CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 73Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlCardiac Health and Mental Health

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Blood phobia and spider phobia: two specific phobias with different autonomic cardiac modulations

Sarlo, Michela, Palomba, Daniela, Angrilli, Alessandro, Stegagno, Luciano·2002·Biological Psychology
DOI 10.1016/s0301-0511(02)00030-3
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Cardiac reactions to two fear-related and one control film were compared in individuals high in spider or blood/injury fear. Twelve subjects in each phobic group were selected on the basis of their scores in the Spider or Mutilation Questionnaires and a semi-structured interview. Cardiac responses and self-reported affective ratings to the films were investigated. Sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac influences were indexed by T-wave amplitude and respiratory sinus arrhythmia measured during film viewing. Basal parasympathetic cardiac control was also assessed during a paced breathing task. Results indicate differential autonomic modulation of cardiac responses for blood and spider phobics. Although each group reacted with marked cardiac activation to its feared stimulus, a sympathetic increase followed by withdrawal over time was found in blood phobics. Greater vagal tone at rest was present in blood phobics compared with spider phobics.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/s0301-0511(02)00030-3

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In both studies, only the initial increase in sympathetic activity, not the subsequent decrease, exceeded the levels reached during neutral and negative comparison films.

    “In both studies, only the initial increase in sympathetic activity, not the subsequent decrease, exceeded the levels reached during neutral and negative comparison films.”

    From The psychophysiology of blood-injection-injury phobia: Looking beyond the diphasic response paradigm (2010) · cites this paper as Sarlo et al., 2002

  • In the same two studies, analysis of RSA remained uninformative, but no control for influences of respiration rate and volume had been attempted.

    “In the same two studies, analysis of RSA remained uninformative, but no control for influences of respiration rate and volume had been attempted.”

    From The psychophysiology of blood-injection-injury phobia: Looking beyond the diphasic response paradigm (2010) · cites this paper as Sarlo et al., 2002

  • Sarlo et al. (2002; 2008) measured T-wave amplitude or pre-ejection period during film presentation and observed initial decreases followed by subsequent increases in these indices, suggesting elevated and reduced sympathetic activity, respectively.

    “Sarlo et al. (2002; 2008) measured T-wave amplitude or pre-ejection period, respectively, during film presentation and observed initial decreases followed by subsequent increases in these indices, suggesting elevated and reduced sympathetic activity, respectively.”

    From The psychophysiology of blood-injection-injury phobia: Looking beyond the diphasic response paradigm (2010) · cites this paper as Sarlo et al., 2002

  • Three studies of surgery film exposure that used neutral film clips as a comparison were not able to demonstrate HR falls below neutral levels.

    “Three studies of surgery film exposure that used neutral film clips as a comparison were not able to demonstrate HR falls below neutral levels (Sarlo et al., 2002; Steptoe and Wardle, 1988; Vögele et al., 2003).”

    From The psychophysiology of blood-injection-injury phobia: Looking beyond the diphasic response paradigm (2010) · cites this paper as Sarlo et al., 2002

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 35

  1. Angrilli, 1995, PSAAL: a LabVIEW 3 program for data acquisition and analysis in psychophysiological experiments, Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 27, 367, 10.3758/BF03200431 · DOI
  2. Angrilli, 1997, Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in blood phobic subjects, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 84, 505, 10.2466/pms.1997.84.2.505 · DOI
  3. Connolly, 1976, Selective association of fainting with blood–injury–illness fear, Behavior Therapy, 7, 8, 10.1016/S0005-7894(76)80214-6 · DOI
  4. Engel, 1978, Psychologic stress, vasodepressor (vasovagal) syncope, and sudden death, Annals of Internal Medicine, 89, 403, 10.7326/0003-4819-89-3-403 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Fredrikson, 1981, Orienting and defensive reactions to phobic and conditioned fear stimuli in phobics and normals, Psychophysiology, 18, 456, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1981.tb02480.x · DOI
  6. Fredrikson, 1995, Functional neuroanatomy of visually elicited simple phobic fear: additional data and theoretical analysis, Psychophysiology, 32, 43, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1995.tb03404.x · DOI
  7. Friedman, 1998, Anxiety and autonomic flexibility: a cardiovascular approach, Biological Psychology, 49, 303
  8. Friedman, 1993, Autonomic characteristics of nonclinical panic and blood phobia, Biological Psychiatry, 34, 298, 10.1016/0006-3223(93)90087-T · DOI
  9. Furedy, 1983, A consideration of recent criticisms of the T-wave amplitude index of myocardial sympathetic activity, Psychophysiology, 20, 204, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03289.x · DOI
  10. Geer, 1966, Fear and autonomic arousal, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71, 253, 10.1037/h0023544 · DOI
  11. Graham, 1961, Vasovagal fainting: a diphasic response, Psychosomatic Medicine, 23, 493, 10.1097/00006842-196111000-00004 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Graham, 1978, Constraints on measuring heart rate and period sequentially through real and cardiac time, Psychophysiology, 15, 492, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01422.x · DOI
  13. Graham, F.K., Clifton, R.K. 1966. Heart-rate change as a component of the orienting response. Psychological Bulletin, 65, 305–320. · DOI
  14. Grossman, 1987, Respiratory sinus arrhythmia as an index of parasympathetic cardiac control during active coping, Psychophysiology, 24, 228, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb00284.x · DOI
  15. Grossman, 1990, A comparison of three quantification methods for estimation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, Psychophysiology, 27, 702, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb03198.x · DOI · Paper page
  16. Hamm, 1997, Fear and the startle reflex: blink modulation and autonomic response patterns in animal and mutilation fearful subjects, Psychophysiology, 34, 97, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02420.x · DOI
  17. Hare, 1975, Defensive responses to phobic stimuli, Biological Psychology, 3, 1, 10.1016/0301-0511(75)90002-2 · DOI
  18. Kleinknecht, 1990, The Mutilation Questionnaire as a predictor of blood/injury fear and fainting, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 429, 10.1016/0005-7967(90)90163-D · DOI
  19. Kleinknecht, 1988, Specificity and psychosocial correlates of blood/injury fear and fainting, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26, 303, 10.1016/0005-7967(88)90082-4 · DOI
  20. Klorman, 1974, Psychometric description of some specific-fear questionnaires, Behavior Therapy, 5, 401, 10.1016/S0005-7894(74)80008-0 · DOI
  21. Klorman, 1977, Individual differences in fear and autonomic reactions to affective stimulation, Psychophysiology, 14, 45, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1977.tb01154.x · DOI
  22. Lang, 1993, Looking at pictures: affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions, Psychophysiology, 30, 261, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03352.x · DOI · Paper page
  23. Lumley, 1992, Blood phobics and nonphobics: psychological differences and affect during exposure, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 425, 10.1016/0005-7967(92)90026-D · DOI · Paper page
  24. McCabe, 1984, Changes in heart period, heart period variability, and a spectral analysis estimate of respiratory sinus arrhythmias during aortic nerve stimulation in rabbits, Psychophysiology, 21, 149, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb00197.x · DOI
  25. Öst, 1992, Blood and injection phobia: background and cognitive, physiological, and behavioral variables, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 68, 10.1037/0021-843X.101.1.68 · DOI
  26. Palomba, 2000, Cardiac responses associated with affective processing of unpleasant film stimuli, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 36, 45, 10.1016/S0167-8760(99)00099-9 · DOI
  27. Prigatano, 1974, Autonomic nervous system changes associated with a spider phobic reaction, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 83, 169, 10.1037/h0036476 · DOI
  28. Rau, 1991, Responses of the T-wave amplitude as a function of active and passive tasks and beta-adrenergic blockade, Psychophysiology, 28, 231, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb00415.x · DOI
  29. Sartory, 1986, Effect of phobic anxiety on the orienting response, Behavioral Research and Therapy, 24, 251, 10.1016/0005-7967(86)90185-3 · DOI
  30. Sartory, 1977, An investigation of the relation between reported fear and heart rate, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 435, 10.1016/0005-7967(77)90048-1 · DOI
  31. Sledge, 1978, Antecedent psychological factors in the onset of vasovagal syncope, Psychosomatic Medicine, 40, 568, 10.1097/00006842-197811000-00004 · DOI · Paper page
  32. Steptoe, 1988, Emotional fainting and the psychophysiologic response to blood and injury: autonomic mechanisms and coping strategies, Psychosomatic Medicine, 50, 402, 10.1097/00006842-198807000-00008 · DOI · Paper page
  33. Turpin, G. 1986. Effects of stimulus intensity on autonomic resopnding: the problem of differentiating orienting and defense reflexes. Psychophysiology, 23, 1–14. · DOI · Paper page
  34. Vingerhoets, 1984, Biochemical changes in two subjects succumbing to syncope, Psychosomatic Medicine, 46, 95, 10.1097/00006842-198403000-00002 · DOI · Paper page
  35. Wolpe, 1964, A fear survey schedule for use in behaviour therapy, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2, 27, 10.1016/0005-7967(64)90051-8 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Sarlo, M., Palomba, D., Angrilli, A., & Stegagno, L.
Affiliations
University of Padua (IT)
Corresponding author
Sarlo, Michela
ORCID
Venue
Biological Psychology
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2002-09
Volume
60
Issue
2-3
Pages
91-108
ISSN
0301-0511 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/s0301-0511(02)00030-3
OpenAlex
W2171749417
Cited by
73
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
FWCI
2.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Biological Psychology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • CINECA IRIS Institutional Research information system (University of Urbino) (submittedVersion)
  • Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
Keywords
blood phobia, spider phobia, specific phobia, sympathetic activation, vagal tone, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, T-wave amplitude, fear conditioning, fear extinction, paced breathing
MeSH terms
Adult, Animals, Arousal, Autonomic Nervous System, Blood, Electrocardiography, Fear, Female, Heart, Heart Rate, Humans, Phobic Disorders, Spiders, Vagus Nerve

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review