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Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: an observational study using national surveillance data
Open accessAbstract
Background Following the emergency use authorisation of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 (international non-proprietary name tozinameran) in Israel, the Ministry of Health (MoH) launched a campaign to immunise the 6·5 million residents of Israel aged 16 years and older. We estimated the real-world effectiveness of two doses of BNT162b2 against a range of SARS-CoV-2 outcomes and to evaluate the nationwide public-health impact following the widespread introduction of the vaccine.Methods We used national surveillance data from the first 4 months of the nationwide vaccination campaign to ascertain incident cases of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and outcomes, as well as vaccine uptake in residents of Israel aged 16 years and older. Vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 outcomes (asymptomatic infection, symptomatic infection, and COVID-19-related hospitalisation, severe or critical hospitalisation, and death) was calculated on the basis of incidence rates in fully vaccinated individuals (defined as those for whom 7 days had passed since receiving the second dose of vaccine) compared with rates in unvaccinated individuals (who had not received any doses of the vaccine), with use of a negative binomial regression model adjusted for age group (16-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65-74, 75-84, and ≥85 years), sex, and calendar week. The proportion of spike gene target failures on PCR test among a nationwide convenience-sample of SARS-CoV-2-positive specimens was used to estimate the prevelance of the B.1.1.7 variant.Findings During the analysis period (Jan 24 to April 3, 2021), there were 232 268 SARS-CoV-2 infections, 7694 COVID-19 hospitalisations, 4481 severe or critical COVID-19 hospitalisations, and 1113 COVID-19 deaths in people aged 16 years or older. By April 3, 2021, 4 714 932 (72·1%) of 6 538 911 people aged 16 years and older were fully vaccinated with two doses of BNT162b2. Adjusted estimates of vaccine effectiveness at 7 days or longer after the second dose were 95·3% (95% CI 94·9-95·7; incidence rate 91·5 per 100 000 person-days in unvaccinated vs 3·1 per 100 000 person-days in fully vaccinated individuals) against SARS-CoV-2 infection, 91·5% (90·7-92·2; 40·9 vs 1·8 per 100 000 person-days) against asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, 97·0% (96·7-97·2; 32·5 vs 0·8 per 100 000 person-days) against symptomatic COVID-19, 97·2% (96·8-97·5; 4·6 vs 0·3 per 100 000 person-days) against COVID-19-related hospitalisation, 97·5% (97·1-97·8; 2·7 vs 0·2 per 100 000 person-days) against severe or critical COVID-19-related hospitalisation, and 96·7% (96·0-97·3; 0·6 vs 0·1 per 100 000 person-days) against COVID-19-related death. In all age groups, as vaccine coverage increased, the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 outcomes declined. 8006 of 8472 samples tested showed a spike gene target failure, giving an estimated prevalence of the B.1.1.7 variant of 94·5% among SARS-CoV-2 infections.Interpretation Two doses of BNT162b2 are highly effective across all age groups (≥16 years, including older adults aged ≥85 years) in preventing symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19-related hospitalisations, severe disease, and death, including those caused by the B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 variant. There were marked and sustained declines in SARS-CoV-2 incidence corresponding to increasing vaccine coverage. These findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccination can help to control the pandemic.Funding None.
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“For context, for a state that is near the herd immunity threshold (70-80% based on recent estimates 22 ), a discrepancy of 10 percentage points in vaccination rates could be the difference between containment and uncontrolled exponential growth in new SARS-CoV-2 infections.”
From Unrepresentative big surveys significantly overestimated US vaccine uptake (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
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“Real-world setting studies performed, few months into vaccination campaigns, showed high effectiveness of these vaccines [1-8].”
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“As previously reported for other vaccines29–33, the neutralizing antibody titres against certain SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as the B.1.351 (Beta) and B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants, were lower than those against the parental strain WA1/2020.”
From Optimization of non-coding regions for a non-modified mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Observational postmarketing studies, including this analysis, have consistently demonstrated a strong association between vaccination and risk reductions in COVID-19 hospitalization in immunocompetent individuals, suggesting that the high efficacy observed in mRNA clinical trials translates into beneficial effects in the community setting.2,3,10”
From Association Between mRNA Vaccination and COVID-19 Hospitalization and Disease Severity (2021) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“A randomized, controlled trial and real-world studies have shown vaccine efficacy of 94 to 95% with the BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer–BioNTech) and vaccine effectiveness in preventing symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) 7 days or more after receipt of the second dose of vaccine.1,3-5”
From Waning Immune Humoral Response to BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine over 6 Months (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“At the time of this study, the B.1.1.7 variant was the most widespread variant in Israel and accounted for up to 94.5% of SARS-CoV-2 isolates.1,16”
From Covid-19 Breakthrough Infections in Vaccinated Health Care Workers (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Since its rollout in late 2020 in Israel, the BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine (Pfizer–BioNTech) has been highly effective in preventing clinically significant coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).1-3”
From Covid-19 Breakthrough Infections in Vaccinated Health Care Workers (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“We identified the B.1.1.7 variant in 85% of cases, similar to its prevalence in the community.1,16”
From Covid-19 Breakthrough Infections in Vaccinated Health Care Workers (2021) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“In cohort studies from Israel and Qatar, the BNT162b vaccine also retained greater than 90% efficacy against this variant 210,211 (TABLe 2).”
From The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants (2021) · cites this paper as [210]
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The impact of spatial connectivity on NPIs effectiveness
Sabbatini, C. E., Pullano, G., Domenico, L. D., Rubrichi, S., Bansal, S., & Colizza, V. (2024) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-023-08900-x · Cited by 12
“We considered 60% vaccine effectiveness against infection and 15% against transmission after the first injection [33, 34], increasing to 87.5% and 68%, respectively, after the second injection [34, 35].”
BackgroundInfluentialCost-effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir for high-risk adult outpatients with COVID-19 in Japan
Mizuno, T., Kondo, Y., Sakai, M., Saneyasu, K., Kojima, R., & Miyake, Y. (2024) · Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2024.02.001 · Cited by 12
Cai, G., Liu, S., Lu, Y., Takaki, Y., Matsumoto, F., Yoshikawa, A., Taguri, T., Xie, J., Arima, K., Mizukami, S., et al. (2024) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2024.2322795 · Cited by 13
“17,18,20,30 The results from our study supported these findings, as we found that vaccinated the primary program decreased the risk of COVID-19 related hospitalization by 24.1%.”
ResultInfluentialChristodoulakis, A., Bouloukaki, I., Aravantinou-Karlatou, A., Zografakis‐Sfakianakis, M., & Tsiligianni, I. (2024) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines12121411 · Cited by 13
“Although these AEs are statistically rare compared to the severe outcomes of COVID-19 infection (without a booster dose), they could have a significant impact on how HCPs perceive BDs [91–95].”
Living with COVID-19: The road ahead
Wei, W. E., Tan, W. K., Cook, A. R., Hsu, L. Y., Teo, Y. Y., & Lee, V. J. M. (2021) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2021244 · Cited by 11
Management of COVID-19 Patients in the Emergency Department
Pantazopoulos, I. N., Tsikrika, S., Kolokytha, S., Manos, E., & Porpodis, Κ. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11100961 · Cited by 13
Müller, L., Andrée, M., Ostermann, P. N., Jazmati, N., Flüh, G., Fischer, J., Bölke, E., Heger, E., Vanshylla, K., Klein, F., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.746644 · Cited by 10
Downes, K. J., Statler, V. A., Orscheln, R. C., Cousino, M. K., Green, M., Michaels, M. G., Muller, W. J., Sharma, T. S., Danziger‐Isakov, L. A., & Ardura, M. I. (2021) · Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · doi:10.1093/jpids/piab098 · Cited by 11
“Populations with higher vaccination rates have experienced decreases in COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths [62, 63].”
BackgroundWeng, Y., Lu, D., Bollyky, J., Jain, V., Desai, M., Lindan, C., Boothroyd, D. B., Judson, T. J., Doernberg, S. B., Holubar, M. K., et al. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9121406 · Cited by 12
Short-Term Safety of Booster Immunization With BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Healthcare Workers
Paran, Y., Saiag, E., Spitzer, A., Angel, Y., Yakubovsky, M., Padova, H., Ben‐Ami, R., Goldinger, I., Gamzu, R., Sprecher, E., et al. (2021) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab656 · Cited by 11
How many lives do COVID vaccines save? Evidence from Israel
Arbel, R., Moore, C. M., Sergienko, R., & Pliskin, J. S. (2021) · American Journal of Infection Control · doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2021.12.019 · Cited by 11
“The effectiveness of vaccinations was estimated by published data on the Israeli population.(3) Projected deaths with vaccination were derived by applying the reported deaths for vaccinated participants per person-days from the study to the vaccinated group's persondays fromMarch 14, 2021, until June 26, 2021.”
BackgroundMethodVaccinating Children against COVID-19: Commentary and Mathematical Modeling
Hawkes, M., & Good, M. F. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.03789-21 · Cited by 12
Musculoskeletal physiotherapy in physical sequelae of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: A case report
Ku, S. I. S., & Flores, J. A. (2022) · Physiotherapy Research International · doi:10.1002/pri.1938 · Cited by 11
Watkins, L. F., Mitruka, K., Dorough, L., Bressler, S. S., Kugeler, K. J., Sadigh, K. S., Birhane, M. G., Nolen, L. D., & Fischer, M. (2022) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciac066 · Cited by 11
Gupta, H., & Verma, O. P. (2022) · Evolutionary Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s12065-022-00704-3 · Cited by 11
“Also, some fatalities have been reported after the COVID-19 vaccination however, it has been evidenced that the rate of these breakouts is very low and the role of COVID-19 vaccines in these fatalities is still under investigation [20].”
BackgroundKuitunen, I., Uimonen, M., Seppälä, S., & Ponkilainen, V. (2022) · Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses · doi:10.1111/irv.12993 · Cited by 10
Alali, W. Q., Ali, L. A., AlSeaidan, M., & Al-Rashidi, M. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9121692 · Cited by 13
Real-World Effectiveness of the mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Japan: A Case–Control Study
Hara, M., Furue, T., Fukuoka, M., Iwanaga, K., Matsuishi, E., Miike, T., SAKAMOTO, Y., Mukai, N., Kinugasa, Y., Shigyo, M., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10050779 · Cited by 11
Goethem, N. V., Vandromme, M., Oyen, H. J. V., Haarhuis, F., Brondeel, R., Catteau, L., André, E., Cuypers, L., Blot, K. Y., & Serrien, B. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269138 · Cited by 11
Mele, F., Tafuri, S., Stefanizzi, P., d’Amati, A., Calvano, M., Leonardelli, M., Macorano, E., Duma, S. M., Gabriele, G. D., Introna, F., et al. (2022) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2022.2095166 · Cited by 11
“Furthermore, it should be considered that the main focus of vaccination is the prevention of severe form of COVID-19, rather than the prevention of infection, in order to achieve a lower risk of hospitalization and death compared to nonvaccinated patients.(23,24,25,27) Thrombotic and thromboembolic syndrome represent…”
BackgroundLucca, F., Bezzerri, V., Danese, E., Olioso, D., Peserico, D., Boni, C., Cucchetto, G., Montagnana, M., Tridello, G., Meneghelli, I., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24020908 · Cited by 11
“The high efficacy of mRNA-based vaccines has been observed in different Phase 3 clinical trials, and has also been documented by real-world data, indicating that both BNT162b2 [11,15] and mRNA-1273 [12,16] have efficacy against different circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants [17,18].”
BackgroundUsefulness of linked data for infectious disease events: a systematic review
Field, E. J., Strathearn, M., Boyd-Skinner, C., & Dyda, A. (2023) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268823000316 · Cited by 11
Ferreira, F. B., Rafael, M. A., Coimbra, L., Boavida, N., Arrobas, F., Correia, F. P., Figueiredo, L., Branco, J. C., Lourenço, L. C., Santos, L., et al. (2023) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.012 · Cited by 11
Blanquart, F., Abad, C., Ambroise, J., Bernard, M., Débarre, F., Giannoli, J., Rey, T., & Vieillefond, V. (2023) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2023.04.410 · Cited by 13
“[1] Haas EJ, Angulo FJ, McLaughlin JM, Anis E, Singer SR, Khan F, et al.”
Comprehensive Understanding and Field Application of COVID-19 Vaccine
Choi, W. S. (2021) · Korean Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3904/kjm.2021.96.3.155 · Cited by 11
Assessment of the National Test Strategy on the Development of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Denmark
Busk, P. K., Kristiansen, T. B., & Engsig‐Karup, A. P. (2021) · Epidemiologia · doi:10.3390/epidemiologia2040037 · Cited by 11
“Both summer weather conditions and vaccinations reduced the prevalence of COVID-19 [32,35].”
BackgroundUnder‐reporting of COVID‐19 in the Northern Health Authority region of British Columbia
Parker, M. R. P., Li, Y., Elliott, L. T., Ma, J., & Cowen, L. L. E. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Statistics · doi:10.1002/cjs.11664 · Cited by 11
“For future applications of this model to more recent data, in particular to the current situation with the COVID-19 pandemic, we also recommend including total administered vaccinations as a time-varying parameter for ω, since a larger proportion of vaccinated individuals in a population reduces the rate of spread of…”
BackgroundMethoddel Cura-Bilbao, A., López-Mendoza, H., Chaure-Pardos, A., Ugarriza, A. V., & Guimbao-Bescós, J. (2022) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2803.212027 · Cited by 12
Stošić, M., Milić, M., Marković, M., Kelić, I., Bukumirić, Z., Veljković, M., Kisić-Tepavčević, D., Šaponjić, V., Plavša, D., Jovanović, S., et al. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10060838 · Cited by 11
Baradaran, H. R., Dehghanbanadaki, H., Moradpour, F., Eshrati, B., Moradi, G., Azami, M., Ghadery, A. H., Nejad, M.-M. M., & Moradi, Y. (2022) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2022.2102001 · Cited by 11
“Four studies were conducted in the United States [3,7–9], two studies were in Israel [6,10], one study was in Sweden [11], and the other one was conducted in Spain [12].”
Functional impact on adults and older people after hospitalization by Covid‐19
Ochiai, G. S., de Godoy, C. G., Silva, É. C. G. E., de Oliveira, D. B., da Silva, E. M., Viana, B. D. O. C., da Silva, J. M., de Souza, R. O. B., dos Santos, M. D., de Campos, C. M., et al. (2022) · Physiotherapy Research International · doi:10.1002/pri.1983 · Cited by 11
How Does Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 Affect Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19?
Moreno-Nuñez, P., Bueno‐Cavanillas, A., Jose‐Saras, D. S., Vicente‐Guijarro, J., Chávez, A. C. F., & Andrés, J. M. A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11133905 · Cited by 10
“However, our results cannot support the protective effect of the vaccine on the likelihood of ICU admission [5], probably due to the small number of vaccinated subjects admitted to the ICU in our study and the uneven distribution of age and comorbidities in the exposure groups.”
ResultAkaishi, T., Onodera, T., Takahashi, T., Harigae, H., & Ishii, T. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19936-5 · Cited by 10
Ha, L. C., Levian, C., Greene, N., Goldfarb, I. T., Hirsch, A. M., & Naqvi, M. (2023) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2023.10.010 · Cited by 10
Mar, J., Ibarrondo, O., Estadilla, C. D. S., Stollenwerk, N., Antoñanzas, F., Blasco-Aguado, R., Larrañaga, I., Bidaurrazaga, J., & Aguiar, M. (2023) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-023-01326-y · Cited by 10
“The fast rollout of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination programmes was of paramount importance in containing the pandemic [1].”
BackgroundWaning effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines against inpatient and emergency department encounters
Giannouchos, T. V., Hair, N. L., Olatosi, B., & Li, X. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300198 · Cited by 10
Alsulaiman, J., Alzoubi, A., Alrawashdeh, A., Al-Dekah, A. M., Abubaker, S., Amayreh, W., Sweileh, W. M., Alzoubi, H. M., & Kheirallah, K. A. (2024) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2024.102597 · Cited by 10
Pascucci, D., Nurchis, M. C., Sapienza, M., Castrini, F., Beccia, F., D’Ambrosio, F., Grossi, A., Castagna, C., Pezzullo, A. M., Zega, M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111098 · Cited by 10
“3%) were in line with those observed in the scientific literature [29,30].”
ResultVaccines and Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2: Considerations for the Older Population
Weinberger, B. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9121435 · Cited by 11
“A more detailed analysis of the oldest age group did not reveal any differences between the age groups ≥65 y, ≥75 y, and ≥85 y [54].”
BackgroundO’Donnell, K. L., Gourdine, T., Fletcher, P., Shifflett, K., Furuyama, W., Clancy, C. S., & Marzi, A. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10030435 · Cited by 8
“Through mass vaccination against COVID-19, the effectiveness to protect against severe disease in a real-world setting is unquestioned [2,12,13].”
BackgroundChen, P., Behre, G., Hebert, C., Kumar, P. N., Macpherson, L. F., Graham-Clarke, P., de la Torre, I., Nichols, R., Hufford, M. M., Patel, D. R., et al. (2022) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac172 · Cited by 10
Paranthaman, K., Subbarao, S., Andrews, N. J., Kirsebom, F. C. M., Gower, C., Bernal, J. L., Ramsay, M. E., & Copas, A. J. (2022) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afac115 · Cited by 11
Development of DNA Vaccine Candidate against SARS-CoV-2
Wang, X., Rcheulishvili, N., Cai, J., Liu, C., Xie, F., Hu, X., Yang, N., Hou, M., Papukashvili, D., He, Y., et al. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14051049 · Cited by 10
“Nevertheless, des ite the presence and availability of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 [9,33], the need for more, highly ffe tive and saf vaccines remains till emergent to finally combat this i fectious disease.”
BackgroundNonhuman primate models for evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines
Neil, J. A., Griffith, M., Godfrey, D. I., Purcell, D. F. J., Deliyannis, G., Jackson, D. C., Rockman, S., Subbarao, K., & Nolan, T. M. (2022) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2022.2071264 · Cited by 11
“Almost a year after the initial rollout of these vaccines, countries such as the UK and Israel have seen a significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2 infection rates, supporting their capacity to curb the pandemic [6,7].”
BackgroundWeaver, K. N., Zhang, X., Dai, X., Chen, W., Watkins, R. D., Adler, J., Dubinsky, M. C., Kastl, A., Bousvaros, A., Strople, J. A., et al. (2022) · Inflammatory Bowel Diseases · doi:10.1093/ibd/izac138 · Cited by 10
An evidence-based debate on epigenetics and immunosenescence in COVID-19
Claudio Napoli, A., Coscioni, E., Trama, U., Strozziero, M. G., & Benincasa, G. (2023) · Current Research in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.crimmu.2023.100069 · Cited by 10
Hong, W., Hong, L., Peng, D., Huang, Y., He, C., Yang, H. J., Zhou, Y., Liu, J., Pan, X., Que, H., et al. (2024) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.539 · Cited by 10
COVID-19 vaccines for children in LMICs: another equity issue
Kampmann, B., & Okomo, U. A. (2021) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01748-7 · Cited by 11
Papadopoulos, D., Ntanasis‐Stathopoulos, I., Gavriatopoulou, M., Evangelakou, Z., Malandrakis, P., Manola, M. S., Gianniou, D. D., Kastritis, E., Trougakos, I. P., Dimopoulos, M. A., et al. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10020204 · Cited by 8
COVID-19 Vaccination Strategies and Their Adaptation to the Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Variants
Stefanelli, P., & Rezza, G. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10060905 · Cited by 10
“0% against asymptomatic infection and COVID-19, respectively [24].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Haas, E. J., Angulo, F. J., McLaughlin, J. M., Anis, E., Singer, S. R., Khan, F., Brooks, N., Smaja, M., Mircus, G., Pan, K., Southern, J., Swerdlow, D. L., Jodar, L., Levy, Y., & Alroy-Preis, S.
- Affiliations
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- Pfizer (United States) (US)
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- Israel Ministry of Health (IL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Lancet
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-05
- Volume
- 397
- Issue
- 10287
- Pages
- 1819-1829
- ISSN
- 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
- 0140-6736
- PMC
- PMC8099315
- OpenAlex
- W3158276912
- Semantic Scholar
- 096d4aae680648191460c8297e1a9d74c3a73c03
- Cited by
- 1,564
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 68 · 2024: 161 · 2023: 277 · 2022: 604 · 2021: 417
- FWCI
- 115.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2021-07-17)
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Lancet (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Harvard University
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Keywords
- BNT162b2, COVID-19 mRNA vaccine, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness, real-world effectiveness, COVID-19 hospitalization, COVID-19 mortality, asymptomatic infection, symptomatic infection, vaccine uptake, B.1.1.7 variant, public health impact
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, BNT162 Vaccine, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Israel, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, RNA, Messenger, Incidence, Mass Vaccination, Young Adult, Asymptomatic Infections, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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