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The long-term psychobiological consequences of intermittent postnatal separation in the squirrel monkey
Abstract
Long-term effects of early experiences have been well documented in rodents, non-human primates and humans. The influence of early experiences on the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal has demonstrated that this biological system is highly plastic and is permanently modified by early experiences. The effects of brief periods of maternal separation in rodents tend to result in a reduction of the stress response, whereas longer periods of maternal separation produce an animal that is hyperresponsive. The effect of disruptions of mother-infant interactions on the HPA axis in non-human primates has not been clearly established. However, the primate research has primarily focused on more permanent separation paradigms and thus it is difficult to compare the rodent studies with those conducted in primates. The present study attempted to use a separation procedure in monkeys that more closely resembled the rodent model. Intermittent separation during infancy followed by reunion with the mother were shown to lead to a significant reduction in both the cortisol response and the response of the noradrenergic system following social isolation in juvenile squirrel monkeys at 2 and 3 years of age. The behavioral response (vocalizations) was also reduced.
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The association between subjective social isolation and gene expression corresponds well to gene expression differences in animal models of social isolation, suggesting that a subjective sense of social connectedness is important for genomic expression and normal immunoregulation in humans.
“However, the association between subjective social isolation and gene expression corresponds well to gene expression differences in animal models of social isolation (e.g., [77–79]), suggesting that a subjective sense of social connectedness is important for genomic expression and normal immunoregulation in humans.”
From Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms (2010) · cites this paper as [77]
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Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8 · Cited by 4,782
“, [77–79]), suggesting that a subjective sense of social connectedness is important for genomic expression and normal immunoregulation in humans.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Levine, S., & Mody, T.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levine, Seymour
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 83-89
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2027450460
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 1.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-1196, K05MH001196)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD-0281)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- maternal separation, squirrel monkey, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol response, noradrenergic system, social isolation, early life experience, mother-infant interaction, stress response, vocalizations, long-term effects
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Behavior, Animal, Blood Chemical Analysis, Dependency, Psychological, Female, Homovanillic Acid, Hydrocortisone, Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid, Macaca mulatta, Male, Maternal Deprivation, Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol, Vocalization, Animal
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