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The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear
Abstract
After a few pairings of a threatening stimulus with a formerly neutral cue, animals and humans will experience a state of conditioned fear when only the cue is present. Conditioned fear provides a critical survival-related function in the face of threat by activating a range of protective behaviors. The present review summarizes and compares the results of different laboratories investigating the neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear, focusing primarily on the behavioral models of freezing and fear-potentiated startle in rats. On the basis of these studies, we describe the pathways mediating and modulating fear. We identify several key unanswered questions and discuss possible implications for the understanding of human anxiety disorders.
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“The amygdala plays a key role in defensive behaviour and switching between defensive modes in rodents [39–42].”
From Freeze for action: neurobiological mechanisms in animal and human freezing (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fendt, M., & Fanselow, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fendt, M.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 743-760
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042847262
- Cited by
- 1,092
- References
- 244
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- fear conditioning, freezing behavior, fear-potentiated startle, anxiety disorders, threat response
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Conditioning, Psychological, Fear, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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