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Community, joining, and specialization in open source software innovation: a case study
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“Similarly, Mockus et al. (2002) tell us that 15 core developers provide 83% of all Apache contributions while Von Krogh et al . (2003) report that about one percent of Freenet's members account for fifty percent of all developer e-mails.”
From Open Source Software: The New Intellectual Property Paradigm (2006) · cites this paper as Von Krogh et al . (2003)
In the citing paper
“Bergquist and Ljungberg (2001) report that almost all new functionality is provided by small groups while Von Krogh et al. (2003) report that 13% of Freenet developers provide 53% of all new Freenet code.”
From Open Source Software: The New Intellectual Property Paradigm (2006) · cites this paper as Von Krogh et al. (2003)
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BackgroundCareer concerns as a public good: The role of signaling for open source software development
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BackgroundLong-Term Active Integrator Prediction in the Evaluation of Code Contributions
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“Some previous works explored how new participants joined projects, made contributions and became core members finally [1], [7], [8], [9], [10], [19], [20].”
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Schaarschmidt, M., & von Kortzfleisch, H. F. O. (2014) · International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management · doi:10.1142/s0219877015500108 · Cited by 4
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Exploring the Role of Outside Organizations in Free / Open Source Software Projects
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Towards a Web Platform for Collaborative Learning Practice, Evaluation and Dissemination
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BackgroundA Platform for CSCL Practice and Dissemination
Lonchamp, J. (2006) · International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/icalt.2006.27 · Cited by 6
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BackgroundMotivations of Individuals and Firms Participating in Open Source Community
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“Not all members of this community have close collaboration ties with the projects’ core developers [16], thus there should exist other channels of information diffusion that go beyond the close circles of developers reached through direct collaboration experience.”
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“[60] focused on identifying the communication patterns that appear in the new contributors joining the project.”
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“…develops including models of participation and joining (Mäenpää, Kilamo, Mikkonen, & Männistö, 2017; Von Krogh, Hae fl iger, Spaeth, & Wallin, 2012; Von Krogh, Spaeth, & Lakhani, 2003) there is a lack of research on speci fi c projects in specialist domains (such as education) and also a relative…”
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BackgroundEmpirical Investigation of Correlation between Rewards and Crowdsource-Based Software Developers
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BackgroundChoosing an Appropriate Task to Start with in Open Source Software Communities: A Hard Task
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“Von Krogh et al. [6] analyzed interviews with developers, emails, source code repository, and documents and proposed a joining script for developers who want to take part in the project.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAn Analysis of Author Contribution Patterns in Eclipse Foundation Project Source Code
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“In human groups, Woolley et al. [2010] identify a collective intelligence factor that predicts cooperative task performance across diverse settings, while studies of large-scale online coordination analyze emergent role specialization in settings such as Wikipedia and open-source software development [Kittur and Kraut…”
Open Source Engineering Processes
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“, [26; 30]), the open source project landscape is dynamical and evolves constantly as new ideas are brought forward by contributors, which makes it important to periodically re-consider the state of the art.”
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Does the first response matter for future contributions? A study of first contributions
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Building the Collaboration Graph of Open-Source Software Ecosystem
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“Trying to understand evolution patterns of open-source software systems and communities [2] or focusing on the strategies and processes by which new people join the existing community of software developers [3] are some examples of such attempts.”
BackgroundOrientations of Open Strategy: From Resistance to Transformation
Haefliger, S. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108347921.010 · Cited by 9
Open Source Platforms Beyond Software: From ICT to Biotechnology
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“…there is a belief by open source participants that this produces code quality that is superior to proprietary software (cf. Stewart & Gosain, 2006).3 Motivating, integrating and organizing such community production is key to the success of this model (Crowston et al 2007; von Krogh et al 2003).”
BackgroundImproving software management: the industry model, the knowledge model, the network model
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BackgroundCommunication in Innovation Communities: an Analysis of 100 Open Source Software Projects
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Biological Mutualistic Models Applied to Study Open Source Software Development
Loyola, P., & Ko, I. (2012) · IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology (WI-IAT) · doi:10.1109/wi-iat.2012.228 · Cited by 2
“Similarly, in an Open Source development environment, contributors arrive with a heterogeneous level of expertise [12].”
BackgroundIntroducing Automated Regression Testing in Open Source Projects
Oezbek, C. (2010) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1001.0683 · Cited by 4
“This strategy is to be used to create something valuable for the project [16, 72] and as a sideeffect to become known and possibly gain write access to the project repository.”
MethodMüller‐Seitz, G. (2009) · International Journal of Web Based Communities · doi:10.1504/ijwbc.2009.023966 · Cited by 4
“This is maybe best manifested in the absence of conventional hierarchies, rules and internal organisational bodies (Crowston and Howison, 2006; von Krogh et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCreating Open Source Innovation: Outside the software industry
Raasch, C., Herstatt, C., & Abdelkafi, N. (2008) · Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET) · doi:10.1109/picmet.2008.4599652 · Cited by 2
“Their acceptance is more likely when they behave according to the “joining script”, a mostly non-codified progression of effort and behavioural patterns [61].”
BackgroundThe economy of collective attention for situated knowledge collaboration in software development
Ye, Y.-W., Nakakoji, K., & Yamamoto, Y. (2008) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies · doi:10.1145/1370114.1370142 · Cited by 4
“A number of factors are brought into consideration in this decision-making process: whether they have sufficient expertise on the topic [15]; how many efforts does it take to post a reply [10]; how they perceive their relationship with the asker [2]; and their eagerness of offering help.”
Software Developers Using Signals in Transparent Environments
Tsay, J. (2017) · doi:10.1184/r1/6723026.v1 · Cited by 4
“Along with normal social media usage, software developers are also making use of development environments that integrate social media features such as GitHub [13].”
BackgroundOpen Source Marketing in Tourism: Motivational Drivers and Practical Approaches
Wiedmann, K., & Langner, S. (2016) · Tourism on the verge · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54089-9_5 · Cited by 4
Carlson, P. (2015) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-4215 · Cited by 4
“…of new developers motivated to contribute to a project do not gain access to the project because they simply are not allowed into the group. von Krogh et al. (2003) found that of the participants in the open source Freenet community who posted on the mailing list, 10.5% did not receive any…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialOpen Source Software Development: Exploring Research Perspectives
Kanwal, P., Gupta, A., & Singla, R. (2013) · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3558-7_52 · Cited by 4
“Learning forms the major motivational force [6, 7].”
Open Source Software Communities
Carillo, K., & Okoli, C. (2006) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-59140-563-4.ch069
“Borrowing intelligence to build a business”: The promise of open‐source AI for entrepreneurship
von Krogh, G., Weiser, A., & Tinguely, P. N. (2026) · Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal · doi:10.1002/sej.70052
Dependency Network Structure and Security Vulnerabilities in Software Supply Chains
Yoo, E., Craighead, C. W., & Samtani, S. (2025) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2025.2561385 · Cited by 4
Järvenpää, S. L., & Välikangas, L. (2025) · Strategic Organization · doi:10.1177/14761270251350678 · Cited by 7
“To the extent that a shared script or thought world (Von Krogh et al., 2003; Preece and Shneiderman, 2009), anchored to a shared point in time, is lacking, information seekers and helpers face difficulty in evaluating the acquired information (Gherardi and Nicolini, 2001).”
Deductive Certainty? Exploring the Boundaries of Trust Formation in Smart Contracts on Blockchains
Obermeier, D., & Henkel, J. (2025) · MIS Quarterly · doi:10.25300/misq/2025/18501 · Cited by 5
Hyperloop transportation technologies: practices for open organizing across VUCA contexts
Griffith, T. L., Majchrzak, A., & Giustiniano, L. (2023) · Journal of Organization Design · doi:10.1007/s41469-023-00141-1 · Cited by 7
Wei, K., Crowston, K., & Eseryel, U. Y. (2021) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-03-2020-0112 · Cited by 4
User Motivations in Peer Production
Spaeth, S., & Niederhöfer, S. (2020) · The Handbook of Peer Production · doi:10.1002/9781119537151.ch10 · Cited by 4
Self-citationWho Writes Wikipedia?: An Investigation from the Perspective of Ortega and Newton Hypotheses
Chhabra, A., & Iyengar, S. (2020) · International Symposium on Open Collaboration · doi:10.1145/3412569.3412578 · Cited by 3
“In FLOSS communities, masses and elites have been referred to as core and peripheral users and the focus of most work has been towards either the communications among these users or the shift of users from core to periphery and vice-versa [19, 22, 46, 56].”
BackgroundDionne, K.-E., & Carlile, P. R. (2019) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0733-558x20190000064015 · Cited by 7
What are the factors affecting the handover process in open source development?
Liu, B.-H., Rong, G.-P., Dong, L., Zhang, H., Chen, D., Chen, T., Chen, Y., & Zhang, T.-T. (2019) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2019.03.063 · Cited by 3
Crowdsourced Behavior-Driven Development: Implementing Microservices through MicrotasksPreprint
Aghayi, E., LaToza, T. D., Surendra, P., & Abolghasemi, S. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1903.01977
“loading code from a server, identifying and downloading dependencies, and configuring their build environment [20], [21], [22].”
BackgroundLabeling relevant skills in tasks: Can the crowd help?
Leaño, R., Wang, Z., & Sarma, A. (2016) · IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC) · doi:10.1109/vlhcc.2016.7739683 · Cited by 4
Quantifying the ramp-up problem in software projects
Pradel, L. (2016) · International Conference on Evaluation & Assessment in Software Engineering · doi:10.1145/2915970.2915975 · Cited by 3
“Von Krogh et al. [8] introduced this special case of open source onboarding.”
BackgroundParticipation and Knowledge Exchange in a Hybrid-Economic Software Community
Allen, W. S. (2016) · Journal of the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.1007/s13132-016-0366-8 · Cited by 5
“…to a community participate in activities (e.g., writing documentation, discussion forum participation, and bug-reporting) which provide learning opportunities for newcomers through processes of socialization (Ducheneaut 2005) and contribution of labor to community projects (von Krogh et al. 2003).”
BackgroundChengalur-Smith, I. N., Potnis, D. D., & Mishra, G. (2016) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2016.483 · Cited by 2
“This is analogous to trusted open source developers deciding which pieces of code to store in the repository [33].”
BackgroundSocial interactions vs revisions, what is important for promotion in Wikipedia?
Picot-Clémente, R., Bothorel, C., & Jullien, N. (2015) · International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining · doi:10.1145/2808797.2810063 · Cited by 3
“The fact that these projects are made possible by the aggregation of various motivations and levels of involvement is classic for social theories, being the critical mass theory, which regards the construction of collective action (Oliver et al., 1985; Marwell and Oliver, 1993), or the theory of…”
BackgroundParticipation Motifs and the Emergence of Organization in Open Productions
Lomi, A., Conaldi, G., Tonellato, M., & Pallotti, F. (2013) · Structural Change and Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2013.01.002 · Cited by 6
Endless Development is the Best Quality Assurance: The Case of “Hidemaru Mail”
Ikuine, F., & Fujita, H. (2013) · doi:10.7880/abas.12.251 · Cited by 3
“Other studies include von Krogh, Spaeth, and Lakhani (2003); von Krogh and von Hippel (2003); and West (2003).”
BackgroundA provenance-based solution for software selection in scientific software sharing
Huang, X., Lu, T., Ding, X., Liu, T., & Gu, N. (2013) · International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD) · doi:10.1109/cscwd.2013.6580958 · Cited by 5
Mining Creativity Research to Inform Design Rationale in Open Source Communities
Burleson, W., & Tripathi, P. (2012) · Human-computer interaction series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4111-2_17 · Cited by 1
“Wakkary and Maestri (2007) reported similar everyday creative acts within families.”
BackgroundA social cognitive framework of knowledge contribution in the online community
Tseng, F.-C., & Kuo, F.-Y. (2011) · IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.1109/fuzzy.2011.6007438 · Cited by 3
Conaldi, G., & Vita, R. D. (2011) · International Journal of Information and Decision Sciences · doi:10.1504/ijids.2011.038838 · Cited by 4
A Look Inside the Forge: Developer Productivity and Spillovers in Open Source ProjectsPreprint
Eilhard, J., & Ménière, Y. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1316772 · Cited by 4
Progressing to the Center: The Antecedents and Consequences of Lateral AuthorityPreprint
Dahlander, L., & O'Mahony, S. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1291416 · Cited by 3
Various aspects of Open Source Software development
Shirali-Shahreza, S., & Shirali-Shahreza, M. (2008) · International Symposium on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/itsim.2008.4631871 · Cited by 3
“Another work executed in field of studying the open source projects is [11].”
BackgroundOpen Source Licensing in Mixed Markets, or Why Open Source Software Does Not Succeed
Gaudeul, A. (2008) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1093628 · Cited by 3
Webloggers and their Passion for KnowledgePreprint
Kaiser, S., Müller‐Seitz, G., Lopes, M. P., & Cunha, M. P. E. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1739965 · Cited by 2
External Factors in Sustainability of Open Source Software
Valiev, M. (2021) · doi:10.1184/r1/14512605.v1 · Cited by 3
“Ascension into the core group is a socio-technical process; earning committer status involves socializing with the core group [47, 57, 151] and demonstrated commitment through repeated, high-quality contributions [36, 158].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- von Krogh, G., Spaeth, S., & Lakhani, K. R.
- Affiliations
- University of St.Gallen (CH)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Spaeth, Sebastian
- Venue
- Research Policy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-07
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1217-1241
- ISSN
- 0048-7333 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3124560715
- Cited by
- 1,025
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 79.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Research Policy (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Open Source Software Innovations
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Software Engineering Techniques and Practices
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Digital Platforms and Economics
- Keywords
- open source software, Freenet, developer communities, specialization, peer-to-peer file sharing, anonymity
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