Cited by 257Memory Processes and InfluencesVisual and Cognitive Learning ProcessesMemory and Neural Mechanisms

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Spacing and Testing Effects

Peter F. Delaney, Peter P. J. L. Verkoeijen, Arie S. Spirgel·2010·Psychology of Learning and Motivation

DOI 10.1016/s0079-7421(10)53003-2

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The effect of type and timing of feedback on learning from multiple-choice tests.
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Long-Term Habituation of a Defensive Withdrawal Reflex in Aplysia
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The Influence of Length and Frequency of Training Session on the Rate of Learning to Type
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The effects of tests on learning and forgetting.
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Monotonic and nonmonotonic lag effects in paired-associate and recognition memory paradigms
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Application of the testing and spacing effects to name learning
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Narrative stories as mediators for serial learning
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Testing during study insulates against the buildup of proactive interference.
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A testing effect with multimedia learning.
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The effects of overlearning and distributed practise on the retention of mathematics knowledge
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Different rates of forgetting following study versus test trials
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Distributing and Managing the Conditions of Encoding and Practice
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Intraserial repetition and coding processes in free recall
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Altering memory representations through retrieval.
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Theories of priming: I. Associative distance and lag.
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Metacognition in motor learning.
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Knowledge Organization and Text Organization
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Distributed and massed practice from laboratory to classroom
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When does retrieval induce forgetting and when does it induce facilitation? Implications for retrieval inhibition, testing effect, and text processing
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Protein Synthesis Is Required for the Enhancement of Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Memory by Spaced Training
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Decision processes in recognition memory: Criterion shifts and the list-strength paradigm.
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Massed and Spaced Learning in Honeybees: The Role of CS, US, the Intertrial Interval, and the Test Interval
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Test differences in accessing bilingual memory
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Semantic priming and the word repetition effect in a lexical decision task.
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The dynamics of learning and allocation of study time to a region of proximal learning
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Effects of recall tests on long-term retention of paired associates
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The relationship between contextual facilitation and depth of processing.
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The importance of retrieval failures to long-term retention: A metacognitive explanation of the spacing effect
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The Contribution of Morphological and Semantic Relatedness to Repetition Priming at Short and Long Lags: Evidence from Hebrew
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What types of learning are enhanced by a cued recall test?
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When forgetting helps memory: an analysis of repetition effects
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Background
The "One-Shot" Hypothesis for Context Storage.
Malmberg, K. J., & Shiffrin, R. M. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.31.2.322 · Cited by 164
The spacing effect: consolidation or differential encoding?
Bjork, R. A., & Allen, T. W. (1970) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(70)80103-7 · Cited by 160 · cited 1×
“These early consolidation theories were rejected based mainly on a celebrated study by Bjork and Allen (1970), who presented a word triplet, then repeated it either following an ‘‘easy’’ distractor task or a ‘‘hard’’ distractor task.”
Method
The Testing Effect and the Retention Interval: Questions and Answers
Toppino, T. C., & Cohen, M. S. (2009) · Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.56.4.252 · Cited by 160
Repetition and Retrieval from Memory
Melton, A. W. (1967) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.158.3800.532-b · Cited by 157
Can encoding differences explain the benefits of directed forgetting in the list method paradigm?
Sahakyan, L., & Delaney, P. F. (2003) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/s0749-596x(02)00524-7 · Cited by 152
Self-citation
Repetition between and within languages in free recall
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Spacing One's Study: Evidence for a Metacognitive Control Strategy.
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Testing versus review: Effects on retention.
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How recall facilitates subsequent recall: A reappraisal.
Thompson, C. P., Wenger, S. K., & Bartling, C. A. (1978) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.4.3.210 · Cited by 143
Reinforcement as consolidation.
Landauer, T. K. (1969) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0026746 · Cited by 135
Testing beyond words: using tests to enhance visuospatial map learning
Carpenter, S. K., & Pashler, H. (2007) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03194092 · Cited by 133
Spacing judgments as an index of study-phase retrieval.
Hintzman, D. L., Summers, J. J., & Block, R. A. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.1.1.31 · Cited by 121
Spacing effects on cued-memory tests depend on level of processing.
Challis, B. H. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.19.2.389 · Cited by 120
An Analysis of Addition and Subtraction Word Problems in American and Soviet Elementary Mathematics Textbooks
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Interactions Between Forms of Memory: When Priming Hinders New Episodic Learning
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See all 257

Authors: Delaney, P. F., Verkoeijen, P. P. J. L., & Spirgel, A. S.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
ORCID: Peter F. Delaney
Peter P. J. L. Verkoeijen
Venue: Psychology of Learning and Motivation
Publisher: Elsevier
Published: 2010
Pages: 63-147
ISSN: 0079-7421 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0079-7421(10)53003-2
OpenAlex: W9033320
Cited by: 255
References: 233
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 22.12
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Keywords: spacing effect, testing effect, distributed practice, massed practice, long-term retention, recency effect, study strategy, contextual variation, restudy

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