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Cited by 467Menopause: Health Impacts and TreatmentsEstrogen and related hormone effectsHormonal and reproductive studies

The menopause

Greendale, Gail A, Lee, Nancy P, Arriola, Edga R·1999·The Lancet
DOI 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)05352-5
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Abstract

Menopause is diagnosed after 12 months of amenorrhoea resulting from the permanent cessation of ovarian function. The mean age at menopause is 51 years. The perimenopause, a time of changing ovarian function, precedes the final menses by several years. The physiology and clinical manifestations of this transition to menopause are not well understood; however, some symptoms, such as hot flashes, certainly begin in the perimenopause. Causal associations between menopause and several symptoms and diseases are proposed. The evidence for these associations varies and is reviewed. Hormone replacement therapy can be directed at symptom relief or at prevention or treatment of chronic diseases. Doses and routes of hormone replacement therapy vary by indication. Complications of hormone replacement therapy depend on the regimen used. Knowing the expected vaginal bleeding pattern for each hormone replacement therapy regimen is important, since unexpected bleeding may signal endometrial hyperplasia. Postmenopausal hormone therapy is a complex intervention that produces positive and negative specific health effects. Overall, based on observational studies, postmenopausal women who use hormones have a 30-50% lower all-cause mortality rate than those who do not use hormones. It is important to recognise that the value that individual women place on various health outcomes associated with hormone replacement therapy may differ. Thus, the decision to use hormone replacement therapy should be made jointly by each woman and her health-care provider, after careful consideration of possible benefits, risks, and her personal preferences.

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Crossref · 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)05352-5

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  • Menopause is associated with abrupt loss of estrogen and progesterone production in women at mid-age following cessation of ovarian function.

    “Menopause is associated with an abrupt loss of estrogen and progesterone production in women at mid-age following the cessation of ovarian function.5”

    From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [5]

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Authors
Greendale, G. A., Lee, N. P., & Arriola, E. R.
Affiliations
University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Corresponding author
Greendale, Gail A
ORCID
Greendale, Gail A
Venue
The Lancet
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
1999-02
Volume
353
Issue
9152
Pages
571-580
ISSN
  • 0099-5355 (ISSN-L)
  • 0140-6736
DOI
10.1016/s0140-6736(98)05352-5
OpenAlex
W4211259290
Cited by
467
References
117
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 12
FWCI
4.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • The Lancet (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Keywords
menopause, perimenopause, amenorrhea, ovarian function, hot flashes, hormone replacement therapy, endometrial hyperplasia, vaginal bleeding, all-cause mortality, shared decision-making
MeSH terms
Coronary Disease, Depression, Female, Humans, Menopause, Middle Aged, Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological, Urinary Incontinence, Urinary Tract Infections, Vaginal Diseases, Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Hot Flashes

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