The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Faecal contamination of greywater and associated microbial risks
Abstract
The faecal contamination of greywater in a local treatment system at Vibyåsen, north of Stockholm, Sweden was quantified using faecal indicator bacteria and chemical biomarkers. Bacterial indicator densities overestimated the faecal load by 100-1000-fold when compared to chemical biomarkers. Based on measured levels of coprostanol, the faecal load was estimated to be 0.04 g person(-1) day(-1). Prevalence of pathogens in the population and the faecal load were used to form the basis of a screening-level quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) that was undertaken for rotavirus, Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum. The different exposure scenarios simulated--direct contact, irrigation of sport fields and groundwater recharge--gave unacceptably high rotavirus risks (0.04 < Pinf < 0.60) despite a low faecal load. The poor reduction of somatic coliphages, which were used as a virus model, in the treatment was one main reason and additional treatment of the greywater is suggested. Somatic coliphages can under extreme circumstances replicate in the wastewater treatment system and thereby underestimate the virus reduction. An alternative QMRA method based on faecal enterococci densities estimated similar risks as for rotavirus. Growth conditions for Salmonella in greywater sediments were also investigated and risk modelling based on replication in the system increased the probability of infection from Salmonella 1000-fold, but it was still lower than the risk of a rotavirus infection.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Studies conducted by Eriksson et al. (2002) and Ottoson and Stenstrom (2003) revealed a large collection of excreta-related pathogens associated with greywater.”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003
In the citing paper
“Inappropriate food handling in the kitchen and direct handling of contaminated food have been identified as sources of enteric pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella and Campylobacter into greywater (Maimon et al. 2014; Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003).”
From Greywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review (2018) · cites this paper as Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003
Citations
Cites
Food-Related Illness and Death in the United States
Mead, P. S., Slutsker, L., DIETZ, V. J., McCaig, L. F., Bresee, J., Shapiro, C. A., Griffin, P. M., & Tauxe, R. V. (1999) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid0505.990502 · Cited by 7,305
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment
Haas, C. N., Rose, J. B., & Gerba, C. P. (2012) · SpringerReference · doi:10.1007/springerreference_226419 · Cited by 1,042
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment
Haas, C. N., Rose, J. B., & Gerba, C. P. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118910030 · Cited by 872
Wheeler, J. G., Sethi, D., Cowden, J. M., Wall, P. G., Rodrigues, L. C., Tompkins, D. S., Hudson, M. J., & Roderick, P. J. (1999) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7190.1046 · Cited by 794
Sanitation and disease: health aspects of excreta and wastewater management.
Feachem, R. G., Bradley, D. J., Garelick, H., & Mara, D. D. (1983) · Cited by 657
Ward, R. L., Bernstein, D. I., Young, E. C., Sherwood, J. R., Knowlton, D. R., & Schiff, G. M. (1986) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/154.5.871 · Cited by 407
Using faecal sterols from humans and animals to distinguish faecal pollution in receiving waters
Leeming, R., Ball, A., Ashbolt, N., & Nichols, P. (1996) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(96)00011-5 · Cited by 383
Virus persistence in groundwater
Yates, M. V., Gerba, C. P., & Kelley, L. M. (1985) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.49.4.778-781.1985 · Cited by 368
An investigation into greywater reuse for urban residential properties
Christova-Boal, D., Eden, R. E., & McFarlane, S. (1996) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/s0011-9164(96)00134-8 · Cited by 341
Chemical and microbiological characterisation of kefir grains
GARROTE, G. L., ABRAHAM, A. G., & DE ANTONI, G. L. (2001) · Journal of Dairy Research · doi:10.1017/s0022029901005210 · Cited by 332
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Jackson, 2000, Greywater re-use—benefit or liability? The UK Perspective, Water, 21, 38
- Trujillo, 1998, Potential for greywater recycle and reuse in New Mexico, New Mexico J Sci, 38, 293
- Gerba, 1995, Water quality of graywater treatment system, Water Sci Technol, 31, 109
- Nichols, 1992, Survey of Sydney's coastal environment, Aust Water Wastewater Assoc J, Water, 19, 32
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–340 of 340
cryptosporidiosis in livestock and poultry
CABI (2019) · CABI Compendium · doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.87628 · Cited by 1
Greywater systems: barriers for builders
Dinama, D. (2010) · RMIT Research Repository (RMIT University Library) · doi:10.25439/rmt.27333306
Health risk of growing and consuming vegetables using greywater for irrigation.
Jackson, S. A. F. (2010) · ResearchSpace (University of KwaZulu-Natal)
Sall, O., & Takahashi, Y. (2006) · WIT transactions on ecology and the environment · doi:10.2495/wp060611
“Such a growth has been reported for FC and E coli in GW during storage [8].”
BackgroundSantiago-Rodríguez, T. M., Kinzelman, J. L., & Toranzos, G. A. (2015) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555818821.ch3.1.1
Impacts on sewer performance due to changes to inputs in domestic wastewater
Mattsson, J. (2015) · Diva portal (Dalarna University Library)
On-Site Sanitation Systems for Low-Income Countries
Obeng, P. A., Oduro–Kwarteng, S., Keraita, B., Bregnhøj, H., Abaidoo, R. C., Awuah, E., & Konradsen, F. (2015) · Practice, progress, and proficiency in sustainability · doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-9559-7.ch014
Economic and financial analysis of rainwater harvesting systems
(2011) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b11528-5
Wahlen, J. B. (2013) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries)
Keesman, K. J., Rijnaarts, H. H. M., Mels, A. R., et al. (2007)
Risikovurdering af Giardia og Cryptosporidium i vand
Andersen, U. T., Albrechtsen, H., Boe-Hansen, R., et al. (2006)
Self-citationTreatment of Domestic Gray Water by Multicomponent Filters
Mohamed, R. M. S. R., Al-Gheethi, A. A. S., Sainudin, M. S., et al. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58538-3_34-1
Ushijima, K., Ito, R., Hijikata, N., et al. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-56835-3_12
Effect of graywater irrigation on soil quality and fate and transport of surfactants in soil
Negahban‐Azar, M. (2007)
Grey Water Irrigation: An Alternative Approach for Household Production: A Review
Abebe, E. (2019) · Civil and environmental research · doi:10.7176/cer/11-2-03
“Although the quality of grey water is typically poorer than that of tap water (Eriksson et al., 2002; Ottoson and Stenström, 2003), it is also generally less polluted than other municipal wastewater streams due to the relatively low content of human excreta (urine and faeces) (Pinto et al.”
BackgroundSustainable Urban Community Development
El‐Haggar, S. M., & Samaha, A. (2019) · Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation/Advances in science, technology & innovation · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14584-2_5
Health risk of biogas effluent exposure and handling in Vietnam
Nguyen‐Viet, H., Thu, L. T., Toản, L. Q., et al. (2019) · Michigan State University eBooks · doi:10.14321/waterpathogens.69
“For the study, it was assumed that 1mL of wastewater would be involuntarily ingested with each exposure event (Hoglund et al., 2002; Ottoson and Stenstrom, 2003).”
BackgroundMethodStec, A. (2019) · Water science and technology library · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35959-1_4
Eslamian, S., Abdolhoseini, M., Ostad‐Ali‐Askari, K., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences · doi:10.3844/ajeassp.2021.308.313
On-Site Sanitation Systems for Low-Income Countries
Obeng, P. A., Oduro–Kwarteng, S., Keraita, B., Bregnhøj, H., Abaidoo, R. C., Awuah, E., & Konradsen, F. (2019) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1210-4.ch048
El-Hamed, K. E. A., Elwan, M., El-Azeem, S. A. M. A., et al. (2015) · Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences · doi:10.21608/ajs.2015.14590
Economic and Financial Analysis of Rainwater Harvesting Systems
Liang, X. (2011) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b11528-9
Köse‐Mutlu, B. (2020) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
Cruz, J. C. R. D. S., & Cohim, E. (2023) · Anais dos Seminários de Iniciação Científica · doi:10.13102/semic.vi26.9910
Monitoring and evaluation of a compact system for gray water treatment and agricultural use
da Cunha, M. E., Batista, R. O., de Matos, G. X., de Sousa, A. L. V., Reges, L. B. L., de Paiva, L. A. L., Marques, B. C. D., & Mesquita, F. D. O. (2024) · OBSERVATÓRIO DE LA ECONOMÍA LATINOAMERICANA · doi:10.55905/oelv22n2-145
Griggs, C. S., Waisner, S. A., Lalley, J. M., Zetterholm, S. G., McLeod, S., Martínez-Guerra, E., Wamsley, M., Gurtowski, L. A., Bailey, S., Wade, R., et al. (2024) · doi:10.21079/11681/48371
Analysis of Physical Properties of Grey water from Residential Buildings
-, S. S., -, E. J., -, H. S., et al. (2024) · International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i02.18480
Characterization of Treated Wastewater
Gaid, K. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781394351787.ch2
Khedikar, I., Tembhurkar, A. R., & Dabhekar, K. R. (2025) · Sustainable civil infrastructures · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-82133-2_26
Tabatabaei, N., Valipour, P., Tayebi, H., Kasgari, A. H., Mirabi, A., & Rafiei, S. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances · doi:10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101057
Hai, T. T. M., Huong, N. T. M., & Huy, T. Q. (2026) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.dwt.2026.101808
Castro, D., Ferreri, I., Henriques, M., & Carvalho, I. (2026) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.130106
Hai, T. T. M., & Huy, T. Q. (2026) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.dwt.2026.101837
From end-use characterization to decentralized reuse design: Closing the data-to-system gap
Knutsson, J. (2026) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2026.126412
Huong, N. T. M., & Huy, T. Q. (2026) · Desalination and Water Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.dwt.2026.101869
(2014) · Epsilon Archive for Student Projects (University of Southampton) · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Ottoson, J., & Stenström, T. A.
- Affiliations
- Swedish Institute (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Ottoson, Jakob
- Venue
- Water Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 645-655
- ISSN
- 0043-1354 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2043053897
- Semantic Scholar
- 3a1d9d5c985c69e711621b450913e97f7b3ea62d
- Cited by
- 339
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 9.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Water Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fecal contamination and water quality
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Keywords
- greywater, fecal contamination, fecal indicator bacteria, chemical markers, coprostanol, quantitative microbial risk assessment, rotavirus, Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, somatic coliphages, groundwater recharge, fecal enterococci
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Conservation of Natural Resources, Feces, Models, Theoretical, Rotavirus, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Supply, Biomarkers, Risk Assessment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
