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Community, joining, and specialization in open source software innovation: a case study
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“Similarly, Mockus et al. (2002) tell us that 15 core developers provide 83% of all Apache contributions while Von Krogh et al . (2003) report that about one percent of Freenet's members account for fifty percent of all developer e-mails.”
From Open Source Software: The New Intellectual Property Paradigm (2006) · cites this paper as Von Krogh et al . (2003)
In the citing paper
“Bergquist and Ljungberg (2001) report that almost all new functionality is provided by small groups while Von Krogh et al. (2003) report that 13% of Freenet developers provide 53% of all new Freenet code.”
From Open Source Software: The New Intellectual Property Paradigm (2006) · cites this paper as Von Krogh et al. (2003)
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“Extrinsic factors include earning revenues from related products and services [21] and career advancement [1, 16, 26, 51].”
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Chen, Y.-Y., & Tseng, C.-S. (2011) · IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.1109/fuzzy.2011.6007437 · Cited by 1
What Economists Know About Open Source Software - Its Basic Principles and Research ResultsPreprint
Engelhardt, S. V. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1759976 · Cited by 3
A case study of internetware development
Ma, X., Zhou, M., & Mei, H. (2010) · Asia-Pacific Symposium on Internetware · doi:10.1145/2020723.2020732 · Cited by 1
Peer to peer support for the reuse of Open Source Software libraries
Ye, Y.-W. (2009) · IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration · doi:10.1109/iri.2009.5211566 · Cited by 1
“The numbers of members only counted members who have sent at least one email to the mailing list, not including those lurking members [9] who subscribed to the mailing list but never sent any message to the list.”
BackgroundWu, J., & Shi, C.-S. (2009) · 2009 IEEE/INFORMS International Conference on Service Operations, Logistics and Informatics · doi:10.1109/soli.2009.5203977 · Cited by 1
“and incentives to help build a community [4, 5].”
BackgroundPlease help!: patterns of personalization in an online tech support board
Yardi, S., & Poole, E. (2009) · International Conference on Communities and Technologies · doi:10.1145/1556460.1556501 · Cited by 1
“As has been shown with large decentralized communities, such as Wikipedia and Slashdot [ 22 , 24], is moderation required for maintain ing a healthy community, and if so, who should moderate communities in a tech support board? Do users on the board feel that it is their right, as consumers, to receive answers to thei…”
BackgroundLearning and the imperative of production in Free/Open Source development
Berdou, E. (2007) · International Conference on Open Source Systems · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-72486-7_21 · Cited by 1
“participation. A representative example from the second group is von Krogh et al.’s [ 4 ] paper on ‘Community, joining and specialization in open source software development’ where it is argued that newcomers who eventually received a CVS account adopted specific joining scripts, and patterns of behaviour involving le…”
BackgroundThe Secret to Successful User Communities: An Analysis of Computer Associates' User GroupsPreprint
Schulz, C. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.915342 · Cited by 1
“Star members in open source software projects refer to the core group of developers who contribute most of the code and oversee the design and evolution of the project (Crowston et al. 2006; von -8- Krogh et al. 2003b).”
BackgroundArtificial Intelligence (AI) Capabilities, Trust and Open Source Software Team Performance
Thummadi, B. V. (2021) · IFIP International Conference on e-Business, e-Services, and e-Society · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85447-8_52 · Cited by 1
Sekerinski, E., Moreira, N., & Oliveira, J. (2020) · FM Workshops · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-54997-8 · Cited by 1
Open innovations, innovation communities and firm's innovative activities
Getejanc, V., & Stanojević, L. (2016) · Megatrend Revija · doi:10.5937/megrev1603203g · Cited by 1
The web as a site of intractable governance
Giannoumis, G. (2014) · doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-403-9-384 · Cited by 1
“Freenet, initially released in 2000, consists of open source software that allows users to anonymously communicate, share files and browse and publish web content available exclusively through the Freenet [6, 46].”
BackgroundOpen Source Engineering Processes / Open Source-Entwicklungsprozesse
Mauerer, W., & Jaeger, M. C. (2013) · it - Information Technology · doi:10.1524/itit.2013.1008 · Cited by 1
The Democratization of Markets through Participative and Collaborative Practices
Hemetsberger, A. (2012) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-19631-2_2 · Cited by 2
Implementing Arduino Tool for Interactive Artworks and Creative Installations.
Shaikh, M. H. (2011) · doi:10.7763/ijcte.2011.v3.406 · Cited by 1
Factors Influencing Participant Satisfaction with Free/Libre and Open Source Software Projects
Chawner, B. (2011) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16985479 · Cited by 1
Knowledge convergence in an open innovation process
JukkaBergman, H., Kärkkäinen, H., Jantunen, A., & Saksa, J.-M. (2010) · doi:10.1504/ijkms.2010.029786 · Cited by 1
Open Source, ICT Infrastructure and Firm Performance
Cerquera, D., & Mueller, B. (2009) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1547102 · Cited by 1
“2See for example Kogut and Metiu (2001), Franke and Shah (2003), Franke and Hippel (2003), von Krogh, Spaeth, and Lakhani (2003), Lerner, Phatak, and Tirole (2006), Xu, Christley, and Madey (2006), Dahlander and Magnusson (2005, 2006), Rossi and Bonaccorsi (2006), Bitzer (2004), Casadesus-Masanell…”
Open Source and Software Development Innovation
Friedman, R. S., Roberts, D. M., & Linton, J. D. (2010) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-60566-038-7.ch010 · Cited by 1
“…software development, and join the others in seeking clues as to how open source commands the time and attention of so many skilled programmers. von Krogh, Spaeth, and Lakhani (2003) develop four theoretical constructs that can assist proprietary firms engaged in software development projects…”
BackgroundSharma, P. N., Safadi, H., Karahanna, E., Hulland, J. S., & Sokiyna, M. (2026) · The Journal of Strategic Information Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jsis.2026.101996
Motivation and Contribution in Open Source Software: A Meta-Analytic InvestigationPreprint
Omidmand, P., & Nosratabadi, S. (2026) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2610.29199
“An OSS contribution, such as a code patch, often takes hours of work and enough skill to pass review (von Krogh et al., 2003), whereas a wiki edit or a citizen science classification can take minutes.”
Collaboration dynamics for space technology: the case of Satellite Networked Open Ground Station
Chrysos, P., Sioumalas-Christodoulou, K., Gavrilis, A., & Kafetzoglou, T. (2026) · Frontiers in Political Science · doi:10.3389/fpos.2026.1914686
Han, M., Kim, T., Yun, J., & Kim, L. (2026) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2609.36069
“Beginners in technical domains have traditionally relied on relatively easy problems as an entry point [34, 35]; our findings suggest that such entry points may be disappearing, particularly within data-rich domains.”
Assefa, B. D., & Wicaksono, H. (2026) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.joitmc.2026.100880
Zhou, M.-Y., Yin, Y., & Chen, Y. (2026) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.03585
“New-comers often begin with bounded tasks, learn project practices through observation and feedback, and gradually move toward more central roles (von Krogh, Spaeth, and Lakhani 2003).”
Xu, W.-W., Cui, X., Ye, H.-Z., & Zhou, M. (2026) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2607.01810
“A parallel strand studies how outsiders become contributors: the joining and socialization paths they follow [20], [21], the first interactions that shape whether they continue [24], and the social links that ease entry [59]; the common thread is that joining is easily derailed by friction [18].”
Identities for upstream value creation: the case of open-source software communities
Öberg, C., Grundström, C., & Rosenfall, T. (2026) · Online information review (Print) · doi:10.1108/oir-07-2025-0500
Stvilia, B., & Gibradze, L. (2026) · Information and Learning Sciences · doi:10.1108/ils-12-2025-0242
Unveiling the Performance of Open-Source Value Co-Creation: the Moderating Role of Licenses
Luo, Y., Yan, J., & Sun, S. (2025) · IEEE Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, Intl Conf on Cloud and Big Data Computing, Intl Conf on Cyber Science and Technology Congress (DASC/PiCom/CBDCom/CyberSciTech) · doi:10.1109/cyberscitech68397.2025.00041
“Furthermore, their enthusiasm often inspires and motivates more people to participate, forming a dynamic and collaborative community [11], thus exerting a far-reaching impact on the long-term success and sustainability of the project.”
Leveling Up or Dropping Out: Searching for Learning Routines in Crowdsourced Environments
Jackson, C., Østerlund, C., Vamsi, A., Smith, A. O., & Crowston, K. (2025) · Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact. · doi:10.1145/3757489
“Similarly, in FL/OSS, beginner-friendly issues and detailed documentation have lowered barriers for novice contributors [48].”
Bursts and Triggers: Socially-Driven Activity in Open-Source Co-Editing NetworksPreprint
Qarkaxhija, L., Capraro, M., Menzel, S., Sendhoff, B., & Scholtes, I. (2025) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.26173
“Understanding the social mechanisms that enable thousands of distributed developers to effectively coordinate their work is fundamental to comprehend how complex software systems emerge from decentralized collaboration [3], [4].”
Patterns in the Transition From Founder-Leadership to Community Governance of Open SourcePreprint
Noori, M., Chakraborti, M., Zhang, A. X., & Frey, S. (2025) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.16295
Students’ Perspectives on the Intention to Pursue Technology Entrepreneurship: A Case study
Nguyen, D. H., & Nguyen, L. T. (2025) · International STEM Education Conference (iSTEM-Ed) · doi:10.1109/istem-ed65612.2025.11129315
“Furthermore, the creation of open-source platforms and APIs has decreased the expenses associated with product development, which facilitates the implementation of business ideas by students [9].”
An Initial Analysis of Newcomers Based on Labels in Contemporary GitHub Projects
Setiawan, F. H., Nugroho, Y., & Kula, R. G. (2024) · International Conference on Data and Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/icodse63307.2024.10829876
“Prior studies have explored the motivations and attractiveness of OSS developers [2]–[5] and examined the transition from a newcomer to a core member of a project among developers [6]–[9].”
Analyzing Women’s Contributions to Open-Source Software Projects based on Large Language Models
Zhuang, Y., Zhang, M.-Y., Yang, Y., & Wang, L. (2024) · International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design · doi:10.1109/cscwd61410.2024.10580385
“These studies also demonstrate the interaction between technical and social aspects, showcasing the impact of women’s contributions on code quality and community cohesion [13].”
BackgroundTowards the First Code Contribution: Processes and Information Needs
Treude, C., Gerosa, M., & Steinmacher, I. (2024) · arXiv.org · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.18677
“…the exploratory nature of our first two research questions, we used methods from Grounded Theory [5] to analyze the collected data, while constantly referring and comparing to related work, in particular to Steinmacher et al.’s barriers model [52] and von Krogh et al.’s joining script [60].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- von Krogh, G., Spaeth, S., & Lakhani, K. R.
- Affiliations
- University of St.Gallen (CH)
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Spaeth, Sebastian
- Venue
- Research Policy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-07
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1217-1241
- ISSN
- 0048-7333 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3124560715
- Cited by
- 1,025
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 55 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 79.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Research Policy (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Open Source Software Innovations
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Software Engineering Techniques and Practices
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Digital Platforms and Economics
- Keywords
- open source software, Freenet, developer communities, specialization, peer-to-peer file sharing, anonymity
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