The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Psychological threat represents an inner alarm that arouses vigilance and the motive to reaffirm the self (Steele 1988).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Steele 1988
In the citing paper
“The postulate that people are motivated to maintain self-integrity rests at the center of selfaffirmation theory (Steele 1988; see also Sherman & Cohen 2006).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Steele 1988
In the citing paper
“Threats to this image evoke psychological threat (see Steele 1988, Sherman & Cohen 2006).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Steele 1988
In the citing paper
“People have a basic need to maintain the integrity of the self, a global sense of personal adequacy.”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Steele 1988
In the citing paper
“Even small inputs into the self-system can have large effects, because a healthy self-system is motivated to maintain integrity and generate affirming meanings (Steele 1988; see also Sherman & Cohen 2006).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Steele 1988
In the citing paper
“As self-affirmation theory suggests, a threat derives its power from the challenge it poses to global self-integrity (Steele 1988).”
From The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention (2014) · cites this paper as Steele 1988
Citations
Cites
Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change
Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
The psychology of interpersonal relations
Heider, F. (1958) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089062 · Cited by 17,189
Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency
Bandura, A. (1982) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.37.2.122 · Cited by 15,975
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 · Cited by 11,317
Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability
Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(73)90033-9 · Cited by 9,984
Learned helplessness in humans: Critique and reformulation.
Abramson, L. Y., Seligman, M. E., & Teasdale, J. D. (1978) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.87.1.49 · Cited by 7,121
Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 6,181
Self-schemata and processing information about the self.
Markus, H. R. (1977) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.35.2.63 · Cited by 3,911
Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: 1955
Feshbach, S., & Jones, M. R. (1957) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419253 · Cited by 3,842
Attribution: Perceiving the Causes of Behavior
JONES, E. E. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,760
Adjustment to threatening events: A theory of cognitive adaptation.
Taylor, S. E. (1983) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.38.11.1161 · Cited by 3,176
Hatfield, E. C., Walster, G. W., Berscheid, E., Austin, W. G., Traupmann, J., & Utne, M. K. (1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,387
The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history.
Greenwald, A. G. (1980) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.35.7.603 · Cited by 1,942
A Theory of Psychological Reactance
Mishler, E. G. (1968) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-196811000-00013 · Cited by 1,665
Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment.
Weiner, H. J., Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. D. (1981) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2287875 · Cited by 1,468
James, W. (n.d.) · University of Michigan Library Repository · Cited by 1,439
The self-concept revisited: Or a theory of a theory.
Epstein, S. J. (1973) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/h0034679 · Cited by 1,290
Seligman, M. E. P. (1972) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.me.23.020172.002203 · Cited by 1,160
Hastorf, A. H., & Isen, A. M. (1982) · Elsevier eBooks · Cited by 1,033
The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance: A Current Perspective
Aronson, E. (1969) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60075-1 · Cited by 950
Human Helplessness: Theory and Applications
Garber, J., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1980) · Cited by 883
Dissonance processes as self-affirmation.
Steele, C. M., & Liu, T. J. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.45.1.5 · Cited by 785
Self-citationCauses and effects of causal attribution.
Hastie, R. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.1.44 · Cited by 714
Perspectives on Cognitive Dissonance
Wicklund, R. A., & Brehm, J. W. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203767672 · Cited by 651
Attention and automaticity in the processing of self-relevant information.
Bargh, J. A. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.3.425 · Cited by 536
Mental Representations of the Self
Kihlstrom, J. F., & Cantor, N. L. (1984) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60117-3 · Cited by 491
Coping with undesirable life events
Silver, R. (1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 486
The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations
Hollander, E. P., Heider, F., Tagiuri, R., & Petrullo, L. (1959) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419390 · Cited by 476
When our identities are mistaken: Reaffirming self-conceptions through social interaction.
Swann, W. B., & Hill, C. A. (1982) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.43.1.59 · Cited by 473
Performance expectancy as a determinant of actual performance.
Aronson, E., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1962) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0042291 · Cited by 464
Motivational and functional helplessness: The moderating effect of state versus action orientation.
Kühl, J. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.40.1.155 · Cited by 454
Remembering information related to one's self
Bower, G. H., & Gilligan, S. G. (1979) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(79)90005-9 · Cited by 443
Modes of resolution of belief dilemmas
Abelson, R. P. (1959) · Journal of Conflict Resolution · doi:10.1177/002200275900300403 · Cited by 348
The ego in contemporary psychology.
Āllport, G. W. (1943) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0055375 · Cited by 327
The Social Brain: Discovering the Networks of the Mind
Gazzaniga, M. S. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 304
Twenty years of cognitive dissonance: Case study of the evolution of a theory.
Greenwald, A. G., & Ronis, D. L. (1978) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.85.1.53 · Cited by 270
Explorations in Cognitive Dissonance
Liguori, S. M., Brehm, J. W., & Cohen, A. R. (1963) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3708252 · Cited by 269
Fromkin, H. L. (1970) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030059 · Cited by 252
Deprivation of control and the attribution process.
Pittman, T. S., & Pittman, N. L. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.377 · Cited by 246
Whatever Became of Consistency Theory?
Abelson, R. P. (1983) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167283091006 · Cited by 207
Right hemisphere language following brain bisection: A 20-year perspective.
Gazzaniga, M. S. (1983) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.38.5.525 · Cited by 199
Private and public self-attention, resistance to change, and dissonance reduction.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.390 · Cited by 171
Steele, C. M. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076291 · Cited by 117
Self-citationArousal as a necessary condition for attitude change following induced compliance.
Cooper, J., Zanna, M. P., & Taves, P. A. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.10.1101 · Cited by 117
Personal responsibility and dissonance: The role of foreseen consequences.
Cooper, J. (1971) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030995 · Cited by 115
Reactions to Unexpected Events
Clary, E. G., & Tesser, A. (1983) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167283094010 · Cited by 106
Attributional analysis as self-affirmation.
Liu, T. J., & Steele, C. M. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.3.531 · Cited by 100
Self-citationDistortion in person perception as a consequence of the need for effective control.
Miller, D. T., Norman, S. A., & Wright, E. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.6.598 · Cited by 98
Dissonance motivation: Its nature, persistence, and reinstatement
Higgins, E. T., Rhodewalt, F. T., & Zanna, M. P. (1979) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(79)90015-5 · Cited by 98
Unsolicited interpretation and recall of interpersonal events.
Harvey, J. H., Yarkin, K. L., Lightner, J. M., & Town, J. P. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.4.551 · Cited by 87
Dissonance and alcohol: Drinking your troubles away.
Steele, C. M., Southwick, L. L., & Critchlow, B. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.41.5.831 · Cited by 77
Self-citationOn the interaction of repression-sensitization and attention in resolving cognitive dissonance1
Zanna, M. P., & Aziza, C. (1976) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1976.tb00139.x · Cited by 68
Preference of dissonance reduction modes as a function of their order, familiarity and reversibility
Götz‐Marchand, B., Götz, J., & Irle, M. (1974) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420040206 · Cited by 64
Seven studies of performance expectancy as a determinant of actual performance
Brock, T. C., Edelman, S. K., Edwards, D. C., & Schuck, J. R. (1965) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(65)90010-7 · Cited by 63
Self-Deception and Self-Understanding
Kittay, E. F. (1988) · Idealistic Studies · doi:10.5840/idstudies198818111 · Cited by 57
Making the Dissonant Act Unreflective of Self
Steele, C. M., & Liu, T. J. (1981) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616728173004 · Cited by 51
Self-citationPerformance expectancy as a determinant of actual performance: A replication with a new design.
Cottrell, N. B. (1965) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0022632 · Cited by 46
When dissonance is reduced: The timing of self-justificatory attitude change.
Goethals, G. R., & Cooper, J. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.32.2.361 · Cited by 32
When does dissonance fail? The time dimension in attitude measurement1
Crano, W. D., & Messé, L. A. (1970) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1970.tb00025.x · Cited by 21
A motivational factor in self-report validity
Wicklund, R. A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1983) · Cited by 16
The Effect of Commitment on Information Utilization in the Attribution Process
Pittman, T. S., Scherrer, F. W., & Wright, J. B. (1977) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727700300225 · Cited by 12
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Springer, 1981
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.98.2.224 · Cited by 21,995
The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 · Cited by 9,916
The case for motivated reasoning.
Kunda, Z. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480 · Cited by 9,022
Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4 · Cited by 6,682
The Role of Goal Orientation in Self-Regulated Learning
Pintrich, P. R. (2000) · Handbook of Self-Regulation · doi:10.1016/b978-012109890-2/50043-3 · Cited by 5,173
Metadata
- Authors
- Steele, C. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Steele, Claude M.
- Venue
- Advances in Experimental Social Psychology
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 1988
- Pages
- 261-302
- ISSN
- 0065-2601 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1935421882
- Cited by
- 3,697
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 125 · 2023: 134 · 2022: 226 · 2021: 152 · 2020: 185 · 2019: 166 · 2018: 158 · 2017: 178 · 2016: 174 · 2015: 163 · 2014: 149 · 2013: 147 · 2012: 163
- FWCI
- 26.44
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advances in experimental social psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- self-affirmation, self-integrity, self-regard, self-threat, coping, rationalization, self-conception, self-concept
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
