The DOI matches its Crossref record; 264 of the 264 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear
Abstract
After a few pairings of a threatening stimulus with a formerly neutral cue, animals and humans will experience a state of conditioned fear when only the cue is present. Conditioned fear provides a critical survival-related function in the face of threat by activating a range of protective behaviors. The present review summarizes and compares the results of different laboratories investigating the neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear, focusing primarily on the behavioral models of freezing and fear-potentiated startle in rats. On the basis of these studies, we describe the pathways mediating and modulating fear. We identify several key unanswered questions and discuss possible implications for the understanding of human anxiety disorders.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The amygdala plays a key role in defensive behaviour and switching between defensive modes in rodents [39–42].”
From Freeze for action: neurobiological mechanisms in animal and human freezing (2017) · cites this paper as [40]
Citations
Cites
(1978) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 8,010
Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans.
Squire, L. R. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.2.195 · Cited by 5,376
The hippocampus as a cognitive map
Passingham, R. E. (1979) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(79)90015-0 · Cited by 5,128
Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy
Stern, C. D. (1986) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/0197-0186(86)90021-5 · Cited by 4,160
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
Crowley, T. (1957) · Philosophical Studies · doi:10.5840/philstudies1957703 · Cited by 3,625
Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning.
Phillips, R. G., & LeDoux, J. E. (1992) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.106.2.274 · Cited by 3,292
Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress
Bloom, F. E., & Kupfer, D. J. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,985
Modality-Specific Retrograde Amnesia of Fear
Kim, J. J., & Fanselow, M. S. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1585183 · Cited by 2,483
Self-citationEmotion, attention, and the startle reflex
Lang, P. J., Bradley, M. M., & Cuthbert, B. N. (1990) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.377 · Cited by 2,205
Preliminary analysis of functions of the temporal lobes in monkeys
KLÜVER, H. (1939) · Archives of Neurology And Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1939.02270240017001 · Cited by 1,696
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Miller, 1941, An experimental study of acquired drives, Psychol Bull, 38, 534
- Shi, 1997, Anatomical tracing and lesion studies of pain pathways involved in fear conditioning measured with fear potentiated startle, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 23, 627.12
- Fendt, 1997, Stimulation of startle modulating midbrain areas has different effects on the acoustic startle response, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 23, 627.14
- Cassella, 1984, Sensitization fear conditioning and pharmacological modulation of acoustic startle following lesions of the dorsal periaqueductal gray, Soc Neurosci Abstr, 10, 1067
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 501–600 of 999
McGuire, J. L., Larke, L. E., Sallee, F. R., Herman, J. P., & Sah, R. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00054 · Cited by 36
Borlikova, G. G., Elbers, N. A., & Stephens, D. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04901.x · Cited by 35
Prior cocaine exposure disrupts extinction of fear conditioningPreprint
Burke, K. A., Franz, T. M., Gugsa, N., & Schoenbaum, G. M. (2006) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.216206 · Cited by 36
Role of L-type Ca2+channel isoforms in the extinction of conditioned fearPreprint
Busquet, P., Hetzenauer, A., Sinnegger-Brauns, M. J., Striessnig, J., & Singewald, N. (2008) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.886208 · Cited by 36
Early life programming of innate fear and fear learning in adult female rats
Stevenson, C. W., Meredith, J. P., Spicer, C. H., Mason, R., & Marsden, C. A. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.021 · Cited by 34
Behavioral characterization of P311 knockout mice
Taylor, G. A., Rodriguiz, R. M., Greene, R. I., Daniell, X. G., Henry, S. C., Crooks, K., Kotloski, R. J., Tessarollo, L., Phillips, L. E., & Wetsel, W. C. (2008) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/j.1601-183x.2008.00420.x · Cited by 35
Burhans, L. B., Smith‐Bell, C. A., & Schreurs, B. G. (2008) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0013599 · Cited by 35
Psychiatric Disorders - Trends and Developments
Uehara, T. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/2330 · Cited by 36
Implicit aversive memory under anaesthesia in animal models: a narrative review
Samuel, N., Taub, A. H., Paz, R., & Raz, A. (2018) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.05.046 · Cited by 35
Kreutzmann, J. C., Jovanović, T., & Fendt, M. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05527-7 · Cited by 31
Self-citationNeurotrophin signalling in amygdala-dependent cued fear learning
Meis, S., Endres, T., & Leßmann, V. (2020) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-020-03260-3 · Cited by 40
Dere, E., Frisch, C. M., Silva, M. A. D. S., Gödecke, A., Schrader, J., & Huston, J. P. (2001) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00382-7 · Cited by 35
Pickens, C. L., Navarre, B. M., & Nair, S. G. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.06.036 · Cited by 35
Learning in Respiratory Control
Gallego, J., Nsegbe, É., & Durand, E. (2001) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445501254002 · Cited by 35
Fendt, M., & Mucha, R. F. (2001) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130100709 · Cited by 35
Self-citationNorrholm, S. D., Anderson, K. M., Olin, I. W., Jovanovic, T., Kwon, C., Warren, V. T., McCarthy, A., Bosshardt, L., Sabree, J., Duncan, E. J., et al. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00077 · Cited by 34
Linhart, P., Fuchs, R., Poláková, S., & Slabbekoorn, H. (2012) · Journal of Avian Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1600-048x.2012.05580.x · Cited by 34
Sharko, A. C., Fadel, J. R., Kaigler, K. F., & Wilson, M. A. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.10.008 · Cited by 38
Activation of limbic system structures by replay of ultrasonic vocalization in rats
Wöhr, M., & Schwarting, R. K. W. (2010) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374593-4.00012-7 · Cited by 34
Barroca, N. C. B., Santa, G. D., Suchecki, D., Garcia‐Cairasco, N., & Umeoka, E. H. D. L. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104771 · Cited by 38
Hacquemand, R., Jacquot, L., & Brand, G. (2010) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00188 · Cited by 34
Relief learning is distinguished from safety learning by the requirement of the nucleus accumbens.
Mohammadi, M., Bergado-Acosta, J. R., & Fendt, M. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.053 · Cited by 35
Self-citationBuck, D. L., Seager, M. A., & Schreurs, B. G. (2001) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.115.5.1039 · Cited by 34
Jaworski, D. M., Boone, J. Q., Caterina, J. J., Soloway, P. D., & Falls, W. A. (2005) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.057 · Cited by 34
Yilmazer‐Hanke, D., Wigger, A., Linke, R., Landgraf, R., & Schwegler, H. (2004) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/b:bege.0000017874.40934.64 · Cited by 34
d’Isa, R. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00078 · Cited by 34
Carrive, P. (2002) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s1566-0702(02)00039-5 · Cited by 34
Spiacci, G. B. L., Antero, L. S., dos Reis, D. G., Lisboa, S. F. D. S., & Resstel, L. B. M. (2016) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.08.010 · Cited by 34
Anxiety: at the intersection of genes and experience
Anagnostaras, S., Craske, M. G., & Fanselow, M. S. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/12146 · Cited by 34
Self-citationImamura, M., & Zhang, Y. B. (2014) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2014.08.018 · Cited by 35
Zalucki, O. H., & van Swinderen, B. (2016) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2016.06.017 · Cited by 33
Park, K., Ribic, A., Gaupp, F. M. L., Coman, D., Huang, Y. H., Dulla, C. G., Hyder, F., & Biederer, T. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0189-16.2016 · Cited by 33
Membrane excitability and fear conditioning in cerebellar Purkinje cell
Zhu, L., Scelfo, B., Tempia, F., Sacchetti, B., & Strata, P. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.02.040 · Cited by 33
Less is more: The effects of very brief versus clearly visible exposure.
Siegel, P., & Weinberger, J. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0026806 · Cited by 33
de Macedo, C. E. A., Cuadra, G. R., Molina, V. A., & Brandão, M. L. (2004) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20094 · Cited by 33
Neuronal substrates underlying stress resilience and susceptibility in rats
Febbraro, F., Svenningsen, K., Tran, T. P., & Wiborg, O. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179434 · Cited by 35
Emotional Circuits and Computational Neuroscience
Fellous, J., Armony, J. L., & LeDoux, J. E. (2002) · Cited by 33
Spanos, M., Besheer, J., & Hodge, C. W. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.02.010 · Cited by 32
Neuron-specific Sumo1–3 knockdown in mice impairs episodic and fear memories
Wang, L., Rodriguiz, R. M., Wetsel, W. C., Sheng, H., Zhao, S., Liu, X., Paschen, W., & Yang, W. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.130148 · Cited by 32
Portugal, L. C. L., Pereira, M. G., Alves, R. D. C. S., Tavares, G., Lobo, I., Rocha-Rego, V., Marques‐Portella, C., Mendlowicz, M. V., Coutinho, E. S. F., Fiszman, A., et al. (2012) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462012000100011 · Cited by 36
Stiedl, O., Misane, I., Koch, M., Pattij, T., Meyer, M., & Ögren, S. O. (2006) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.10.012 · Cited by 32
Spanka, C., Glatthar, R., Desrayaud, S., Fendt, M., Orain, D., Troxler, T. J., & Vranesic, I. (2009) · Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.001 · Cited by 32
Self-citationBast, T., Zhang, W., & Feldon, J. (2001) · Cited by 32
Calandreau, L., Desgranges, B., Jaffard, R., & Desmedt, A. (2010) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.1859810 · Cited by 32
Gifkins, A., Greba, Q., & Kokkinidis, L. (2002) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.116.5.785 · Cited by 31
Szeska, C., Richter, J., Wendt, J., Weymar, M., & Hamm, A. O. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13812 · Cited by 32
The hole-board apparatus in the study of anxiety
Casarrubea, M., Giovanni, G. D., Aiello, S., & Crescimanno, G. (2023) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114346 · Cited by 30
Loop Diuretics Have Anxiolytic Effects in Rat Models of Conditioned Anxiety
Krystal, A. D., Sutherland, J., & Hochman, D. W. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035417 · Cited by 30
Oxytocin and Fear Memory Extinction: Possible Implications for the Therapy of Fear Disorders?
Baldi, E., Costa, A., Rani, B., Passani, M. B., Blandina, P., Romano, A., & Provensi, G. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms221810000 · Cited by 35
Hendriksen, H., Bink, D. I., Daniels, E. G., Pandit, R., Piriou, C., Slieker, R. C., Westphal, K. G. C., Olivier, B., & Oosting, R. S. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.028 · Cited by 32
Linked networks for learning and expressing location-specific threat
Suarez‐Jimenez, B., Bisby, J. A., Horner, A. J., King, J. A., Pine, D. S., & Burgess, N. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1714691115 · Cited by 31
General approach to fish welfare and to the concept of sentience in fish
(EFSA), E. F. S. A. (2009) · EFSA Journal · doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.954 · Cited by 43
Associative structure of fear memory after basolateral amygdala lesions in rats.
Rabinak, C. A., & Maren, S. (2008) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0012903 · Cited by 30
Rajbhandari, A. K., Zhu, R., Adling, C., Fanselow, M. S., & Waschek, J. A. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23947 · Cited by 32
Self-citationReimer, A. E., de Oliveira, A. R., & Brandão, M. L. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.005 · Cited by 29
Freudenberg, F., Dieckmann, M., Winter, S., Koch, M., & Schwabe, K. (2007) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.06.034 · Cited by 29
Zeggio, L., Moreira, K. D. M., Ferreira, T. L., Fornari, R. V., & Oliveira, M. G. M. (2008) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2008.05.008 · Cited by 29
Detert, J. A., Kampa, N. D., & Moyer, J. R. (2008) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0013512 · Cited by 29
Cohen, H., Vainer, E., Kaplan, Z., Zohar, J., & Mathé, A. A. (2017) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.11.006 · Cited by 29
Pavesi, E., Heldt, S. A., & Fletcher, M. L. (2013) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.031450.113 · Cited by 29
Endocannabinoid signaling and memory dynamics: A synaptic perspective
Drumond, A., Madeira, N., & Fonseca, R. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.07.031 · Cited by 29
Learning and memory is modulated by cannabidiol when administered during trace fear-conditioning
Uhernik, A. L., Montoya, Z. T., Balkissoon, C. D., & Smith, J. P. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.009 · Cited by 28
Cholinergic neurotransmission in the basolateral amygdala during cued fear extinction
Kellis, D. M., Kaigler, K. F., Witherspoon, E., Fadel, J. R., & Wilson, M. A. (2020) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100279 · Cited by 29
Sui, L., Wang, F., Liu, F., Wang, J., & Li, B. (2006) · Journal of neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01480.x · Cited by 23
Schreurs, B. G. (2003) · Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews · doi:10.1177/1534582303002002001 · Cited by 28
Holahan, M. R., & White, N. M. (2004) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.118.1.24 · Cited by 29
APP transgenic mice: The effect of active and passive immunotherapy in cognitive tasks
Röskam, S., Neff, F., Schwarting, R. K. W., Bacher, M., & Dodel, R. C. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.10.006 · Cited by 29
Tovote, P., Meyer, M., Pilz, P. K. D., Ronnenberg, A., Ögren, S. O., Spiess, J., & Stiedl, O. (2005) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.119.1.55 · Cited by 28
Maldonado, N. M., Martijena, I. D., & Molina, V. A. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.06.035 · Cited by 29
Interdependence of measures in Pavlovian conditioned freezing
Wood, S. C., & Anagnostaras, S. (2011) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.006 · Cited by 29
Wiring and Volume Transmission in Rat Amygdala. Implications for Fear and Anxiety
de la Mora, M. P., Jacobsen, K. X., Crespo‐Ramírez, M., Flores‐Gracia, C., & Fuxé, K. (2008) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-008-9722-9 · Cited by 27
Innate or learned acoustic recognition of avian predators in rodents?
Kindermann, T., Siemers, B. M., & Fendt, M. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.024174 · Cited by 27
Self-citationAttention, Attitudes, and Action: When and Why Incidental Fear Increases Consumer Choice
Coleman, N., Williams, P., Morales, A. C., & White, A. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucx036 · Cited by 27
RetractedAssessments of Cognitive Deficits in Mutant Mice
Rodriguiz, R. M., & Wetsel, W. C. (2006) · Frontiers in neuroscience · doi:10.1201/9781420004335.ch12 · Cited by 27
Effect of a Nonsedative Dose of Propofol on Memory for Aversively Loaded Information in Rats
Pain, L., Angst, M.-J., Gourrier, L. L., & Oberling, P. (2002) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/00000542-200208000-00023 · Cited by 27
Avanzi, V., Silva, R. C. B., Macedo, C. E., & Brandão, M. L. (2003) · Physiology and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00029-5 · Cited by 25
Goode, T. D., Kim, J., & Maren, S. (2015) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0037-15.2015 · Cited by 28
Plasticity of Fear and Safety Neurons of the Amygdala in Response to Fear Extinction
Sangha, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00354 · Cited by 28
Differential effects of prior stress on conditioned inhibition of fear and fear extinction
Woon, E. P., Seibert, T. A., Urbanczyk, P. J., Ng, K. H., & Sangha, S. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112414 · Cited by 26
Sneddon, L. U., & Brown, C. (2020) · Advances in neuroethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31011-0_4 · Cited by 26
Sex differences in the immediate extinction deficit and renewal of extinguished fear in rats
Binette, A. N., Totty, M. S., & Maren, S. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264797 · Cited by 26
Durand, E., Dauger, S., Vardon, G., Gressèns, P., Gaultier, C., de Schonen, S., & Gallego, J. (2003) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00488.2002 · Cited by 26
Antinociception in piauçu fish induced by exposure to the conspecific alarm substance
Alves, F. L., Barbosa, A., & Hoffmann, A. (2012) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.12.003 · Cited by 29
Bignante, E. A., Paglini, M. G., & Molina, V. A. (2010) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.02.007 · Cited by 25
Skelly, M. J., Ariwodola, O. J., & Weiner, J. L. (2016) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.003 · Cited by 24
A New Look at Cardiac Defense: Attention or Emotion?
Vila, J., Fernández‐Santaella, M. C., Chica, J. P., Vera, M. N., Robles, H., Pérez‐Marfil, M. N., Sánchez, M. B., Ramírez-Uclés, I. M., & Ruiz‐Padial, E. (2003) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1138741600005217 · Cited by 26
Luyten, L., Vansteenwegen, D., van Kuyck, K., Deckers, D., & Nuttin, B. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.11.005 · Cited by 26
Brignell, C. M., & Curran, H. V. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0363-x · Cited by 26
Castilho, V. M., Borelli, K. G., Brandão, M. L., & Nobre, M. J. (2008) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.03.014 · Cited by 26
Trent, S., Abdullah, M. H., Parwana, K., Valdivieso, M. A., Hassan, Z., & Müller, C. P. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111310 · Cited by 33
Contextual modulation of conditioned responses in humans: A review on virtual reality studies
Andreatta, M., & Pauli, P. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102095 · Cited by 27
Ng, K. H., Pollock, M., Escobedo, A., Bachman, B. B., Miyazaki, N. L., Bartlett, E. L., & Sangha, S. (2023) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-023-01598-0 · Cited by 25
Barnet, R. C., & Hunt, P. S. (2006) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.120.4.861 · Cited by 25
Inactivation of the lateral septum blocks fox odor-induced fear behavior
Endres, T., & Fendt, M. (2008) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282fb78d9 · Cited by 25
Self-citationDomingos, L. B., Hott, S. C., Terzian, A. L. B., & Resstel, L. B. M. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.005 · Cited by 25
Ponder, C. A., Munoz, M. B., Gilliam, T. C., & Palmer, A. A. (2007) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-007-9013-9 · Cited by 25
Youn, J., Misane, I., Eriksson, T. M., Millan, M. J., Ögren, S. O., Verhage, M., & Stiedl, O. (2009) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.011 · Cited by 24
Cryan, J. F., & Dev, K. K. (2008) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s1569-7339(07)00013-6 · Cited by 25
Brain Activation by Peptide Pro-Leu-Gly- (MIF-1)
Khan, R. S., Yu, C., Kastin, A. J., He, Y., Ehrensing, R. H., Hsuchou, H., Stone, K. P., & Pan, W. (2010) · International Journal of Peptides · doi:10.1155/2010/537639 · Cited by 24
Deal, A. L., Erickson, K. J., Shiers, S. I., & Burman, M. A. (2016) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000130 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- Fendt, M., & Fanselow, M. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fendt, M.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1999-05
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 743-760
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2042847262
- Cited by
- 1,092
- References
- 244
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 55 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 4.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- fear conditioning, freezing behavior, fear-potentiated startle, anxiety disorders, threat response
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Conditioning, Psychological, Fear, Humans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review