Spacing and Testing Effects

Human Memory: A Proposed System and its Control Processes

Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60422-3 · Cited by 7,216

Human memory : theory and practice

Baddeley, A. (1990) · Cited by 3,045

Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition

Anderson, J. R. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203728178 · Cited by 2,929

Test-Enhanced Learning: Taking Memory Tests Improves Long-Term Retention

Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01693.x · Cited by 2,867

Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited-capacity attention.

Neely, J. H. (1977) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.106.3.226 · Cited by 2,826

The Atomic Components of Thought

Anderson, J. R., & Lebiere, C. J. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315805696 · Cited by 2,181

When and where do we apply what we learn?: A taxonomy for far transfer

Barnett, S. M., & Ceci, S. J. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.4.612 · Cited by 2,076

The power of testing memory: Basic research and implications for educational practice

Roediger, H. L., & Karpicke, J. D. (2006) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00012.x · Cited by 2,037

Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition : A selective review of current findings and theories

NEELY, J. G. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,897

Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis.

Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.354 · Cited by 1,888 · cited 3×

Verbal long-term memory is enhanced by retrieval practice but impaired by prefrontal direct current stimulation

Brunyé, T. T., Smith, A. M., Horner, C., & Thomas, A. K. (2018) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2018.09.008 · Cited by 21

Behavioral representational similarity analysis reveals how episodic learning is influenced by and reshapes semantic memory

Walsh, C. R., & Rissman, J. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42770-w · Cited by 21

The Effect of Cumulative Tests on the Final Exam

Beagley, J. E., & Capaldi, M. (2016) · PRIMUS · doi:10.1080/10511970.2016.1194343 · Cited by 20

Spacing of cue-approach training leads to better maintenance of behavioral change

Bakkour, A., Botvinik‐Nezer, R., Cohen, N., Hover, A. M., Poldrack, R. A., & Schönberg, T. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201580 · Cited by 20

Emerging and Future Directions in Test-Enhanced Learning Research

Pan, S. C., Dunlosky, J. T., Xu, K. M., & Ouwehand, K. (2024) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-024-09857-2 · Cited by 29

Lack of spacing effects during piano learning

Wiseheart, M., LaPlume, A. A., & Chae, J. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182986 · Cited by 19

Working memory capacity and the spacing effect in cued recall

Delaney, P. F., Godbole, N. R., Holden, L. R., & Chang, Y. (2017) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1408841 · Cited by 22

Distributed practice in mathematics: Recommendable especially for students on a medium performance level?

Nazari, K. B., & Ebersbach, M. (2019) · Trends in Neuroscience and Education · doi:10.1016/j.tine.2019.100122 · Cited by 19

Implementing Cognitive Science and Discipline-Based Education Research in the Undergraduate Science Classroom

Davidesco, I., & Milne, C. E. (2019) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.18-12-0240 · Cited by 18

Investigating and explaining the effects of successive relearning on long-term retention.

Rawson, K. A., Vaughn, K. E., Walsh, M., & Dunlosky, J. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000146 · Cited by 36

The Testing Effect and Far Transfer: The Role of Exposure to Key Information

van Eersel, G. G., Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., Povilenaite, M., & Rikers, R. M. J. P. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01977 · Cited by 20

Modeling Students' Memory for Application in Adaptive Educational Systems.

Pelánek, R. (2015) · Cited by 18

Examining the contributions of desirable difficulty and reminding to the spacing effect

Maddox, G. B., Pyc, M. A., Kauffman, Z. S., Gatewood, J. D., & Schonhoff, A. M. (2018) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-018-0843-3 · Cited by 18

Serious Snacking: A Survival Analysis of how Snacking Mechanics Affect Attrition in a Mobile Serious Game

Alexandrovsky, D., Friehs, M. A., Grittner, J., Putze, S., Birk, M. V., Malaka, R., & Mandryk, R. L. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445689 · Cited by 21

Temporal dynamics of categorization: forgetting as the basis of abstraction and generalization

Vlach, H. A., & Kalish, C. W. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01021 · Cited by 21

Prior knowledge level dissociates effects of retrieval practice and elaboration

Ma, X., Xiao-e, Y., Li, Y., & Zhou, A. (2016) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2016.09.012 · Cited by 17

Do students space their course study? Those who do earn higher grades.

Hartwig, M. K., & Malain, E. D. (2021) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101538 · Cited by 19

The influence of intentional versus incidental retrieval practices on the role of recollection in test-enhanced learning

Pu, X., & Tse, C. (2013) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-013-0580-2 · Cited by 16

Distributed Learning in the Classroom: Effects of Rereading Schedules Depend on Time of Test

Greving, C. E., & Richter, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02517 · Cited by 15

Testing the reminding account of the lag effect in L2 vocabulary learning

Koval, N. G. (2021) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716421000370 · Cited by 20

The effects of repetition spacing on the illusory truth effect

Udry, J., White, S. K., & Barber, S. J. (2022) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105157 · Cited by 20

Category structure modulates interleaving and blocking advantage in inductive category acquisition

Carvalho, P. F., & Goldstone, R. L. (2012) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 14

Effects of distributed practice and criterion level on word retrieval in aphasia

Schuchard, J., Rawson, K. A., & Middleton, E. L. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104216 · Cited by 15

Memory Search ☆

Kahana, M. J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21038-9 · Cited by 14

Visual category learning: Navigating the intersection of rules and similarity

Hughes, G. I., & Thomas, A. K. (2021) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-020-01838-0 · Cited by 17

Using Spacing to Promote Lasting Learning in Educational Contexts: Promises and Challenges

Ebersbach, M., Lachner, A., Scheiter, K., & Richter, T. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1026/0049-8637/a000259 · Cited by 14

The spacing effect in immediate and delayed free recall

Godbole, N. R., Delaney, P. F., & Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L. (2014) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2013.798416 · Cited by 14

A unique and effective method of anatomy education: Small‐group learning with prosected plastinated specimens

López, E. K. N., Johnson, J. H., Cunningham, E. P., Warshaw, J., & Baker, E. W. (2021) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/jdd.12817 · Cited by 14

A deeper analysis of the spacing effect after “deep” encoding

Delaney, P. F., Spirgel, A. S., & Toppino, T. C. (2012) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-012-0207-3 · Cited by 14

Modeling list-strength and spacing effects using version 3 of the retrieving effectively from memory (REM.3) model and its superimposition-of-similar-images assumption

Ensor, T. M., Surprenant, A. M., & Neath, I. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-019-01324-z · Cited by 13

Assessing knowledge growth in a psychology curriculum: which students improve most?

Schaap, L., Schmidt, H. G., & Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L. (2011) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2011.581747 · Cited by 13

Pushing typists back on the learning curve: Memory chunking in the hierarchical control of skilled typewriting.

Yamaguchi, M., & Logan, G. D. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000288 · Cited by 15

To mass or space? Young children do not possess adults’ incorrect biases about spaced learning

Vlach, H. A., Bredemann, C. A., & Kraft, C. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.02.003 · Cited by 14

Judging credibility: Can spaced lessons help students think more critically online?

Foot‐Seymour, V., Foot, J., & Wiseheart, M. (2019) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3539 · Cited by 18

Beyond the Distributed Practice Effect: Is Distributed Learning Also Effective for Learning With Non-repeated Text Materials?

Greving, C. E., & Richter, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685245 · Cited by 12

Examining the lag effect under incidental encoding: Contributions of semantic priming and reminding

Bui, D. C., Maddox, G. B., Zou, F., & Hale, S. (2014) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2014.909506 · Cited by 12

Designing Effective Speech-Language Interventions for Children in the Public Schools

Justice, L. M., Logan, J. A. R., Schmitt, M. B., & Jiang, H. (2016) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732215624705 · Cited by 12

The influence of the spacing effect on L2 vocabulary learning: A study on Chinese university students

Yan, T., & Zhou, D. (2023) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2023.103049 · Cited by 14

The influence of encoding manipulations on the dynamics of free recall

Nash Unsworth, A. (2014) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-014-0447-5 · Cited by 13

Between-list lag effects in recall depend on retention interval

Pyc, M. A., Balota, D. A., McDermott, K. B., Tully, T., & Roediger, H. L., III (2014) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-014-0406-1 · Cited by 11

The testing effect for mediator final test cues and related final test cues in online and laboratory experiments

Coppens, L. C., Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., Bouwmeester, S., & Rikers, R. M. J. P. (2016) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-016-0127-2 · Cited by 10

Generating Causal Relations in Scientific Texts: The Long-Term Advantages of Successful Generation

Abel, R., & Hänze, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00199 · Cited by 10

Test-enhanced learning for pairs and triplets: When and why does transfer occur?

Rickard, T. C., & Pan, S. C. (2020) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-020-01048-y · Cited by 9

Non-native Readers Are More Sensitive to Changes in Surface Linguistic Information than Native Readers*

Bordag, D., Opitz, A., Polter, M., & Meng, M. (2021) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728920000772 · Cited by 11

Applying cognitive science principles to improve retention of science vocabulary

Shore, R. A., Ray, J., & Gooklasian, P. (2015) · Learning Environments Research · doi:10.1007/s10984-015-9178-1 · Cited by 13

Providing corrective feedback during retrieval practice does not increase retrieval-induced forgetting

Erdman, M. R., & Chan, J. C. K. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.790389 · Cited by 10

Revolutionizing Aerospace and Defense: The Impact of AI and Robotics on Modern Warfare

Shetty, D. K., Gayathri, P., Naik, N., Bhat, R., Sharma, J., & Mehrotra, P. (2022) · International Conference on Information Management & Machine Intelligence (ICIMMI) · doi:10.1145/3590837.3590856 · Cited by 9

Unfamiliar faces in recognition memory

Wang, Y., Xu, Q., Liao, S., & Jia, D. (2017) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000000847 · Cited by 9

Comparing Formative and Summative Cumulative Assessment: Two Field Experiments in an Applied University Engineering Course

den Boer, A. W., Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., & Heijltjes, A. E. G. (2020) · Psychology Learning & Teaching · doi:10.1177/1475725720971946 · Cited by 12

Cumulative assessment: Does it improve students’ knowledge acquisition and retention?

Cecílio‐Fernandes, D., Nagtegaal, M., Noordzij, G., & Tio, R. A. (2018) · Scientia Medica · doi:10.15448/1980-6108.2018.4.31880 · Cited by 9

When are difficulties desirable for children? First steps toward a developmental and individual differences account of the spacing effect.

Knabe, M. L., & Vlach, H. A. (2020) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.07.007 · Cited by 9

Dynamic memory searches: Selective output interference for the memory of facts

Aue, W. R., Criss, A., & Prince, M. (2015) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0840-5

The spacing effect in older and younger adults: does context matter?

Bercovitz, K. E., Bell, M. C., Simone, P. M., & Wiseheart, M. (2016) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2016.1251552 · Cited by 10

Personalizing Training to Acquire and Sustain Competence Through Use of a Cognitive Model

Jastrzembski, T. S., Walsh, M. M., Krusmark, M., Kardong‐Edgren, S., Oermann, M. H., Dufour, K. M., Millwater, T. L., Gluck, K. A., Glenn Gunzelmann, A., Harris, J. J., et al. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58625-0_10 · Cited by 9

Strong Effects on Weak Theoretical Grounds: Understanding the Distributed Practice Effect

Kuepper-Tetzel, C. E. (2014) · Cited by 9

Distributed Revisiting: an Analytic for Retention of Coherent Science Learning

Svihla, V., Wester, M. J., & Linn, M. C. (2015) · Journal of Learning Analytics · doi:10.18608/jla.2015.22.7 · Cited by 8

Effects of spacing techniques on EFL learners’ recognition and production of lexical collocations

Farvardin, M. T. (2019) · Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.17509/ijal.v9i2.20237 · Cited by 8

Effects of making errors in learning a foreign language

Guzmán-Muñoz, F. J. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2020.1711766 · Cited by 12

The critical importance of timing of retrieval practice for the fate of nonretrieved memories

Kriechbaum, V. M., & Bäuml, K. T. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32916-7 · Cited by 8

Individual differences in fluid intelligence moderate the interleaving effect for perceptual category learning

Pan, S. C., Yu, L., Hong, Y., Wong, M. J., Selvarajan, G., & Kaku, M. E. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102603 · Cited by 8

Repetition and Spacing Effects on True and False Recognition in the DRM Paradigm

DUBUISSON, J., Fiori, N., & Nicolas, S. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00963.x · Cited by 8

Taking neurogenesis out of the lab and into the world with MAP Train My Brain™

Millon, E. M., & Shors, T. J. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112154 · Cited by 8

Going beyond the spacing effect: Does it matter how time on a task is distributed?

Murphy, D. H., Bjork, R. A., & Bjork, E. L. (2022) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/17470218221113933 · Cited by 10

Do we remember when to better recall what? Repetition benefits are probably not due to explicit temporal context memory

Adams, R. L., & Delaney, P. F. (2023) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2023.104415 · Cited by 8

Learnin’ ‘bout my generation? Evaluating the effects of generation on encoding, recall, and metamemory across study-test experiences

Burnett, A. N., & Bodner, G. E. (2014) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2014.04.005 · Cited by 10

The spacing effect and metacognitive control.

Mulligan, N. W., & Peterson, D. J. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0033866 · Cited by 8

Distributed practice in classroom inquiry science learning

Svihla, V., Wester, M. J., & Linn, M. C. (2018) · Learning: Research and Practice · doi:10.1080/23735082.2017.1371321 · Cited by 8

Memory for Problem Solving: Comparative Studies in Attention, Working and Long-term Memory

Bobrowicz, K. (2019) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.21981.77281 · Cited by 8

Variation in encoding context benefits item recognition

Salan, J., Smith, D. E., Shafer, E. S., & Diana, R. A. (2024) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-024-01603-x · Cited by 7

Goldilocks Forgetting in Cross-Situational Learning

Ibbotson, P., López, D. G., & McKane, A. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01301 · Cited by 7

Optimizing song retention through the spacing effect

Katz, J. J., Ando, M., & Wiseheart, M. (2021) · Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-021-00345-7 · Cited by 7

Good research requires productive theories and guidelines

Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., & Tabbers, H. K. (2013) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.12266 · Cited by 7

Distinct episodic contexts enhance retrieval-based learning

Schwoebel, J., Depperman, A. K., & Scott, J. L. (2018) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2018.1464190 · Cited by 7

Using Cumulative Homework in Calculus Classes

Beagley, J. E., & Capaldi, M. (2019) · PRIMUS · doi:10.1080/10511970.2019.1588814 · Cited by 7

Pairing practice and feedback with animations optimizes student learning in online module

Brasier, D. J., Melville, M. C., Hershock, C., & Rule, G. S. (2019) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12388 · Cited by 7

Evaluating the Consistency of Subjective Activity Assessments and Their Relation to Cognition in Older Adults

Hatt, C. R., Brydges, C. R., Mogle, J. A., Sliwinski, M. J., & Bielak, A. A. M. (2021) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics6030074 · Cited by 7

Cognitive Development

Michal, A. L., Fansher, M., Sun, X., Zhang, H., & Shah, P. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841332.013.7 · Cited by 7

Revisiting generalizability theory in the age of artificial intelligence: Implications for empirical educational research

Degen, B. (2025) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2025.100278 · Cited by 8

Institutionalized Misinformation in US Education: Combatting the Overselling of Learning Styles and Underselling of Spaced Effort

Cleary, A. M., & Robinson, D. H. (2025) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.70005 · Cited by 7

Education and Memory

Putnam, A. L., & Roediger, H. L., III (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn106 · Cited by 7

Benefits of spaced learning are predicted by the re-encoding of past experience in ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Zou, F., Kuhl, B. A., DuBrow, S., & Hutchinson, J. B. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115232 · Cited by 6

Does mediator use contribute to the spacing effect for cued recall? Critical tests of the mediator hypothesis

Morehead, K., Dunlosky, J. T., Rawson, K. A., Bishop, M., & Pyc, M. A. (2017) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1381266 · Cited by 5

Using Distributed Practice to Improve Students’ Attitudes and Performance in Statistics

Benson, W. L., Dunning, J. P., & Barber, D. (2020) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0098628320979680 · Cited by 6

The role of variable retrieval in effective learning

Butowska, E., Kliś, P., Zawadzka, K., & Hanczakowski, M. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2413511121 · Cited by 9

The time between tasks in task repetition research: A systematic review

Rogers, J., & Li, P.-L. (2025) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688251323047 · Cited by 4

Specifying the neural basis of the spacing effect with multivariate ERP

Kim, A.-L. S., Wiseheart, M., Wong-Kee-You, A., Le, B. T., Moreno, S., & Rosenbaum, R. S. (2020) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107550 · Cited by 5

Design and evaluation of an application-based pharmaceutical calculations review module

Hegener, M. A. (2021) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2021.06.016 · Cited by 7

A Meta-analytic Review of the Effectiveness of Spacing and Retrieval Practice for Mathematics Learning

Murray, E., Horner, A. J., & Göbel, S. M. (2025) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-025-10035-1 · Cited by 4

Preservation of long-term memory in older adults using a spaced learning paradigm

Caffrey, M., & Commins, S. (2023) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-023-00750-5 · Cited by 5

Evidence and Theory for why the Best Example-Problem Ratio To Optimize Learning Gain Depends on Knowledge Content

Rachatasumrit, N., Koedinger, K. R., & Carvalho, P. F. (2025) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-025-00511-8 · Cited by 6

Spaced repetition and active recall improves academic performance among pharmacy students

Saravanan, J. (2025) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2025.102510 · Cited by 7

Is practice good enough? Retrieval benefits students with ADHD but does not compensate for poor encoding in unmedicated students

Minear, M. E., Coane, J. H., Cooney, L. H., Boland, S. C., & Serrano, J. W. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1186566 · Cited by 7

The TRIPLE Change Framework: Merging Theories of Intersectional Power, Learning, and Change to Enable Just, Equitable, Diverse, and Inclusive Engineering Education

Svihla, V., Davis, S. C., & Kellam, N. N. (2023) · Studies in Engineering Education · doi:10.21061/see.87 · Cited by 5

Impact of task repetition schedules and emotions on L2 writing performance profiles using latent transition analysis

Tabari, M. A., & Lee, H. (2025) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2025.100974 · Cited by 5

Negative recency effects in delayed recognition: Spacing, consolidation, and retrieval strategy processes

Sheaffer, R., & Levy, D. A. (2022) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-022-01293-3 · Cited by 4

Judging the credibility of websites: an effectiveness trial of the spacing effect in the elementary classroom

Foot-Seymour, V., & Wiseheart, M. (2022) · Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-022-00358-w · Cited by 4

Spacing, Feedback, and Testing Boost Vocabulary Learning in a Web Application

Belardi, A., Pedrett, S., Rothen, N., & Reber, T. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.757262 · Cited by 4

Why does lag affect the durability of memory-based automaticity: Loss of memory strength or interference?

Wilkins, N. J., & Rawson, K. A. (2013) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.07.021 · Cited by 4

Effects of elaborate feedback during practice tests: Costs and benefits of retrieval prompts.

van den Broek, G. S. E., Segers, E., van Rijn, H., Takashima, A., & Verhoeven, L. T. W. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000212 · Cited by 7

Testing effects for novel word learning in Chinese–English bilinguals

Tse, C., & Pu, X. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139035279.011 · Cited by 4

Picking the Right Dose: The Challenges of Applying Spaced Testing to Education

Larsen, D. P. (2014) · Journal of Graduate Medical Education · doi:10.4300/jgme-d-14-00170.1 · Cited by 8

The Critical Importance of Retrieval—and Spacing—for Learning

Soderstrom, N. C., Kerr, T., & Bjork, R. A. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615617778 · Cited by 53

Distributed rereading can hurt the spacing effect in text memory

Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., Rikers, R. M. J. P., & Özsoy, B. (2007) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1388 · Cited by 37

Understanding the underlying mechanism of the spacing effect in verbal learning: a case for encoding variability and study-phase retrieval

Maddox, G. B. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2016.1181637 · Cited by 54

Passing the test: Improving Learning Gains by Balancing Spacing and Testing Effects

van Rijn, H., van Maanen, L., van Woudenberg, M., Hoses, A., Peebles, D., & Cooper, R. (2009) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 42