Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States
Open accessAbstract
Contemporary information on the fraction of cancers that potentially could be prevented is useful for priority setting in cancer prevention and control. Herein, the authors estimate the proportion and number of invasive cancer cases and deaths, overall (excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers) and for 26 cancer types, in adults aged 30 years and older in the United States in 2014, that were attributable to major, potentially modifiable exposures (cigarette smoking; secondhand smoke; excess body weight; alcohol intake; consumption of red and processed meat; low consumption of fruits/vegetables, dietary fiber, and dietary calcium; physical inactivity; ultraviolet radiation; and 6 cancer‐associated infections). The numbers of cancer cases were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the National Cancer Institute; the numbers of deaths were obtained from the CDC; risk factor prevalence estimates were obtained from nationally representative surveys; and associated relative risks of cancer were obtained from published, large‐scale pooled analyses or meta‐analyses. In the United States in 2014, an estimated 42.0% of all incident cancers (659,640 of 1570,975 cancers, excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers) and 45.1% of cancer deaths (265,150 of 587,521 deaths) were attributable to evaluated risk factors. Cigarette smoking accounted for the highest proportion of cancer cases (19.0%; 298,970 cases) and deaths (28.8%; 169,180 deaths), followed by excess body weight (7.8% and 6.5%, respectively) and alcohol intake (5.6% and 4.0%, respectively). Lung cancer had the highest number of cancers (184,970 cases) and deaths (132,960 deaths) attributable to evaluated risk factors, followed by colorectal cancer (76,910 cases and 28,290 deaths). These results, however, may underestimate the overall proportion of cancers attributable to modifiable factors, because the impact of all established risk factors could not be quantified, and many likely modifiable risk factors are not yet firmly established as causal. Nevertheless, these findings underscore the vast potential for reducing cancer morbidity and mortality through broad and equitable implementation of known preventive measures. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:31‐54 . © 2017 American Cancer Society .
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Almost two fifths of bladder cancer cases among women in the United States in 2014 were estimated to be attributable to smoking, compared with about one half of new cases in men.
“Almost two fifths of bladder cancer cases among women were estimated to be attributable to smoking in 2014 in the United States, compared with about one half of new cases in men.164”
From Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. (2024) · cites this paper as [164]
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Self-citationPrevalence of Indoor Tanning and Association With Sunburn Among Youth in the United States
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Mapping the Prevalence of Physical Inactivity in U.S. States, 1984-2015
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Self-citationLagging Exposure Information in Cumulative Exposure-Response Analyses
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Gauging the Effect of U.S. Tobacco Control Policies From 1965 Through 2014 Using SimSmoke
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer Sta- tistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67:7- 30.
Cited by
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- Authors
- Islami, F., Goding Sauer, A., Miller, K. D., Siegel, R. L., Fedewa, S. A., Jacobs, E. J., McCullough, M. L., Patel, A. V., Ma, J., Soerjomataram, I., Flanders, W. D., Brawley, O. W., Gapstur, S. M., & Jemal, A.
- Affiliations
- American Cancer Society (US)
- Epidemiologist, Surveillance and Health Services Research American Cancer Society Atlanta GA
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Islami, Farhad
- ORCID
- Venue
- CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-11-21
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 31-54
- ISSN
- 0007-9235 (ISSN-L)
- 1542-4863
- OpenAlex
- W2768132193
- Cited by
- 1,610
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 187 · 2024: 235 · 2023: 324 · 2022: 226 · 2021: 226 · 2020: 174 · 2019: 113 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 42.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- National Cancer Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection
- Keywords
- cancer prevention, modifiable risk factors, cigarette smoking, passive smoking, overweight, alcohol consumption, red and processed meat, physical inactivity, ultraviolet radiation, cancer-associated infections, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, cancer mortality, cancer incidence, dietary factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Forecasting, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Registries, Risk Factors, United States, Survival Analysis, SEER Program, Risk Reduction Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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