Lipchin, C., Mongodin, E. F., & Sapkota, A. R. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109777 · Cited by 28
Chacón, L., Barrantes, K., Santamaría‐Ulloa, C., Barquero, M. S., Reyes, L., Taylor, L., Valiente, C., Symonds, E. M., & Achí, R. (2020) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.00616-20 · Cited by 26
“Similar to other studies, it was assumed that 1 ml of water was accidentally ingested per day of exposure (48, 71).”
ResultAdvice to Risk Assessors Modeling Viral Health Risk Associated with Household Graywater
O’Toole, J., Sinclair, M. I., Barker, F., & Leder, K. S. (2013) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.12142 · Cited by 25
Appling, D., Habteselassie, M. Y., Radcliffe, D., et al. (2013) · Water · doi:10.3390/w5031141 · Cited by 25
Gulyas, H., Choromański, P., Muelling, N., et al. (2009) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.03.008 · Cited by 25
Oumar, S., & Takahashi, Y. (2006) · Urban Water Journal · doi:10.1080/15730620600961387 · Cited by 24
“…the phosphorus level in GW from Uchino was found to vary from 1.1 to 3.6 mg/l for TP and from non-detectable to a maximum concentration of 0.04 mg/l for PO4 – P. Data reported from Australia revealed TP concentration in septic tank GW in the order of 0.6 – 27.3 mg/l (Ottoson and Stenström 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialSource Separation and Decentralization
Larsen, T. A., & Maurer, M. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53199-5.00083-x · Cited by 25
Fate of Graywater Constituents After Long-Term Application for Landscape Irrigation
Negahban‐Azar, M., Sharvelle, S. E., Stromberger, M. E., Olson, C., & Roesner, L. A. (2012) · Water Air & Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-012-1229-y · Cited by 24
Assayed, A., Chenoweth, J., & Pedley, S. (2015) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.04.042 · Cited by 24
“coli, ranging from 10 to 10 cfu/100 mL (Ottosson and Stenstrom, 2003; O’Toole et al., 2012; Winward et al., 2008).”
BackgroundHuman Mitochondrial DNA and Endogenous Bacterial Surrogates for Risk Assessment of Graywater Reuse
Zimmerman, B. D., Ashbolt, N. J., Garland, J. L., et al. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es501659r · Cited by 24
Ammari, T. G., Al-Zu’bi, Y., Albalawneh, A., et al. (2014) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.009 · Cited by 24
Denissen, J., Reyneke, B., Barnard, T. G., et al. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166217 · Cited by 23
Le-Thi, T., Pham-Duc, P., Zurbrügg, C., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s00038-016-0917-6 · Cited by 23
Moges, M. E., Todt, D., Eregno, F. E., et al. (2017) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.04.060 · Cited by 23
Quantitative risk analysis of urban flooding in lowland areas
ten Veldhuis, M. (2010) · Cited by 23
Potential impacts of on-site greywater reuse in landscape irrigation
Alfiya, Y., Damti, O., Stoler-Katz, A., Zoubi, A., Shaviv, A., & Friedler, E. (2012) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2012.903 · Cited by 23
Greywater Treatment in combined Biofilter/Constructed Wetlands in Cold Climate
Jenssen, P. D., & Vråle, L. (2003) · Cited by 23
Use of MBR to sustain active biomass for treatment of low organic load grey water
Liberman, N., Shandalov, S., Forgacs, C., Oron, G., & Brenner, A. (2016) · Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy · doi:10.1007/s10098-016-1112-4 · Cited by 24
“Thus, small local on-site treatment systems can be implemented as independent and selfsustaining in a rapidly urbanizing world and cities growing into mega-cities (decentralization) (Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003; Melin et al. 2006).”
BackgroundPathogen Re-Growth in UASB Effluent Disinfected By UV, O3, H2O2, and Advanced Oxidation Processes
Yasar, A., Ahmad, N., Latif, H., et al. (2007) · Ozone Science and Engineering · doi:10.1080/01919510701617710 · Cited by 23
“Many researchers (Toze, 1997; Ottoson and Stenstrom, 2003) have reported various strategies to limit the re-growth of pathogens that include some overdose as an option to reduce the re-growth.”
BackgroundFaggiano, A., Ricciardi, M., Motta, O., Fiorentino, A., & Proto, A. (2024) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2024.129861 · Cited by 25
Keely, S. P., Brinkman, N. E., Zimmerman, B. D., Wendell, D., Ekeren, K. M., Long, S. K. D., Sharvelle, S. E., & Garland, J. L. (2015) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.12835 · Cited by 23
“2001) or focused on measuring faecal indicators (Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003) to predict microbial risk.”
BackgroundPhotocatalytic Degradation of Recalcitrant Pollutants of Greywater
Aslam, M., Fazal, D. B., Ahmad, F., Fazal, A. B., Abdullah, A. Z., Ahmed, M., Qamar, M., & Rafatullah, M. (2022) · Catalysts · doi:10.3390/catal12050557 · Cited by 22
Júlio, C., Sá, C., Ferreira, I., et al. (2012) · Journal of Water and Health · doi:10.2166/wh.2012.030 · Cited by 22
Dishwashing water recycling system and related water quality standards for military use
Church, J., Verbyla, M. E., Lee, W. H., Randall, A. A., Amundsen, T. J., & Zastrow, D. J. (2015) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.007 · Cited by 22
Shafiquzzaman, M., Haider, H., AlSaleem, S. S., Ghumman, A. R., & Sadiq, R. (2018) · Water SA · doi:10.4314/wsa.v44i4.25 · Cited by 22
Giannoulis, N., Maipa, V., Konstantinou, I., et al. (2004) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.078 · Cited by 22
“A quantitative MRA method using faecal load and epidemiological data could be a most appropriate method (Ottoson and Stenström, 2003).”
MethodWang, J., Guan, Y.-F., Ni, H., et al. (2009) · Journal of Environmental Monitoring · doi:10.1039/b909049p · Cited by 22
Porob, S., Craddock, H. A., Motro, Y., Sagi, O., Gdalevich, M., Ezery, Z., Davidovitch, N., Ronen, Z., & Moran‐Gilad, J. (2020) · Water · doi:10.3390/w12051460 · Cited by 21
“Generally, GW does not include feces, thus counts of fecal bacteria are usually expected to be lower than that of blackwater; however, studies have shown association of high loads of fecal pathogens in GW [34,35].”
ResultA multi-functional nature-based solution (NBS) for greywater treatment and reuse at the same plot
Rahman, K. Z., Saadi, S. A., Rawahi, M. A., Knappe, J., van Afferden, M., Moeller, L., Bernhard, K., & Müller, R. (2023) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2023.106952 · Cited by 23
Treatment of household grey water with a UF membrane filtration system
Li, F., Gulyas, H., Wichmann, K., & Otterpohl, R. (2009) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.5004/dwt.2009.550 · Cited by 21
Performance of biochar and filtralite as polishing step for on-site greywater treatment plant
Moges, M. E., Eregno, F. E., & Heistad, A. (2015) · Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal · doi:10.1108/meq-07-2014-0101 · Cited by 21
“coli was detected at the collection point of CW in Vibyåsen greywater (Ottoson and Stenstrom, 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe application of pilot research on greywater in the Middle East North Africa region (MENA)
Redwood, M. (2008) · International Journal of Environmental Studies · doi:10.1080/00207230701850152 · Cited by 20
“If faecal matter contaminates the greywater, then the health risk of greywater is greater [21].”
BackgroundHygiene Aspects of Greywater and Greywater Reuse
Ottosson, J. (2003) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 20
Ittisupornrat, S., & Theepharaksapan, S. (2023) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.104098 · Cited by 20
Sustainable graywater reuse for residential landscape irrigation – a critical review
Pinto, U., & Maheshwari, B. L. (2015) · Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment · doi:10.1080/10042857.2015.1059790 · Cited by 19
Leonard, M., Gilpin, B., Robson, B., & Wall, K. (2016) · Environmental Monitoring and Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10661-016-5442-9 · Cited by 19
Microbiological Health Risk Assessment of Water Conservation Strategies: A Case Study in Amsterdam
Kusumawardhana, A., Zlatanović, L., Bosch, A., & van der Hoek, J. P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052595 · Cited by 18
Rakovitsky, N., Brook, I., van Rijn, J., et al. (2016) · Applied Clay Science · doi:10.1016/j.clay.2016.06.012 · Cited by 18
Eregno, F. E., Tryland, I., Myrmel, M., Wennberg, A. C., Oliinyk, A., Khatri, M., & Heistad, A. (2018) · Microbial Risk Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.mran.2018.01.001 · Cited by 18
Biofilters as effective pathogen barriers for greywater reuse
Jung, J., Fowdar, H., Henry, R., Deletić, A., & McCarthy, D. (2019) · Ecological Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.07.020 · Cited by 18
Clean energy and water: assessment of Mexico for improved water services and renewable energy
Sanders, K. T., King, C. W., Stillwell, A. S., et al. (2013) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-013-9441-5 · Cited by 18
Sacco, F. C. M., Venditti, S., Wilmes, P., Steinmetz, H., & Hansen, J. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174310 · Cited by 20
Membrane bioreactor technology for greywater treatment: A review
Hamidi, M. N. (2025) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2025.131451 · Cited by 18
Greywater in the drains of a sewered community in Ghana
Dwumfour-Asare, B., Nyarko, K. B., Essandoh, H. M. K., Awuah, E., Anim, K. K. A., & Quaye, A. (2018) · Water Practice and Technology · doi:10.2166/wpt.2018.103 · Cited by 16
Compaoré, C. O. T., Maïga, Y., Nikièma, M., Mien, O., Nagalo, I., Panandtigri, H., Mihelcic, J. R., & OUATTARA, A. S. (2023) · Water Science & Technology Water Supply · doi:10.2166/ws.2023.121 · Cited by 16
Uddin, S. M. N., Li, Z., Adamowski, J., Ulbrich, T., Mang, H., Ryndin, R., Norvanchig, J., Lapègue, J., Wriege-Bechtold, A., & Cheng, S. (2015) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.149 · Cited by 17
Galvis, A., Steen, P., & Gijzen, H. J. (2018) · Water · doi:10.3390/w10020188 · Cited by 16
“Lastly, the use of treated grey water is feasible for toilet flushing, plant watering, and the washing of floors and outdoor areas [1,6,7], as well as golf courses, agriculture and groundwater recharge [8].”
BackgroundFaecal sterols determination in wastewater and surface water
GILLI, G., Rovere, R., Traversi, D., et al. (2006) · Journal of Chromatography B · doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.05.022 · Cited by 16
COVID-19 and Recycled Wastewater Irrigation: A Review of ImplicationsPreprint
Oliver, M. M. H., Hewa, G. A., Pezzaniti, D., Haque, M. A., Haque, S., Haque, M. M., Moniruzzaman, M., Rahman, M., Saha, K. K., & Kadir, M. N. (2020) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202006.0105.v1 · Cited by 16
Safety and quality of water used with fresh fruits and vegetables
FAO, W. (2021) · FAO eBooks · doi:10.4060/cb7678en · Cited by 18
Nitrogen removal performance of intermitTENTly aerated membrane bioreactor treating black water
Hocaoğlu, S. M., Atasoy, E. A., Baban, A., et al. (2013) · Environmental Technology · doi:10.1080/09593330.2013.786139 · Cited by 15
Rainwater and greywater harvesting for urban food security in La Soukra, Tunisia
Redwood, M., Bouraoui, M., & Houmane, B. (2013) · International Journal of Water Resources Development · doi:10.1080/07900627.2013.837367 · Cited by 15
“However, treatment is necessary, since the literature has shown that quality can be highly variable and that even a modest presence of viruses can cause harm (Ottoson & Stenström, 2003).”
BackgroundEvidence base for a housing warrant of fitness
Telfar-Barnard, L., Bennett, J., Robinson, A., Hailes, A., Ombler, J., & Howden‐Chapman, P. (2019) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/2050312119843028 · Cited by 15
Greywater treatment as an option for effective wastewater management in small communities
Scheumann, R., Masi, F., Hamouri, B. E., & Kraume, M. (2009) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.5004/dwt.2009.352 · Cited by 14
“Greywater contains impurities and micro-organisms derived from household and personal cleaning activities and it shows a wide range of pathogenic and other liquid waste materials, which people normally want to eliminate from the inside of their homes [3-6].”
BackgroundBuse, H. Y., Lu, J., & Ashbolt, N. J. (2014) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.03394-14 · Cited by 14
“The original sGW formulation included the addition of 10 mg liter 1 of septic effluent that served to introduce fecally transmitted pathogens previously reported to be present in GW (26).”
MethodBacteriophage-encoded shiga toxin gene in atypical bacterial host
Casas, V., Sobrepeña, G., Rodriguez-Mueller, B., et al. (2011) · Gut Pathogens · doi:10.1186/1757-4749-3-10 · Cited by 14
“Entamoeba are common protozoan pathogens that cause cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and amoebic dysentery, respectively [3,4,9-13].”
BackgroundPark, E., Mancl, K. M., Tuovinen, O. H., et al. (2016) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.13288 · Cited by 14
“Microbial quality of treated greywater has been extensively evaluated for landscape irrigation (Ottoson and Stenstr€om 2003; Winward et al. 2008; Maimon et al. 2010).”
BackgroundHörman, A. (2005) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 14
Yánez, D., Espinoza, L. C., Vargas, I. T., Romero, J., Aguirre, M. J., Arce, R., Quijada‐Maldonado, E., & Abejón, R. (2024) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2024.384 · Cited by 14
Cao, Y., Wu, R., Zhang, W., et al. (2022) · Applied Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.152512 · Cited by 13
Pathogens in urban wastewaters suitable for reuse
Winward, G. P., Avery, L. M., Stephenson, T., Jeffrey, P. J., Corre, K. S. L., Fewtrell, L., & Jefferson, B. (2009) · Urban Water Journal · doi:10.1080/15730620802673087 · Cited by 13
“Ottoson and Stenström (2003a) estimated the faecal load of grey water from all streams combined to be 0.04 g . person71 . day71.”
BackgroundInfluentialLow cost sustainable materials for grey water reclamation
James, D. T. K., & Ifelebuegu, A. O. (2018) · Water Science & Technology · doi:10.2166/wst.2018.225 · Cited by 13
Qualitative Characterization of Household Greywater in Developing Countries: A Comprehensive Review
Al-Gheethi, A. A. S., Noman, E. A., Mohamed, R. M. S. R., Bala, J. D., & Kassim, A. H. M. (2018) · Water science and technology library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90269-2_1 · Cited by 14
Raoufi, A., & Gorji, M. (2021) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.102797 · Cited by 13
A QMRA Framework for Sanitation Treatment Decisions
Sano, D., Haas, C. N., & Rose, J. B. (2019) · Michigan State University eBooks · doi:10.14321/waterpathogens.3 · Cited by 12
“In Scenario I, accidental ingestion of 1 mL of reclaimed wastewater per person per day was assumed for farmers (Ottoson and Stenström, 2003).”
Microbial risk assessment in heterogeneous aquifers: 2. Infection risk sensitivity
Molin, S., Cvetkovic, V. D., & Stenström, T. A. (2010) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1029/2009wr008039 · Cited by 12
“This microbial risk assessment approach has been implemented for a variety of transmission pathways under Swedish conditions [e.g., Höglund et al., 2002; Westrell et al., 2003, 2004; Ottoson and Stenström, 2003; Carlander et al., 2009].”
Self-citationGreywater Use in Irrigation: Characteristics, Advantages and Concerns
Matos, C., Sampaio, A., & Bentes, I. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/30026 · Cited by 12
“In fact, some activities such as washing faecal contaminated laundry, childcare and showering add faecal contamination to greywater (Ottoson & Stenström, 2003).”
BackgroundLong‐term Hygienic Barrier Efficiency of a Compact On‐site Wastewater Treatment System
Heistad, A., Seidu, R., Flø, A. S., Paruch, A. M., Hanssen, J. F., & Stenström, T. (2009) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0407 · Cited by 12
Self-citationGreywater Generation and Characterization in Major Cities in Jordan
Jamrah, A. I., & Ayyash, S. (2008) · Cited by 12
Waterborne transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium.
Brandonisio, O. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 12
Performance of an integrated household greywater treatment system for water optimization and reuse
Hassan, K. F., Alzahrani, A., Alotaibi, N. M., & Helmy, M. (2024) · Applied Water Science · doi:10.1007/s13201-024-02303-2 · Cited by 13
“Although reported in low concentrations yet greywater is fecally-contaminated due to the lack of personal hygiene in households (Eriksson et al. 2002) (Ottoson and Stenström 2003).”
Water Conservation and Reuse: A Case Study of the Energy-Water Nexus in Texas
Stillwell, A. S., & Webber, M. E. (2010) · World Environmental and Water Resources Congress (EWRI) · doi:10.1061/41114(371)417 · Cited by 11
Microbial risk from source-separated urine used as liquid fertilizer in sub-tropical Australia
Ahmed, W., Hamilton, K. A., Vieritz, A., et al. (2016) · Microbial Risk Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.mran.2016.11.005 · Cited by 11
Household water use and greywater management in Khulna city, Bangladesh
Lewis, R., Scott, R. E., Bala, B., Jahan, H., Bartram, J., & Radu, T. (2024) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114376 · Cited by 12
EFFECT OF RETENTION TIME ON PRIMARY MEDIA FOR GREYWATER TREATMENT
Nema, A., Yadav, K. D., & Christian, R. A. (2017) · Water Conservation and Management · doi:10.26480/wcm.01.2017.01.03 · Cited by 10
Investigation on the Urban Grey Water Treatment Using a Cost-Effective Solar Distillation Still
Yusof, M. F., Zainol, M. R. R. M. A., Riahi, A., Zakaria, N. A., Shaharuddin, S., Juiani, S. F., Noor, N. M., Zawawi, M. H., & Ikhsan, J. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14159452 · Cited by 10
Bacteriophages as Fecal Indicator Organisms
Pillai, S. D. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-29251-9_8 · Cited by 10
“Bacteriophages are widely distributed in the environment and have been found in groundwater (Pillai and Nwachuku, 2000; Borchardt et al., 2003), river water (Hot et al., 2003; Skraber et al., 2004), irrigation waters (Ceballos et al., 2003; Mena and Pillai, 2003), wastewaters (Ackermann and Nguyen, 1983; Ottoson and S…”
BackgroundSurinkul, N., & Koottatep, T. (2009) · Human and Ecological Risk Assessment An International Journal · doi:10.1080/10807030903153469 · Cited by 10
“coli as an indicator that is likely unable to obtain high reliability or result in over-estimation in health risk assessment ( Ottoson and Strenstrom 2003 ), it illustrates the benefits in comparisons between the existing conditions and the proposed mitigation interventions.”
BackgroundOccurrence of Noroviruses and Their Correlation with Microbial Indicators in Raw Milk
Yavarmanesh, M., Alum, A., & Abbaszadegan, M. A. (2015) · Food and Environmental Virology · doi:10.1007/s12560-015-9185-5 · Cited by 10
“coli has a poor correlation with the enteric viruses, due to differences in survival and persistence under environmental conditions (Ogorzaly et al. 2009; Ootsubo et al. 2002, 2003; Ottson and Stenstrom 2003).”
BackgroundSen, K., Llewellyn, M., Taheri, B., Turner, R. J., Berglund, T., & Maloney, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1234586 · Cited by 9
“Studies have also shown that Campylobacter and Salmonella die off in the presence of other competing bacteria (Ottoson and Stenström, 2003).”
BackgroundCollivignarelli, M. C., Gomez, F. H., Caccamo, F. M., & Sorlini, S. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-24827-3 · Cited by 10
“Greywater (GW) consists of domestic wastewater (WW) from showers, bathroom sinks, washing machine drains, and kitchen sinks (Ottoson and Stenström 2003; Hernández Leal et al.”
BackgroundChen, Y., Qi, C., Yu, Y., et al. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2023.06.039 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Ottoson, J., & Stenström, T. A.
- Affiliations
- Swedish Institute (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Ottoson, Jakob
- Venue
- Water Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 645-655
- ISSN
- 0043-1354 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2043053897
- Semantic Scholar
- 3a1d9d5c985c69e711621b450913e97f7b3ea62d
- Cited by
- 339
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 9.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Water Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fecal contamination and water quality
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- greywater, fecal contamination, fecal indicator bacteria, chemical markers, coprostanol, quantitative microbial risk assessment, rotavirus, Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, somatic coliphages, groundwater recharge, fecal enterococci
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Conservation of Natural Resources, Feces, Models, Theoretical, Rotavirus, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Supply, Biomarkers, Risk Assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
