Cited by 1,394Urban Transport and AccessibilityUrban Green Space and HealthPhysical Activity and Health

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study

Open access

Sallis, James F, Cerin, Ester, Conway, Terry L, Adams, Marc A, Frank, Lawrence D, Pratt, Michael, Salvo, Deborah, Schipperijn, Jasper, Smith, Graham, Cain, Kelli L, Davey, Rachel, Kerr, Jacqueline, Lai, Poh-Chin, Mitáš, Josef, Reis, Rodrigo, Sarmiento, Olga L, Schofield, Grant, Troelsen, Jens, Van Dyck, Delfien, De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse, Owen, Neville·2016·The Lancet

DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01284-2PMC PMC10833440

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Background Physical inactivity is a global pandemic responsible for over 5 million deaths annually through its effects on multiple non-communicable diseases. We aimed to document how objectively measured attributes of the urban environment are related to objectively measured physical activity, in an international sample of adults.Methods We based our analyses on the International Physical activity and Environment Network (IPEN) adult study, which was a coordinated, international, cross-sectional study. Participants were sampled from neighbourhoods with varied levels of walkability and socioeconomic status. The present analyses of data from the IPEN adult study included 6822 adults aged 18-66 years from 14 cities in ten countries on five continents. Indicators of walkability, public transport access, and park access were assessed in 1·0 km and 0·5 km street network buffers around each participant's residential address with geographic information systems. Mean daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity were measured with 4-7 days of accelerometer monitoring. Associations between environmental attributes and physical activity were estimated using generalised additive mixed models with gamma variance and logarithmic link functions.Results Four of six environmental attributes were significantly, positively, and linearly related to physical activity in the single variable models: net residential density (exp[b] 1·006 [95% CI 1·003-1·009]; p=0·001), intersection density (1·069 [1·011-1·130]; p=0·019), public transport density (1·037 [1·018-1·056]; p=0·0007), and number of parks (1·146 [1·033-1·272]; p=0·010). Mixed land use and distance to nearest public transport point were not related to physical activity. The difference in physical activity between participants living in the most and least activity-friendly neighbourhoods ranged from 68 min/week to 89 min/week, which represents 45-59% of the 150 min/week recommended by guidelines.Interpretation Design of urban environments has the potential to contribute substantially to physical activity. Similarity of findings across cities suggests the promise of engaging urban planning, transportation, and parks sectors in efforts to reduce the health burden of the global physical inactivity pandemic.Funding Funding for coordination of the IPEN adult study, including the present analysis, was provided by the National Cancer Institute of National Institutes of Health (CA127296) with studies in each country funded by different sources.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01284-2

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach.
Guthery, F. S., Burnham, K. P., & Anderson, D. R. (2003) · The Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2307/3802723 · Cited by 41,495
Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R
Wood, S. N. (2017) · doi:10.1201/9781315370279 · Cited by 13,852
‘Small Changes' to Diet and Physical Activity Behaviors for Weight Management
Hills, A. P., Byrne, N. M., Lindstrom, R. C., & Hill, J. O. (2013) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000345030 · Cited by 9,526
Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: An analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy
Lee, I.-M., Shiroma, E. J., Lobelo, F., Puska, P., Blair, S. N., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61031-9 · Cited by 8,215
Physical Activity in the United States Measured by Accelerometer
TROIANO, R. P., BERRIGAN, D., DODD, K. W., MÂSSE, L. C., TILERT, T., & MCDOWELL, M. (2008) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31815a51b3 · Cited by 7,638
Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not?
Bauman, A. E., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J., & Martin, B. W. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60735-1 · Cited by 4,151
Self-citation
Calibration of the Computer Science and Applications, Inc. accelerometer
FREEDSON, P. S., MELANSON, E., & SIRARD, J. (1998) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199805000-00021 · Cited by 3,825
An ecological approach to creating active living communities
Sallis, J. F., Cervero, R. B., Ascher, W., Henderson, K. A., Kraft, M. K., & Kerr, J. (2006) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100 · Cited by 3,296
Self-citation
The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health
Kohl, H. W., Craig, C. L., Lambert, E. V., Inoue, S., Alkandari, J. R., Leetongin, G., & Kahlmeier, S. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60898-8 · Cited by 2,985
Fit Yourself and Take Your Lungs to Heart
Palange, P., & Bonini, M. (2013) · Respiration · doi:10.1159/000350831 · Cited by 2,780

Show all 30 references

Sorted by citations

Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States
Islami, F., Goding Sauer, A., Miller, K. D., Siegel, R. L., Fedewa, S. A., Jacobs, E. J., McCullough, M. L., Patel, A. V., Ma, J., Soerjomataram, I., et al. (2018) · CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21440 · Cited by 1,610
A future for the world's children? A WHO–UNICEF–Lancet Commission
Clark, H., Coll-Seck, A. M., Banerjee, A., Peterson, S., Dalglish, S. L., Ameratunga, S., Balabanova, D., Bhan, M. K., Bhutta, Z. A., Borrazzo, J., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)32540-1 · Cited by 1,105
Large-scale physical activity data reveal worldwide activity inequality
Althoff, T., Sosič, R., Hicks, J. L., King, A. C., Delp, S. L., & Leskovec, J. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23018 · Cited by 1,000
Physical activity behaviours in adolescence: Current evidence and opportunities for intervention
van Sluijs, E. M. F., Ekelund, U., Crochemore-Silva, I., Guthold, R., Ha, A., Lubans, D., Oyeyemi, A. L., Ding, D., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01259-9 · Cited by 919
Urban planning and quality of life: A review of pathways linking the built environment to subjective well-being
Mouratidis, K. (2021) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2021.103229 · Cited by 1,060
Systematic literature review of built environment effects on physical activity and active transport – an update and new findings on health equity
Smith, M., Hosking, J., Woodward, A. J., Witten, K., Macmillan, A. K., Field, A., Baas, P. H., & Mackie, H. W. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0613-9 · Cited by 955
Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, diet, and cancer: an update and emerging new evidence
Kerr, J., Anderson, C. A. M., & Lippman, S. M. (2017) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30411-4 · Cited by 706
Self-citation
Environmental, health, wellbeing, social and equity effects of urban green space interventions: A meta-narrative evidence synthesis
Hunter, R. F., Cleland, C., Cleary, A., Droomers, M., Wheeler, B. W., Sinnett, D., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., & Braubach, M. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.104923 · Cited by 544
Promoting Physical Activity and Exercise
Fletcher, G. F., Landolfo, C. K., Niebauer, J., Ozemek, C., Arena, R. A., & Lavie, C. J. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2141 · Cited by 550
“Characteristics of the built environment can influence PA behavior and the health profile of community members (132).”
Background
Air pollution, physical activity and health: A mapping review of the evidence
Tainio, M., Andersen, Z. J., Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J., Hu, L., de Nazelle, A. J., An, R., García, L., Goenka, S., Zapata-Diomedi, B., Bull, F., et al. (2020) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2020.105954 · Cited by 485
Global matrix 2.0: report card grades on the physical activity of children and youth comparing 38 countries
Tremblay, M. S., Barnes, J. D., González, S. A., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Onywera, V. O., Reilly, J. J., Tomkinson, G. R., & _, _. (2016) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2016-0594 · Cited by 451
Behavior Change with Fitness Technology in Sedentary Adults: A Review of the Evidence for Increasing Physical Activity
Sullivan, A. N., & Lachman, M. E. (2017) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00289 · Cited by 458
“org January 2017 | Volume 4 | Article 289 in less walkable neighborhoods (64).”
Background
The built environment as a determinant of physical activity: a systematic review of longitudinal studies and natural experiments
Kärmeniemi, M., Lankila, T., Ikäheimo, T., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H., & Korpelainen, R. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kax043 · Cited by 446
“Recently, an international comparative study revealed that, among adults, living in an activity-friendly neighborhood was associated with 68 to 89 min more physical activity than living in a non-activity-friendly neighborhood (54).”
Built environment, urban vitality and social cohesion: Do vibrant neighborhoods foster strong communities?
Mouratidis, K., & Poortinga, W. (2020) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103951 · Cited by 416
Understanding an urbanizing planet: Strategic directions for remote sensing
Zhu, Z., Zhou, Y., Seto, K. C., Stokes, E. C., Deng, C., Pickett, S. T. A., & Taubenböck, H. (2019) · Remote Sensing of Environment · doi:10.1016/j.rse.2019.04.020 · Cited by 421
Association of Neighborhood Walkability With Change in Overweight, Obesity, and Diabetes
Creatore, M. I., Glazier, R. H., Moineddin, R., Fazli, G. S., Johns, A., Gozdyra, P., Matheson, F. I., Shriqui, V. K., Rosella, L. C., Manuel, D. G., et al. (2016) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2016.5898 · Cited by 381
Prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes, and cascade of care in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional, population-based study in rural and urban Malawi
Price, A., Crampin, A. C., Amberbir, A., Kayuni-Chihana, N., Musicha, C., Tafatatha, T., Branson, K. R., Lawlor, D. A., Mwaiyeghele, E., Nkhwazi, L., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(17)30432-1 · Cited by 351
Levels of ambient air pollution according to mode of transport: a systematic review
Cepeda, M., Schoufour, J. D., Freak‐Poli, R., Koolhaas, C. M., Dhana, K., Bramer, W. M., & Franco, O. H. (2016) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(16)30021-4 · Cited by 352
Within What Distance Does “Greenness” Best Predict Physical Health? A Systematic Review of Articles with GIS Buffer Analyses across the Lifespan
Browning, M. H. E. M., & Lee, K. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14070675 · Cited by 342
“BMI 4.”
Influential
Levels and Changes of Physical Activity in Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Contextualizing Urban vs. Rural Living Environment
Zenić, N., Taïar, R., Gilić, B., Blažević, M., Marić, D., Pojskić, H., & Sekulić, D. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10113997 · Cited by 316
“For example, an international study confirmed that adolescents who live only a few kilometers from urban centers have a significantly different lifestyle from their peers who live in urban communities [16].”
Background
Built Environment, Physical Activity, and Obesity: Findings from the International Physical Activity and Environment Network (IPEN) Adult Study
Sallis, J. F., Cerin, E., Kerr, J., Adams, M. A., Sugiyama, T., Christiansen, L. B., Schipperijn, J., Davey, R., Salvo, D., Frank, L. D., et al. (2020) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043657 · Cited by 277
“60 small (269 participants with valid MVPA data) and corresponded to less than 5% of the total sample.”
InfluentialSelf-citation
An ecosystem service perspective on urban nature, physical activity, and health
Remme, R. P., Frumkin, H., Guerry, A. D., King, A. C., Mandle, L., Sarabu, C. R., Bratman, G. N., Giles‐Corti, B., Hamel, P., Han, B., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2018472118 · Cited by 269
Self-citation
Built environmental characteristics and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
den Braver, N. R., Lakerveld, J., Rutters, F., Schoonmade, L. J., Brug, J., & Beulens, J. W. J. (2018) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0997-z · Cited by 249
“In terms of changing and sustaining healthy lifestyle behaviours, the built environment is of importance (4-7).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
City planning policies to support health and sustainability: an international comparison of policy indicators for 25 cities
Lowe, M., Adlakha, D., Sallis, J. F., Salvo, D., Cerin, E., Moudon, A. V., Higgs, C., Hinckson, E. A., Arundel, J., Boeing, G., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00069-9 · Cited by 233
Self-citation
Diabetes in China part 1: epidemiology and risk factors
Xu, Y., Lu, J., Li, M., Wang, T., Wang, K., Cao, Q., Ding, Y., Xiang, Y., Wang, S., Yang, Q., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00250-0 · Cited by 247
Eight Investments That Work for Physical Activity
Milton, K. E., Cavill, N., Chalkley, A. E., Foster, C. E., Gomersall, S. R., Hagströmer, M., Kelly, P., Kolbe-Alexander, T. L., Mair, J. L., McLaughlin, M. J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2021-0112 · Cited by 225
Self-citation
Effects of Urban Green Space on Environmental Health, Equity and Resilience
Braubach, M., Egorov, A. I., Mudu, P., Wolf, T., Thompson, C. W., & Martuzzi, M. (2017) · Theory and practice of urban sustainability transitions · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56091-5_11 · Cited by 238
Towards better evidence-informed global action: lessons learnt from the Lancet series and recent developments in physical activity and public health
Ding, D., Varela, A. R., Bauman, A. E., Ekelund, U., Lee, I.-M. M., Heath, G. W., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Reis, R. S., & Pratt, M. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-101001 · Cited by 225
Self-citation
Socio-Cognitive Factors Associated With Lifestyle Changes in Response to the COVID-19 Epidemic in the General Population: Results From a Cross-Sectional Study in France
Constant, A., Conserve, D. F., Gallopel‐Morvan, K., & Raude, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579460 · Cited by 219
Influence of urban and transport planning and the city environment on cardiovascular disease
Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2018) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-018-0003-2 · Cited by 217
Barriers to high school and university students’ physical activity: A systematic review
Silva, R. M. F., Mendonça, C. R., Azevedo, V. D., Memon, A. R., Noll, P. R. E. S., & Noll, M. A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265913 · Cited by 311
Disparities in liver cancer occurrence in the United States by race/ethnicity and state
Islami, F., Miller, K. D., Siegel, R. L., Fedewa, S. A., Ward, E., & Jemal, A. (2017) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.21402 · Cited by 208
Access to parks and physical activity: An eight country comparison
Schipperijn, J., Cerin, E., Adams, M. A., Reis, R. S., Smith, G., Cain, K. L., Christiansen, L. B., Dyck, D. V., Gidlow, C. J., Frank, L. D., et al. (2017) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.08.010 · Cited by 207
“Worldwide, 23.3% of adults (15 years and older) are not sufficiently active (Sallis et al., 2016a), with proportions ranging from 15% in southeast Asia to about 32% in the Americas and the eastern Mediterranean (WHO, 2014).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Using natural experimental studies to guide public health action: turning the evidence-based medicine paradigm on its head
Ogilvie, D., Adams, J. M., Bauman, A. E., Gregg, E. W., Panter, J., Siegel, K. R., Wareham, N. J., & White, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2019-213085 · Cited by 205
Global environmental change and noncommunicable disease risks
Frumkin, H., & Haines, A. (2019) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043706 · Cited by 194
Association between Urban Greenspace and Health: A Systematic Review of Literature
Gianfredi, V., Buffoli, M., Rebecchi, A., Croci, R., Oradini-Alacreu, A., Stirparo, G., Marino, A., Odone, A., Capolongo, S., & Signorelli, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105137 · Cited by 203
“5 to 1 km radius from the subjects’ homes [90], total number of urban greenspace in the neighborhood, and their accessibility through public transport [70].”
Background
Soil exposure modifies the gut microbiota and supports immune tolerance in a mouse model
Ottman, N., Ruokolainen, L., Suomalainen, A., Sinkko, H., Karisola, P., Lehtimäki, J., Lehto, M., Hanski, I., Alenius, H. T., & Fyhrquist, N. (2018) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.024 · Cited by 177
Age-Friendly Communities Initiative: Public Health Approach to Promoting Successful Aging
Jeste, D. V., Blazer, D. G., Buckwalter, K. C., Cassidy, K.-L., Fishman, L., Gwyther, L. P., Levin, S. M., Phillipson, C., Rao, R. R., Schmeding, E., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2016.07.021 · Cited by 162
“A university-promoted community collaboration showed that more walkable neighborhoods with interconnected streets to shops, restaurants, services, public transportation, and parks led to residents getting more exercise, resulting in a reduction in poor health outcomes such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease.(65)”
Background
The physiology of optimizing health with a focus on exercise as medicine
Pedersen, B. K. (2019) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114339 · Cited by 163
Sitting Less and Moving More: Improved Glycaemic Control for Type 2 Diabetes Prevention and Management
Dempsey, P. C., Owen, N. G., Yates, T. E., Kingwell, B. A., & Dunstan, D. W. (2016) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-016-0797-4 · Cited by 165
Self-citation
Associations between the physical environment and park-based physical activity: A systematic review
Zhang, R., Wulff, H., Duan, Y., & Wagner, P. (2018) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2018.11.002 · Cited by 160
“Based on the social ecological approach, PA can be understood as people’s interactions with their sociocultural and physical environments.(2,8) Physical environments refer to the perceived and objective characteristics of the physical contexts in which behaviors are engaged and people live.”
Background
Review of the Impact of Housing Quality on Inequalities in Health and Well-Being
Howden-Chapman, P., Bennett, J., Edwards, R., Jacobs, D., Nathan, K., & Ormandy, D. (2023) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-071521-111836 · Cited by 153
“For example, even apart from directly saving health costs from better-quality housing, housing located in activity-friendly neighborhoods may lead to more physical activity and thus generate health benefits, including reductions in the prevalence of obesity (146).”
Background
An umbrella review of randomized control trials on the effects of physical exercise on cognition
Ciria, L. F., Román-Caballero, R., Vadillo, M. A., Holgado, D., Luque-Casado, A., Perakakis, P., & Sanabria, D. (2023) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01554-4 · Cited by 157
Advantages of public green spaces in enhancing population health
Sugiyama, T., Carver, A., Koohsari, M. J., & Veitch, J. (2018) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.05.019 · Cited by 161
Usability Study of Mainstream Wearable Fitness Devices: Feature Analysis and System Usability Scale Evaluation
Liang, J., Xian, D., Liu, X., Fu, J., Zhang, X., Tang, B., & Lei, J. (2018) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/11066 · Cited by 148
“Although this method is more convenient, faster, and more efficient than a conventional paper questionnaire in terms of distribution, collection, and analysis, many factors are uncontrollable and some factors, such as behavioral cognitive factors [70], social network factors [71], and environmental support factors [72…”
Method
Associations of the perceived and objective neighborhood environment with physical activity and sedentary time in New Zealand adolescents
Hinckson, E. A., Cerin, E., Mavoa, S., Smith, M., Badland, H. M., Stewart, T. I., Duncan, S., & Schofield, G. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0597-5 · Cited by 139
“This feature has also been found to be frequently associated with adult PA [60, 61].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Determining thresholds for spatial urban design and transport features that support walking to create healthy and sustainable cities: findings from the IPEN Adult study
Cerin, E., Sallis, J. F., Salvo, D., Hinckson, E. A., Conway, T. L., Owen, N. G., Dyck, D. V., Lowe, M., Higgs, C., Moudon, A. V., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00068-7 · Cited by 139
“…for differences in associations by sex, age, or city, which reflects previous findings from the same IPEN Adult cohort in relation to objectively measured physical activity, 51 and supports the generalisability of findings to various sociodemographic groups and the diverse global cities studied.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Time to challenge the 15-minute city: Seven pitfalls for sustainability, equity, livability, and spatial analysis
Mouratidis, K. (2024) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2024.105274 · Cited by 138
The effect of infrastructural changes in the built environment on physical activity, active transportation and sedentary behavior – A systematic review
Stappers, N. E. H., van Kann, D., Ettema, D., de Vries, N. K., & Kremers, S. (2018) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.08.002 · Cited by 137
Affective responses in mountain hiking—A randomized crossover trial focusing on differences between indoor and outdoor activity
Niedermeier, M., Einwanger, J., Hartl, A. J., & Kopp, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177719 · Cited by 134
“Sallis & Cerin [25] emphasized the importance of the city design aiming on the enhancement of physical activity.”
Background
Sustainable Accessibility and the Implementation of Automated Vehicles: Identifying Critical Decisions
Papa, E., & Ferreira, A. (2018) · Urban Science · doi:10.3390/urbansci2010005 · Cited by 128
Objectively-assessed neighbourhood destination accessibility and physical activity in adults from 10 countries: An analysis of moderators and perceptions as mediators
Cerin, E., Conway, T. L., Adams, M. A., Barnett, A. H., Cain, K. L., Owen, N. G., Christiansen, L. B., Dyck, D. V., Mitáš, J., Sarmiento, O. L., et al. (2018) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.06.034 · Cited by 127
Self-citation
Why do urbanites travel more than do others? A review of associations between urban form and long-distance leisure travel
Czepkiewicz, M., Heinonen, J. T., & Ottelin, J. (2018) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac9d2 · Cited by 126
The role of perceived environment, neighbourhood characteristics, and attitudes in walking behaviour: evidence from a rapidly developing city in China
Chan, E. T. H., Schwanen, T., & Banister, D. (2019) · Transportation · doi:10.1007/s11116-019-10062-2 · Cited by 126
Level of physical activity among middle-aged and older Chinese people: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study
Li, X., Zhang, W., Zhang, W., Tao, K., Ni, W., Wang, K., Li, Z., Liu, Q., & Lin, J. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09671-9 · Cited by 129
“One hypothesis is that more abundant public facilities reflects a more favourable physical environment, but not all environmental attributes are positively related to PA [40].”
Background
The role of the built environment in promoting movement and physical activity across the lifespan: Implications for public health
Laddu, D., Paluch, A. E., & LaMonte, M. J. (2021) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2020.12.009 · Cited by 131
Investigating the spatiotemporal pattern between the built environment and urban vibrancy using big data in Shenzhen, China
Chen, L., Zhao, L., Xiao, Y., & Lü, Y. (2022) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2022.101827 · Cited by 121
Transforming Our Cities: Best Practices towards Clean Air and Active Transportation
Glazener, A., & Khreis, H. (2019) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-019-0228-1 · Cited by 124
Neighborhood built environment and socio-economic status in relation to multiple health outcomes in adolescents
Molina‐García, J., Queralt, A., Adams, M. A., Conway, T. L., & Sallis, J. F. (2017) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.08.026 · Cited by 119
Self-citation
The Built Environment and Child Health: An Overview of Current Evidence
Gascón, M., Vrijheid, M., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2016) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-016-0094-z · Cited by 116
Association between urbanisation and type 2 diabetes: an ecological study
Gassasse, Z., Smith, D. M., Finer, S., & Gallo, V. (2017) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000473 · Cited by 119
“move towards a more urban environment, higher rates of obesity and T2D have been observed, 7 likely as a consequence of changes in lifestyles and health behaviours (ie, diet and physical activity) 8–10 but perhaps also due to the changing socioeconomic make-up of these new urban populations.”
Background
Association Between Neighborhood Walkability and Predicted 10‐Year Cardiovascular Disease Risk: The CANHEART (Cardiovascular Health in Ambulatory Care Research Team) Cohort
Howell, N. A., Tu, J. V., Moineddin, R., Chu, A., & Booth, G. L. (2019) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.013146 · Cited by 113
“19,20,43 In sum, we found that individuals living in less walkable neighborhoods have a higher predicted risk of cardiovascular disease events.”
Urban health inequities and healthy longevity: traditional and emerging risk factors across the cities and policy implications
Cacciatore, S., Mao, S., Nuñez, M. V., Massaro, C., Spadafora, L., Bernardi, M., Perone, F., Sabouret, P. F., Biondi‐Zoccai, G., Banach, M., et al. (2025) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-025-03052-1 · Cited by 129
“In contrast, low-income areas frequently lack safe, accessible recreational spaces, limiting opportunities for physical activity [29].”
Urban Health Indicator Tools of the Physical Environment: a Systematic Review
Pineo, H., Glonti, K., Rutter, H., Zimmermann, N., Wilkinson, P., & Davies, M. (2018) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-018-0228-8 · Cited by 112
“During the screening stage, we decided to include tools which measured the impact of the physical urban environment on walkability/physical activity (PA) as this is an important contribution of the built environment toward promoting good health [32, 33].”
Method
Natural movement: A space syntax theory linking urban form and function with walking for transport
Koohsari, M. J., Oka, K., Owen, N. G., & Sugiyama, T. (2019) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.01.002 · Cited by 112
““Active living research,” which aims to create activity-friendly communities, has shown that neighborhood built environment attributes are related to residents’ walking for transport (Giles-Corti et al., 2016; Sallis et al., 2016; Sallis and Owen, 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Built environment and leisure satisfaction: The role of commute time, social interaction, and active travel
Mouratidis, K. (2019) · Journal of Transport Geography · doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102491 · Cited by 112
Rural–Urban Differences in Dietary Behavior and Obesity: Results of the Riskesdas Study in 10–18-Year-Old Indonesian Children and Adolescents
Nurwanti, E., Hadi, H., Chang, J., Chao, J. C.-J., Paramashanti, B. A., Gittelsohn, J., & Bai, C. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11112813 · Cited by 136
“However, living in urban areas may also present certain challenges related to physical activity due to the residential and public transport density, and the availability of public parks [29].”
Background
Physical activity areas in urban parks and their use by the elderly from two cities in China and Germany
Duan, Y., Wagner, P., Zhang, R., Wulff, H., & Brehm, W. (2018) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.06.009 · Cited by 110
Education-related disparities in reported physical activity during leisure-time, active transportation, and work among US adults: repeated cross-sectional analysis from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 2007 to 2016
Scholes, S., & Bann, D. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5857-z · Cited by 110
Impacts of Individual Daily Greenspace Exposure on Health Based on Individual Activity Space and Structural Equation Modeling
Zhang, L., Zhou, S., Kwan, M., Chen, F., & Lin, R. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15102323 · Cited by 118
Transportation sustainability in the urban context: a comprehensive review
Sultana, S., Salon, D., & Kuby, M. (2017) · Urban Geography · doi:10.1080/02723638.2017.1395635 · Cited by 107
“Active transportation promotes health (Bertolini, Le Clercq, & Kapoen, 2005; Sallis et al., 2016).”
Background
Chronic disease and where you live: Built and natural environment relationships with physical activity, obesity, and diabetes
Frank, L. D., Adhikari, B., White, K., Dummer, T., Sandhu, J., Demlow, E., Hu, Y., Hong, A., & van den Bosch, M. A. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106959 · Cited by 108
Self-citation
GPS-based activity space exposure to greenness and walkability is associated with increased accelerometer-based physical activity
Marquet, O., Hirsch, J. A., Kerr, J., Jankowska, M. M., Mitchell, J. A., Hart, J. E., Laden, F., Hipp, J. A., & James, P. (2022) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107317 · Cited by 105
“Use of accelerometry data is starting to provide new evidence on the association between walkability and physical activity worldwide (Sallis et al., 2016; Vanhelst et al., 2013), in dense urban spaces (Rundle et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
GPS-Based Exposure to Greenness and Walkability and Accelerometry-Based Physical Activity
James, P., Hart, J. E., Hipp, J. A., Mitchell, J. A., Kerr, J., Hurvitz, P. M., Glanz, K., & Laden, F. (2017) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0925 · Cited by 104
“We also aimed to determine if these associations were linear (26), to examine interactions between walkability and greenness, and to assess effect modification by measures of age, race, and socioeconomic status.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Active commuting through natural environments is associated with better mental health: Results from the PHENOTYPE project
Zijlema, W. L., Ávila-Palència, I., Mas, M. T., Gidlow, C. J., Maas, J., Kruize, H., Andrušaitytė, S., Gražulevičienė, R., & Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2018) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.002 · Cited by 112
Persistence of walking in Chile: lessons for urban sustainability
Herrmann‐Lunecke, M. G., Mora, R., & Sagaris, L. (2020) · Transport Reviews · doi:10.1080/01441647.2020.1712494 · Cited by 105
Physical activity patterns in two differently characterised urban parks under conditions of summer heat
Kabisch, N., & Kraemer, R. (2020) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2020.02.008 · Cited by 102
The Effects of Physical Education on Motor Competence in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Lorås, H. W. (2020) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports8060088 · Cited by 102
“As substantial numbers of children and adolescents are dropping out of sports [75], have a lack of recreational areas for physical activity near their homes, and rely mainly on motorized transportation [76,77], physical education in schools emerges as an essential subject for experiencing and developing health-promoti…”
Background
Associations between Neighborhood Open Space Features and Walking and Social Interaction in Older Adults—A Mixed Methods Study
Schmidt, T., Kerr, J., & Schipperijn, J. (2019) · Geriatrics · doi:10.3390/geriatrics4030041 · Cited by 105
“Contradictory, previous studies investigating different built environmental features and its association with walking in older adults, recommend rather extensive and costly neighborhood changes like improving the street connectivity and greater land-use mix [13,26,63,64].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citation
Analyzing the effects of nature exposure on perceived satisfaction with running routes: An activity path-based measure approach
Huang, D., Jiang, B., & Yuan, L. (2022) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2022.127480 · Cited by 105
Urban functional zone mapping by integrating high spatial resolution nighttime light and daytime multi-view imagery
Huang, X., Yang, J., Li, J., & Wen, D. (2021) · ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2021.03.019 · Cited by 98
The impact of greenery on physical activity and mental health of adolescent and adult residents of deprived neighborhoods: A longitudinal study
Gubbels, J. S., Kremers, S., Droomers, M., Hoefnagels, C., Stronks, K., Hosman, C. M. H., & de Vries, S. (2016) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.06.002 · Cited by 106
The REVAMP natural experiment study: the impact of a play-scape installation on park visitation and park-based physical activity
Veitch, J., Salmon, J., Crawford, D. A., Abbott, G., Giles‐Corti, B., Carver, A., & Timperio, A. F. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0625-5 · Cited by 96
“This method is also known as difference-in-difference analysis [3].”
Method
Neighbourhood walkability and incidence of hypertension: Findings from the study of 429,334 UK Biobank participants
Sarkar, C., Webster, C. J., & Gallacher, J. (2018) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.01.009 · Cited by 104
Spatial pattern of leisure activities among residents in Beijing, China: Exploring the impacts of urban environment
Liu, Y., Zhang, Y., Jin, S. T., & Liu, Y. (2019) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2019.101806 · Cited by 94
Physical activity profile of the Iranian population: STEPS survey, 2016
Mohebi, F., Mohajer, B., Yoosefi, M., Sheidaei, A., Zokaei, H., Damerchilu, B., Mehregan, A., Shahbal, N., Rezaee, K., Khezrian, M., et al. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7592-5 · Cited by 95
Associations between Perceived Neighborhood Walkability and Walking Time, Wellbeing, and Loneliness in Community-Dwelling Older Chinese People in Hong Kong
Yu, R., Cheung, O., Lau, K. K., & Woo, J. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14101199 · Cited by 93
“Nevertheless, in a recent multi-country study, walkability defined by residential density, intersection density, public transport density, and number of parks was associated with total moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity in adults aged 18–66 years [10].”
Background
Walking distances to public transport in smaller and larger Norwegian cities
Tennøy, A., Knapskog, M., & Wolday, F. (2022) · Transportation Research Part D Transport and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.trd.2022.103169 · Cited by 92
The Uncertain Geographic Context Problem in the Analysis of the Relationships between Obesity and the Built Environment in Guangzhou
Zhao, P., Kwan, M., & Zhou, S. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15020308 · Cited by 89
“Residential density (RD) is commonly defined as the density of residences within an individual’s 1 km home buffer [34,48].”
Background
Assessing the micro-scale environment using Google Street View: the Virtual Systematic Tool for Evaluating Pedestrian Streetscapes (Virtual-STEPS)
Steinmetz-Wood, M., Velauthapillai, K., O’Brien, G. A., & Ross, N. A. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7460-3 · Cited by 88
“Background Evidence suggests that neighborhood built environments can support active living [1] and improve health outcomes [2, 3].”
Background
Role of Built Environments on Physical Activity and Health Promotion: A Review and Policy Insights
Zhong, J., Liu, W., Niu, B., Lin, X., & Deng, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.950348 · Cited by 92
International comparison of observation-specific spatial buffers: maximizing the ability to estimate physical activity
Frank, L. D., Fox, E. H., Ulmer, J. M., Chapman, J. E., Kershaw, S. E., Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., Cerin, E., Cain, K. L., Adams, M. A., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Health Geographics · doi:10.1186/s12942-017-0077-9 · Cited by 97
Self-citation
Capturing exposure in environmental health research: challenges and opportunities of different activity space models
Rinne, T. E., Hasanzadeh, K., & Kyttä, M. (2018) · International Journal of Health Geographics · doi:10.1186/s12942-018-0149-5 · Cited by 87
“Additionally, a recent large international comparison found LUM not being related to PA [7].”
BackgroundInfluential
Perceptions of Neighborhood Environment, Sense of Community, and Self-Rated Health: an Age-Friendly City Project in Hong Kong
Yu, R., Wong, M., & Woo, J. (2018) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-018-00331-3 · Cited by 87
Development and reliability of a streetscape observation instrument for international use: MAPS-global
Cain, K. L., Geremia, C. M., Conway, T. L., Frank, L. D., Chapman, J. E., Fox, E. H., Timperio, A. F., Veitch, J., Dyck, D. V., Verhoeven, H., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-018-0650-z · Cited by 86
Self-citation
Urban versus rural lifestyle in adolescents: associations between environment, physical activity levels and sedentary behavior
Regis, M. F., de Oliveira, L. M. F. T., dos Santos, A. R. M., Leonídio, A. D. C. R., Diniz, P. R. B., de Freitas, C. M. S. M., Centro Universitário Asces-Unita, B., & Faculdade Boa Viagem, B. (2016) · Einstein (São Paulo) · doi:10.1590/s1679-45082016ao3788 · Cited by 88
“(12) Greater availability of equipment and public leisure spaces in urban areas, such as squares, courts, pedestrian boulevards and bike paths, may be associated with high levels of physical activity.(5,13) Urban and rural areas may be associated with two different lifestyles(14) and environment characteristics may co…”
Background
Interaction between neighborhood walkability and traffic-related air pollution on hypertension and diabetes: The CANHEART cohort
Howell, N. A., Tu, J. V., Moineddin, R., Chen, H., Chu, A., Hystad, P., & Booth, G. L. (2019) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.070 · Cited by 85
Mind the gap: Gender differences in walkability, transportation and physical activity in urban India
Adlakha, D., & Parra, D. C. (2020) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2020.100875 · Cited by 88
Developing a 15-minute city: A comparative study of four Italian Cities-Cagliari, Perugia, Pisa, and Trieste
Murgante, B., Patimisco, L., & Annunziata, A. (2024) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2023.104765 · Cited by 84
How urban densification shapes walking behaviours in older community dwellers: a cross-sectional analysis of potential pathways of influence
Cerin, E., Barnett, A. H., Zhang, C. J. P., Lai, P., Sit, C. H. P., & Lee, R. S. Y. (2020) · International Journal of Health Geographics · doi:10.1186/s12942-020-00210-8 · Cited by 82
Self-citation

Authors: Sallis, J. F., Cerin, E., Conway, T. L., Adams, M. A., Frank, L. D., Pratt, M., Salvo, D., Schipperijn, J., Smith, G., Cain, K. L., Davey, R., Kerr, J., Lai, P.-C., Mitáš, J., Reis, R., Sarmiento, O. L., Schofield, G., Troelsen, J., Van Dyck, D., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., & Owen, N.
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
Australian Catholic University (AU)
Arizona State University (US)
University of British Columbia (CA)
Emory University (US)
Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (MX)
University of Southern Denmark (DK)
University of Staffordshire (GB)
University of Canberra (AU)
Palacký University Olomouc (CZ)
Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (BR)
Universidad de Los Andes (CO)
Auckland University of Technology (NZ)
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute (AU)
Corresponding author: Sallis, James F
ORCID: Sallis, James F
Cerin, Ester
Conway, Terry L
Adams, Marc A
Frank, Lawrence D
Pratt, Michael
Salvo, Deborah
Schipperijn, Jasper
Cain, Kelli L
Davey, Rachel
Kerr, Jacqueline
Mitáš, Josef
Reis, Rodrigo
Sarmiento, Olga L
Schofield, Grant
Troelsen, Jens
Owen, Neville
Venue: The Lancet
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-05
Volume: 387
Issue: 10034
Pages: 2207-2217
ISSN: 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
0140-6736
DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01284-2
PMC: PMC10833440
OpenAlex: W2323455124
Cited by: 1,394
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 202 · 2025: 157 · 2024: 127 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 153 · 2019: 116 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 88 · 2016: 30
FWCI: 198.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: The Lancet (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
University of Canberra Research Portal (submittedVersion)
Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
Staffordshire Online Repository (Staffordshire University) (submittedVersion)
Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (NCI)
National Institutes of Health (NIH)
HK Research Grants Council (HKU740907H, 747807H)
University of Hong Kong University Research Council
NIH (R01 HL67350)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01 CA127296 (NCI))
Colciencias (519_2010)
Australian Research Council (FT3 140100085)
National Health and Medical Research Council (569940)
NHMRC
Victorian Government
Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MSM 6198959221)
Health Research Council of New Zealand (07/356)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Foundation
Medical Research Council
CDC Foundation
Topics: Social Sciences › Transportation › Urban Transport and Accessibility
Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Keywords: physical activity, urban environment, walkability, housing density, intersection density, public transport accessibility, park accessibility, land use, physical inactivity, neighbourhood design, urban planning, accelerometer-measured activity, cross-city comparison, non-communicable diseases, socioeconomic status, mixed land use, parks and recreation, transport infrastructure, built environment and health
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cities, City Planning, Cross-Sectional Studies, Environment Design, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Urban Health, Exercise, Walking, Monitoring, Ambulatory, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks