Disgust, fear, and the anxiety disorders: a critical review
Open accessAbstract
Anxiety disorders have traditionally been conceptualized as reflecting the emotions of fear and anxiety. A developing program of research demonstrates a relation between disgust and three specific anxiety disorders: blood-injection-injury (BII) phobia, spider phobia, and contamination-related obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This review serves three purposes. First, the authors review the response patterns predicted to be observed if the emotional response in these disorders involved disgust versus fear. The review suggests specific response patterns that characterize disgust and fear in the domains of heart rate, facial expression, neural activity, and cognitive processes. Second, the authors review extant research employing measures of these domains in spider phobia, BII phobia, and contamination-related OCD. The evidence suggests that both fear and disgust characterize each of these disorders, but the magnitude at which the emotions characterize the disorders may depend on the response domain measured. For example, disgust may be more involved in spider phobia in appraisals and facial expression, but less involved in neural correlates or heart rate domains. Third, the authors suggest guidelines for future research, including concurrent use of specific measures as well as examining whether the different emotions in different response domains respond to similar interventions (e.g., exposure).
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The ICD-11 guidelines alert clinicians to the diversity of emotional reactions (e.g., shame, disgust, anger) that may manifest in anxiety and fear-related disorders.
“the ICD-11 guidelines also alert clinicians to the diversity of emotional reactions (e.g., shame, disgust, anger) that may manifest in these disorders.[42][43][44][45][46]”
From The Classification of Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders in the ICD-11: Review: Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders in ICD-11 (2016) · cites this paper as [42]
The Introduction and Abstract say that disgust, in addition to fear and anxiety, can characterize certain anxiety disorders. They do not address ICD-11 guidelines or say that those guidelines alert clinicians to shame, disgust, and anger; the guidelines mentioned in the Abstract are recommendations for future research. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Hare, R. D. (1973) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00532.x · Cited by 149 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Hermann et al. (2007) found that BII phobic individuals display diminished medial prefrontal cortex activity in response to disorder relevant pictures compared to the control group.”
BackgroundEmotional responding to fearful and disgusting stimuli in specific phobics
Sawchuk, C. N., Lohr, J. M., Westendorf, D. H., Meunier, S. A., & Tolin, D. F. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00093-6 · Cited by 142 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Appraisal data suggests both disgust and fear in the emotional response of BII phobia, but two studies (Sawchuk et al., 2002; Tolin et al., 1997) found that the disgust appraisals were greater than the fear appraisals.”
Self-citationAn examination of the decline in fear and disgust during exposure-based treatment
Smits, J. A. J., Telch, M. J., & Randall, P. K. (2002) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00094-8 · Cited by 142 · cited 1× · see citing works
“However, recent research has shown that disgust responding may be slower to extinguish during exposure relative to fear (Olatunji, Forsyth, & Cherian 2007; Olatunji et al., 2007; Olatunji, Wolitzky-Taylor,Willems, Lohr, & Armstrong, 2008; Smits et al., 2002).”
BackgroundFear and learning: from basic processes to clinical implications
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-4146 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Applied tension, exposure in vivo, and tension-only in the treatment of blood phobia
Öst, L.-G., Fellenius, J., & Sterner, U. (1991) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(91)90006-o · Cited by 138 · see citing works
de Jong, P. J., & Muris, P. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(01)00089-5 · Cited by 136 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Other studies have since replicated this law of contagion effect in spider phobia (de Jong and Muris, 2002; Woody, McLean, & Klassen, 2005). One limitation of these studies is that they do not offer an appropriate comparison for fear-related cognitive processes, thus the relative contributions of disgust and fear cann…”
BackgroundInfluentialSympathetic magic in contamination-related OCD
Tolin, D. F., Worhunsky, P. D., & Maltby, N. (2004) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2004.04.009 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Studies on the role of disgust in the acquisition and maintenance of specific phobias
Thorpe, S. J., & Salkovskis, P. M. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00066-7 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Rozin, P. N., Markwith, M., & McCauley, C. R. (1994) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.103.3.495 · Cited by 127 · cited 1× · see citing works
“'s (Rozin et al., 1986; Rozin et al., 1994) research on the laws of contagion and similarity.”
BackgroundIndividual Differences in Fear and Autonomic Reactions to Affective Stimulation
Klorman, R., Weissberg, R. P., & Wiesenfeld, A. R. (1977) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1977.tb01154.x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
van den Heuvel, O. A., Veltman, D. J., Groenewegen, H. J., Dolan, R. J., Cath, D. C., Boellaard, R., Mesina, C. T., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., van Oppen, P., Witter, M. P., et al. (2004) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.06.007 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Intersection of Disgust and Fear: Normative and Pathological Views
Woody, S. R. (2000) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy/7.3.291 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
BOLD, sweat and fears: fMRI and skin conductance distinguish facial fear signals
Williams, L. M., Das, P., Liddell, B. J., Olivieri, G., Peduto, A. S., Brammer, M. J., & Gordon, E. (2004) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200501190-00012 · Cited by 115 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The studies mentioned above (Phillips et al., 1998, 1997; Williams et al., 2005) are limited to revealing specificity of the insula only for facial expressions as stimuli, which limits the degree to which the results suggest that the insula is involved in experiencing disgust, as opposed to merely being involved in re…”
ResultAUTONOMIC RESPONSES TO AFFECTIVE VISUAL STIMULATION
Hare, R. D., Wood, K., Britain, S., & Shadman, J. (1970) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1970.tb01766.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Evaluative Conditioning: A Possible Explanation for the Acquisition of Disgust Responses?
Schienle, A., Stark, R. M., & Vaitl, D. (2001) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1006/lmot.2000.1067 · Cited by 109 · cited 1× · see citing works
“, 2005) and to neutral stimuli paired with disgusting stimuli (Schienle et al., 2001).”
BackgroundMultivariate Response Patterning of Fear and Anger
Sinha, R. (1996) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999396380321 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Addressing the specificity of affective startle modulation: fear versus disgust
Yartz, A. R., & Hawk, L. W. (2002) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(01)00121-1 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Cardiovascular changes during induced emotion
Prkachin, K. M., Williams, R. M., Zwaal, C., & Mills, D. E. (1999) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(99)00036-7 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Disgust and disgust sensitivity in spider phobia:
de Jong, P. J., Peters, M. L., & Vanderhallen, I. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00167-6 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Disgust as a motivator of avoidance of spiders
Woody, S. R., McLean, C. P., & Klassen, T. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.04.002 · Cited by 101 · cited 1× · see citing works
“important or dominant than fear? This is not necessarily so and it could also be the case that the more controlled processes and disgust are better predictors of avoidance (e.g., Olatunji, Cisler, Meunier, Connolly, & Lohr 2008; Woody et al., 2005).”
BackgroundCougle, J. R., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Lee, H., & Telch, M. J. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.12.001 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
McNally, R. J. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00174-3 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Klorman, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1980) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1980.tb02290.x · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Olatunji, B. O., Smits, J. A. J., Connolly, K. M., Willems, J. L., & Lohr, J. M. (2006) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.05.001 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman Fear Learning: Contemporary Procedures and Measurement.
Lipp, O. V. (2007) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11474-002 · Cited by 92 · cited 2× · see citing works
“At the phenomenological level, fear is typically defined by three response systems (Kozak &Miller,1982; Lang,1968; Lipp, 2006): overt behavior, verbal-cognitive, and physiological.”
BackgroundResultCardiovascular indicators of disgust
Rohrmann, S., & Hopp, H. (2008) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.01.011 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Sawchuk, C. N., Lohr, J. M., Lee, T. C., & Tolin, D. F. (1999) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00127-2 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationDiminished medial prefrontal cortex activity in blood-injection-injury phobia
Hermann, A., Schäfer, A., Walter, B., Stark, R. M., Vaitl, D., & Schienle, A. (2007) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.01.002 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Olatunji, B. O., Lohr, J. M., Sawchuk, C. N., & Westendorf, D. H. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.05.002 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Fear of Contamination: Assessment and Treatment
Rachman, S. J. (2006) · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Rachman, S. J. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780199296934.001.0001 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Fitzgerald, D. A., Posse, S., Moore, G. J., Tancer, M. E., Nathan, P. J., & Phan, K. L. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.08.007 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The facial pattern of disgust, appetence, excited joy and relaxed joy: An improved facial EMG study
WOLF, K., Maß, R., INGENBLEEK, T., Kiefer, F., Naber, D., & Wiedemann, K. (2005) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00471.x · Cited by 83 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Only one study failed to find increased levator labii activation for disgust (Wolf et al., 2005), compared to three studies (Vrana, 1994, 1993; Yartz & Hawk, 2002) across different sensory modalities that did find increased levator labii activation for disgust.”
BackgroundResultfMRI responses to pictures of mutilation and contamination
Schienle, A., Schäfer, A., Hermann, A., Walter, B., Stark, R. M., & Vaitl, D. (2005) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.09.072 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Facial reactions to fear-relevant and fear-irrelevant stimuli
Dimberg, U. (1986) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(86)90079-7 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Blood phobics and nonphobics: Psychological differences and affect during exposure
Lumley, M. A., & Melamed, B. G. (1992) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(92)90026-d · Cited by 74 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Indeed, Lumley and Melamed (1992) argue that “what may be feared [in BII phobia] is the highly uncomfortable feelings of nausea or faintness.”
BackgroundBeyond fear and disgust: The role of (automatic) contamination-related associations in spider phobia
Huijding, J., & de Jong, P. J. (2006) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.10.009 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Domain-specific and generalized disgust sensitivity in blood-injection-injury phobia:
Koch, M. D., O’Neill, H. K., Sawchuk, C. N., & Connolly, K. M. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00170-6 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
A dirty animal is a scary animal! Effects of disgust-related information on fear beliefs in children
Muris, P., Mayer, B., Huijding, J., & Konings, T. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.09.005 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Blood phobia and spider phobia: two specific phobias with different autonomic cardiac modulations
Sarlo, M., Palomba, D., Angrilli, A., & Stegagno, L. (2002) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(02)00030-3 · Cited by 72 · cited 4× · see citing works
“The heart rate response to phobogenic stimuli in BII is characterized by a diphasic response (Page, 1994; Sarlo et al., 2002; Thyer, Himle, & Curtis, 1985), in which there is a rapid acceleration of heart rate followed by a sharp decrease in heart rate.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDisgust and psychiatric illness: Have we remembered?
Olatunji, B. O., & McKay, D. (2007) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.032631 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationAutonomic response patterns during voluntary facial action
Boiten, F. A. (1996) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02116.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Hemodynamic Effects of Negative Emotional Pictures – A Test-Retest Analysis
Stark, R. M., Schienle, A., Walter, B., Kirsch, P., Blecker, C. R., Ott, U., Schäfer, A., Sammer, G., Zimmermann, M., & Vaitl, D. (2004) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000077948 · Cited by 64 · cited 1× · see citing works
“(2004) report specificity of the anterior insula for disgust, but some studies revealing non-specificity of the insula do not report the region of the insula investigated (Schienle et al., 2002; Schafer et al., 2005; Stark et al., 2004).”
BackgroundStimulus type and design influence hemodynamic responses towards visual disgust and fear elicitors
Schäfer, A., Schienle, A., & Vaitl, D. (2005) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.01.011 · Cited by 64 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Woody and Teachman (2000) suggest that disgust appraisals differ from fear appraisals in that disgust appraisals center on the threat of contamination, whereas fear appraisals may be more centered on broad estimations of danger.”
BackgroundAnxiety sensitivity and disgust sensitivity interact to predict contamination fears
Cisler, J. M., Reardon, J. M., Williams, N. L., & Lohr, J. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.004 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationDisgust and fear in response to spiders
Vernon, L. L., & Berenbaum, H. (2002) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930143000464 · Cited by 63 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Vernon and Berenbaum (2002) measured facial expression during BAT towards a live tarantula through coding videotapes of participants' reactions during the BAT.”
BackgroundKozak, M. J., & Miller, G. A. (1982) · Behavioral Assessment · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Gerlach, A. L., Spellmeyer, G., Vögele, C., Huster, R. J., Stevens, S., Hetzel, G., & Deckert, J. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000203284.53066.4b · Cited by 52 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Similarly, Gerlach et al. (2006) observed a rapid heart rate increase among BII phobics during an actual venopuncture but did not observe a subsequent heart rate deceleration.”
BackgroundEvaluative learning and emotional responding to fearful and disgusting stimuli in spider phobia
Olatunji, B. O. (2006) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.01.005 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationOlatunji, B. O., & Deacon, B. J. (2007) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.03.007 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationEnd-Tidal pCO2 in Blood Phobics During Viewing of Emotion- and Disease-Related Films
Ritz, T., Wilhelm, F. H., Gerlach, A. L., Kullowatz, A., & Roth, W. T. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000170339.06281.07 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Expectancy Bias for Fear and Disgust and Behavioral Avoidance in Spider Fearful Individuals
Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., Meunier, S. A., Connolly, K. M., & Lohr, J. M. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9164-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Overveld, M., de Jong, P. J., & Peters, M. L. (2005) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.09.007 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Psychophysiologic effects of applied tension on the emotional fainting response to blood and injury
Vögele, C., Coles, J., Wardle, J., & Steptoe, A. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00133-4 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Pathological disgust: In the thoughts, not the eye, of the beholder
Teachman, B. A. (2006) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800601055923 · Cited by 35 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The limited research on cognitive processes in disgust is included in this review in light of the importance of appraisals (Armfield, 2006; Teachman, 2006; Woody & Teachman, 2000) and cognitive processes in general (Mathews & MacLeod, 2005) in understanding disgust and fear.”
BackgroundEdwards, S., & Salkovskis, P. M. (2005) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.11.007 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Contamination vs. harm-relevant outcome expectancies and covariation bias in spider phobia
de Jong, P. J., & Peters, M. L. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.007 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“de Jong and Peters (2007b) presented BII phobic individuals and non-phobic individuals with pictures of either neutral stimuli (e.”
BackgroundAnxiety/discomfort and handwashing in obsessive-compulsive and psychiatric control patients
Hornsveld, R. H. J., Kraaimaat, F., & van Dam-Baggen, R. M. J. (1979) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(79)90037-8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Elevated disgust sensitivity in blood phobia
Schienle, A., Schäfer, A., Walter, B., Stark, R. M., & Vaitl, D. (2005) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930500286364 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Disgust sensitivity: Psychometric overview and operational definition.
Olatunji, B. O., & Cisler, J. M. (2009) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11856-002 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationA Treatment Most Foul: Handling Disgust in Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
McKay, D., & Tsao, S. D. (2005) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcop.2005.19.4.355 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Information processing in contamination fear: A covariation bias examination of fear and disgust
Connolly, K. M., Lohr, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., Hahn, K. S., & Williams, N. L. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.03.017 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationDefenses and Memories: Functional Neural Circuitry of Fear and Conditional Responding.
Quinn, J. J., & Fanselow, M. S. (2007) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11474-003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Review of Fear of contamination: Assessment and treatment.
Clark, D. A. (2007) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cp2007006 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Disgust and its Disorders: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment
de Jong, P. J., & Peters, M. (2009) · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Blood-injection-injury fears: Harm- vs. disgust-relevant selective outcome associations
de Jong, P. J., & Peters, M. L. (2006) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2006.09.001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Disgust: A cognitive approach.
Williams, N. L., Connolly, K. M., Cisler, J. M., Elwood, L. S., Willems, J. L., & Lohr, J. M. (2009) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/11856-003 · Cited by 10 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There has been limited research on normative cognitive processes in disgust (Williams et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Diphasic Reaction in Blood Phobic Situations: Individually or Stimulus Bound?
Dahllöf, O., & Öst, L. (1998) · Scandinavian Journal of Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/02845719808408500 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Cisler, J. M., & Olatunji, B. O. (2008) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/157340008784529304 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationAntony, M., & Barlow, D. H. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043433-9/50003-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 160 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Zheng, D., Luo, Q., & Ritchie, B. W. (2020) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104261 · Cited by 760 · see citing works
Watson, D., O’Hara, M. W., Naragon-Gainey, K., Koffel, E., Chmielewski, M., Kotov, R., Stasik, S. M., & Ruggero, C. J. (2012) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191112449857 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
“As noted earlier, this association likely reflects the shared role of contaminationrelated fears and disgust sensitivity in certain aspects of OCD (i.e., washing/cleaning) and specific phobia (especially the animal and blood-injection-injury subtypes; see Cisler et al., 2009).”
BackgroundVLAAMS DIERGENEESKUNDIG TIJDSCHRIFT
Vermeire, S., Audenaert, K., Vandermeulen, E., Mees, R. D., van Bree, H., Dobbeleir, A. A., Peremans, K. Y., De, R., Declercq, A., Maes, S., et al. (2011) · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Dissociation Following Traumatic Stress: Etiology and Treatment
Schauer, M., & Elbert, T. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1027/0044-3409/a000018 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Chapman, H. A., & Anderson, A. K. (2012) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06369.x · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Disgust: the disease-avoidance emotion and its dysfunctions
Davey, G. C. L. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0039 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Goodman, W. K., Grice, D. E., Lapidus, K. A. B., & Coffey, B. J. (2014) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.004 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Is disgust associated with psychopathology? Emerging research in the anxiety disorders
Olatunji, B. O., Cisler, J. M., McKay, D., & Phillips, M. L. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.04.007 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Disgust may contribute to these anxiety concerns via interpretation biases (Davey et al., 2006), attentional biases (Cisler et al., 2009), or dread of contagion (Matchett and Davey, 1991; Muris et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationTracing “Fearbola”: Psychological Predictors of Anxious Responding to the Threat of Ebola
Blakey, S. M., Reuman, L., Jacoby, R. J., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9701-9 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“In contrast, mechanisms such as the laws of contagion, similarity, or sympathetic magic (see Cisler et al. 2009) may have been more relevant for U.S. residents reporting greater Ebola fear.”
BackgroundTreating Cockroach Phobia With Augmented Reality
Botella, C., Bretón-López, J., Quero, S., Baños, R., & García-Palacios, A. (2010) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.07.002 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Shame in the obsessive compulsive related disorders: A conceptual review
Weingarden, H., & Renshaw, K. D. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.010 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“We could not identify research comparing shame with disgust (for reviews on disgust in psychopathology, as well as disgust in OCD, see Berle and Phillips, 2006; Cisler et al., 2009; Davey, 2011; Olatunji and McKay, 2007).”
BackgroundKrusemark, E. A., & Li, W. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4394-10.2011 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Disgust has long been recognized as a basic emotion (Darwin, 1872) and is evident as early as in neonates in the form of distaste, becoming associated with disease avoidance and ideational revulsion later in life (Rozin and Fallon, 1987; Cisler et al., 2009).”
BackgroundThe “ick” factor, anticipated regret, and willingness to become an organ donor.
O’Carroll, R. E., Foster, C., McGeechan, G., Sandford, K., & Ferguson, E. (2011) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022379 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“However, disgust can also be a crucial determinant of avoidance behavior (Cisler et al., 2009), and in the present context, this may be particularly important if it leads to avoiding, or delaying, registering as an organ donor.”
BackgroundKircanski, K., Mortazavi, A., Castriotta, N., Baker, A. S., Mystkowski, J. L., Yi, R., & Craske, M. G. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.10.010 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Children's recognition of disgust in others.
Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0031640 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
The neural systems of emotion regulation and abnormalities in major depressive disorder
Park, C., Rosenblat, J. D., Lee, Y. L., Pan, Z., Cao, B., Iacobucci, M., & McIntyre, R. S. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2019.04.002 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Engelhard, I. M., Leer, A., Lange, E., & Olatunji, B. O. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.04.003 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationLooking beyond fear: The extinction of other emotions implicated in anxiety disorders
Mason, E. C., & Richardson, R. (2009) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.08.007 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Ho, C., & Berridge, K. C. (2014) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12720 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“Excessive disgust can occur in anxiety disorders, phobias, anorexia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (Sprengelmeyer et al., 1997; Cisler et al., 2009; Olatunji et al., 2010; Weygandt et al., 2012).”
Olatunji, B. O., Armstrong, T., & Elwood, L. S. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616688879 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“This approach is fully consistent with the RDoC initiative and may lead to a more precise understanding of a broader spectrum of anxiety-related disorders (Cisler et al., 2009a).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationSpecificity of disgust vulnerability in the distinction and treatment of OCD
Olatunji, B. O., Tart, C. D., Ciesielski, B. G., McGrath, P. B., & Smits, J. A. J. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.01.018 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“Several lines of evidence suggest that the tendency to experience disgust may play a role in the development and maintenance of OCD (Cisler et al., 2009; Olatunji et al., 2010a,b).”
Self-citationTowards a Model of Travel Fear
Fennell, D. A. (2017) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2017.07.015 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Fear differs from the closely related concept of anxiety in that the latter is ‘‘an organism’s preparatory response to contexts in which a threat may occur” (Cisler et al., 2009, p. 35).”
BackgroundBuckels, E. E., Beall, A. T., Hofer, M. K., Lin, E. Y., Zhou, Z., & Schaller, M. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000023 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Schaller, M. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119125563.evpsych107 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Disgust and the development of posttraumatic stress among soldiers deployed to Afghanistan
Engelhard, I. M., Olatunji, B. O., & de Jong, P. J. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.003 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationDecomposing unpleasantness: Differential exogenous attention to disgusting and fearful stimuli
Carretié, L., Ruiz‐Padial, E., López‐Martín, S., & Albert, J. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.12.005 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“…voxel (x = 5, y = −85, z = 25) was subsequently defined as ROI for statistical 2 l Psych i h t f d a s o a i e p t f f a t f ( n e m a e m c e i e t b b F e m m m n s b o g t 2 b e q s b p s e d e r o a u t s a t 52 L. Carretié et al. / Biologica n Cisler et al., 2009a; Olatunji and Sawchuk, 2005).”
BackgroundMcMurtry, C. M., Noel, M., Taddio, A., Antony, M. M., Asmundson, G. J. G., Riddell, R. P., Chambers, C. T., & Shah, V. (2015) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000273 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Kogan, C. S., Stein, D. J., Maj, M., First, M. B., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., & Reed, G. M. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22530 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Treating disgust in anxiety disorders.
Mason, E. C., & Richardson, R. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2012.01282.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Badour, C. L., Feldner, M. T., Babson, K. A., Blumenthal, H., & Dutton, C. E. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.11.002 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Weingarden, H. M., Renshaw, K. D., Wilhelm, S., Tangney, J. P., & DiMauro, J. (2016) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000498 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Finally, to better inform our understanding of similarities and differences between these two OCRDs, we conducted exploratory analyses investigating whether the strengths of associations of shame and anxiety with the four outcomes differed between groups.”
BackgroundInfluentialEctoparasite defence in humans: Relationships to pathogen avoidance and clinical implications
Kupfer, T. R., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0207 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Strohminger, N. (2014) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12137 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Badour, C. L., Bown, S., Adams, T., Bunaciu, L., & Feldner, M. (2012) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.03.001 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Somatosensory amplification – An old construct from a new perspective
Köteles, F. G., & Witthöft, M. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.07.011 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Disgust and Obsessive Beliefs in Contamination-Related OCD
Cisler, J. M., Brady, R. E., Olatunji, B. O., & Lohr, J. M. (2009) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-009-9253-y · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Several lines of evidence demonstrate a strong link between disgust and contamination fear (for reviews see Cisler et al. 2009a; Olatunji and Sawchuk 2005; Woody and Teachman 2000).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationFear conditioning and extinction in obsessive-compulsive disorder: A systematic review
Cooper, S. E., & Dunsmoor, J. E. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.026 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Neural correlates of disgust- and fear-conditioned responses
Klucken, T., Schweckendiek, J., Koppe, G., Merz, C. J., Kagerer, S., Walter, B., Sammer, G., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. M. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.007 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The quantitative genetics of disgust sensitivity.
Sherlock, J. M., Zietsch, B. P., Tybur, J. M., & Jern, P. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000101 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Forcadell, E., Torrents‐Rodas, D., Vervliet, B., Leiva, D., Tortella‐Feliu, M., & Fullana, M. A. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.09.001 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Olatunji, B. O. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.01.003 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationThe psychophysiology of blood-injection-injury phobia: Looking beyond the diphasic response paradigm
Ritz, T., Meuret, A. E., & Ayala, E. S. (2010) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.05.007 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“An exception is the role of disgust as a key response to BII-stimulus exposure, which has received a more in-depth treatment recently (for a review see Cisler et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialWhat emotion does the “facial expression of disgust” express?
Pochedly, J. T., Widen, S. C., & Russell, J. A. (2012) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0027998 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Disgust as a unique affective predictor of mental contamination following sexual trauma
Badour, C. L., Ojserkis, R., McKay, D., & Feldner, M. T. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.07.007 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“…research on mental contamination (Fairbrother & Rachman, 2004; Rachman, 2004), as well as our more robust understanding of affective mechanisms underlying contact contamination (for a review see Cisler et al., 2009), we might expect disgust to be one emotion particularly relevant in this domain.”
BackgroundHuman Attitude toward Reptiles: A Relationship between Fear, Disgust, and Aesthetic Preferences
Janovcová, M., Rádlová, S., Polák, J., Sedláčková, K., Peléšková, Š., Žampachová, B., Frynta, D., & Landová, E. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9050238 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“[37] assume that disgust originated as a mechanism to reject poorly tasting food that could be poisonous, spoiled, or otherwise degraded.”
BackgroundAn experimental test of the role of control in spider fear
Healey, A., Mansell, W., & Tai, S. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.03.005 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Effect of Risk Message Framing on Tourists’ Travel Intention: Roles of Resilience and Impulsivity
Xie, C.-W., Zhang, J.-C., & Huang, S. (2023) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875221095212 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Following Epstein (1972) and Barlow (2002), travel fear can be understood as an aversive emotional state during which tourists are motivated to escape a specific and imminent threat; travel fear is a defensive response to external threats and risk elements (Cisler, Olatunji, and Lohr 2009).”
BackgroundOlatunji, B. O., Moretz, M. W., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., McKay, D., McGrath, P. B., & Ciesielski, B. G. (2010) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2009.11.005 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationBlanco‐Donoso, L. M., Garrosa, E., Demerouti, E., & Jiménez, B. M. (2016) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/str0000023 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Normal Versus Pathological Mood: Implications for Diagnosis.
Ruscio, A. M. (2019) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095644 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Emotion regulation of fear and disgust: differential effects of reappraisal and suppression
Olatunji, B. O., Berg, H. E., & Zhao, Z. (2015) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1110117 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationTravel-at-home: Paradoxical effects of a pandemic threat on domestic tourism
Gyimóthy, S., Braun, E., & Zenker, S. (2022) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104613 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Psychometric analysis of the Yale-Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale Second Edition Symptom Checklist
Storch, E. A., Larson, M. J., Price, L. H., Rasmussen, S. A., Murphy, T. K., & Goodman, W. K. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.010 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Snakes Represent Emotionally Salient Stimuli That May Evoke Both Fear and Disgust
Rádlová, S., Janovcová, M., Sedlackova, K. B., Polák, J., Nácar, D., Peléšková, Š., Frynta, D., & Landová, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01085 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Olatunji, B. O., Ebesutani, C. K., David, B., Fan, Q., & McGrath, P. B. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.05.006 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationAn augmented reality system validation for the treatment of cockroach phobia
Bretón-López, J., Quero, S., Botella, C., García-Palacios, A., Baños, R. M., & Alcañiz, M. (2010) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0170 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Recently, there has been growing interest in the study of disgust in anxiety disorders.(23,24) We posit that the degree of control that VR and AR allow could be useful in studying different emotional responses to various stimuli and the different effects on levels of fear and disgust as they relate to exposure to cert…”
The Role of Disgust in Eating Disorders
Anderson, L. M., Berg, H. E., Brown, T. A., Menzel, J. E., & Reilly, E. E. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-01217-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
David, B., Olatunji, B. O., Armstrong, T., Ciesielski, B. G., Bondy, C. L., & Broman-Fulks, J. (2009) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2009.07.004 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationGoetz, A. R., Lee, H., Cougle, J. R., & Turkel, J. E. (2013) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2013.07.006 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Disgust in contamination-based obsessive–compulsive disorder: a review and model
Brady, R. E., Adams, T. G., & Lohr, J. M. (2010) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.46 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationMelli, G., Avallone, E., Moulding, R., Pinto, A., Micheli, E., & Carraresi, C. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.03.005 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Buyukturkoglu, K., Roettgers, H., Sommer, J. B., Rana, M., Dietzsch, L., Arikan, B. E., Veit, R., Malekshahi, R., Kircher, T. T. J., Birbaumer, N., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135872 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Biometric and Emotion Identification: An ECG Compression Based Method
Brás, S., Ferreira, J., Soares, S., & Pinho, A. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00467 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“We started by using these two negative emotions, because although they share a similar valence and arousal (e.g., Lang et al., 1999), several studies to date have claimed that they show differences not only in cognitive and behavioral, but also in physiological dimensions (e.g., Cisler et al., 2009).”
MethodExposure therapy in a virtual environment: Validation in obsessive compulsive disorder
Cullen, A. J., Dowling, N. L., Segrave, R. A., Carter, A., & Yücel, M. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102404 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Anxiety, disgust and negative emotions influence food intake in humans
Randler, C., Desch, I. H., Kampe, V. O. I., Wüst-Ackermann, P., Wilde, M., & Prokop, P. (2016) · International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2016.11.005 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Anxiety, defined as an organism׳s preparatory response to contexts in which a threat may occur (Beck et al., 1985; Cisler et al., 2009), may be associated with the emotion of disgust (Cisler et al., 2007).”
BackgroundEine Skala zur Erfassung der Ekelsensitivität (SEE)
Schienle, A., Dietmaier, G., Ille, R., & Leutgeb, V. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000016 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Menzel, J. E., Reilly, E. E., Luo, T. J., & Kaye, W. H. (2019) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“In contrast, fear responses are associated with increased sympathetic activity, appraisals of danger or harm, and behavioral inhibition (Cisler, Olatunji, & Lohr, 2009).”
Contamination aversion and repeated exposure to disgusting stimuli
Adams, T. G., Willems, J. L., & Bridges, A. J. (2010) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.506953 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“A recent body of research has indicated that contamination-based OCD may be a disorder of disgust (see Cisler, Olatunji, & Lohr, 2009 for a review).”
BackgroundIs disgust more resistant to extinction than fear? A meta-analytic review of laboratory paradigms
Mitchell, B. J., Coifman, K. G., & Olatunji, B. O. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104479 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationLearning to like disgust: neuronal correlates of counterconditioning
Schweckendiek, J., Klucken, T., Merz, C. J., Kagerer, S., Walter, B., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00346 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“These findings are well in line with previous studies on disgust perception and processing (for review see Cisler et al., 2009; Olatunji et al., 2010), in which altered hemodynamic activity of the insula, the OFC, the amygdala, and the occipital cortex in response to disgust-relevant stimuli have…”
ResultMarchewka, A., Wypych, M., Michałowski, J. M., Sińczuk, M., Draps, M., Jednoróg, K., & Nowicka, A. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00378 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“The current results thereby support the suggestion that a purely dimensional model of emotional influences on cognition might not be adequate to account for observed effects.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDisease avoidance and personality: A meta-analysis
Oosterhoff, B. J., Shook, N. J., & Iyer, R. (2018) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2018.09.008 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Olatunji, B. O., Ciesielski, B. G., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Wentworth, B. J., & Viar, M. A. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.04.002 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Research has shown that the propositional networks that motivate avoidance in BII phobia also consist of disgust-related information (Cisler et al., 2009; Olatunji et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMelli, G., Chiorri, C., Carraresi, C., Stopani, E., & Bulli, F. (2015) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2015.07.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…and disgust play a role in contamination-related OCD, and there is convincing evidence that they involve distinct processes as they are related to different heart rate responses, facial expressions, neural substrates, and cognitive processes (for a review, see Cisler, Olatunji, and Lohr (2009)).”
BackgroundGelfuso, E. A., Rosa, D. S., Fachin, A. L., Mortari, M. R., da Cunha, A. C. M. P. D. B., & Beleboni, R. O. (2013) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/18715273113129990102 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“In this context, while fear is a response to a real threat; anxiety responses originated from the anticipation or misinterpretation of potential danger [3-6].”
BackgroundFear-related predictors of vasovagal symptoms during blood donation: it’s in the blood
Ditto, B., Gilchrist, P. T., & Holly, C. D. (2011) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-011-9366-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Change in Exposure Therapy for Anxiety and Related Disorders: A Research Agenda
Benito, K., Pittig, A., Abramowitz, J. S., Arch, J. J., Chavira, D. A., de Kleine, R. A., Nadai, A. S. D., Hermans, D., Hofmann, S. G., Hoyer, J., et al. (2024) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026241240727 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Disgust has distinct neural and physiological substrates and is less closely tied to cognitions about negative outcomes, instead characterized by visceral discomfort (Cisler et al., 2009).”
Landová, E., Peléšková, Š., Sedláčková, K., Janovcová, M., Polák, J., Rádlová, S., Vobrubová, B., & Frynta, D. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236999 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Although both negative emotions should lead to avoidance/withdrawal [32], they can be clearly distinguished on the physiological, psychological, and behavioral level [33, 34].”
BackgroundCervin, M., Perrin, S. G., Olsson, E., Claesdotter‐Knutsson, E., & Lindvall, M. L. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01514-7 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Berlin, H. A., Stern, E. R., Ng, J., Zhang, S., Rosenthal, D. L., Turetzky, R., Tang, C. Y., & Goodman, W. K. (2017) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.01.012 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Interoception and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions
Bragdon, L. B., Eng, G. K., Belanger, A., Collins, K. A., & Stern, E. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.686482 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Berlin, H. A., Schulz, K. P., Zhang, S., Turetzky, R., Rosenthal, D. L., & Goodman, W. K. (2015) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.09.019 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…OCD (Mancini et al., 2001; Thorpe et al., 2003; Tsao and McKay, 2004; Olatunji and Sawchuk, 2005; Olatunji et al., 2005; 2007a; Cisler et al., 2009 ) and the notion that disgust is distinct from other negative affective states (e.g., anxiety, depression) (Mancini et al., 2001;…”
BackgroundThe Divergent Effects of Fear and Disgust on Inhibitory Control: An ERP Study
Xu, M., Li, Z., Ding, C., Zhang, J., Fan, L., Diao, L., & Yang, D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128932 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“between fear and disgust [4]; although we tried to decompose them in our selection of stimuli, we cannot be certain that the two emotions were decomposed completely.”
BackgroundInfluentialDisgust sensitivity in relation to menstrual cycle phase in women with and without an infection
Miłkowska, K., Galbarczyk, A., & Grazyna Jasienska, A. (2019) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23233 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Macatee, R. J., & Cougle, J. R. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.05.006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Trypophobia: What Do We Know So Far? A Case Report and Comprehensive Review of the Literature
Martínez-Aguayo, J. C., Lanfranco, R. C., Marcelo Arancibia, M., Sepúlveda, E., & Eva Madrid, A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00015 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Proactive strategies to avoid infectious disease
Stevenson, R. J., Case, T. I., & Oaten, M. (2011) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0170 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Landová, E., Janovcová, M., Štolhoferová, I., Rádlová, S., Frýdlová, P., Sedláčková, K., & Frynta, D. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257726 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Exposure-Based Family Therapy (FBT-E): An Open Case Series of a New Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa
Hildebrandt, T., Bacow, T. L., Greif, R., & Flores, A. (2013) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.10.006 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Melli, G., Bulli, F., Carraresi, C., Tarantino, F., Gelli, S., & Poli, A. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.11.005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…studies have found that the relationship between disgust propensity and contact contamination fear persists when controlling for negative affect (Cisler et al., 2009; Melli, Bulli, Carraresi, & Stopani, 2014; Melli, Chiorri, Carraresi, Stopani, & Bulli, 2015a; Melli, Gremigni et al., 2015).”
BackgroundNeurobiological correlates of EMDR therapy effect in PTSD
Rousseau, P., Khoury-Malhame, M. E., Reynaud, E., Zendjidjian, X. Y., Samuelian, J., & Khalfa, S. (2018) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2018.07.001 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Leutgeb, V., Schäfer, A., & Schienle, A. (2011) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.01.003 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Recently, it has been argued that some specific phobias might be rather disgust-based than fear-based (e.g., Cisler et al., 2009; Power and Dalgleish, 2008).”
BackgroundCisler, J. M., Adams, T. G., Brady, R. E., Bridges, A. J., Lohr, J. M., & Olatunji, B. O. (2010) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.07.002 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“This measure has been found to correlate with other measures of disgust propensity (Cisler et al., 2009b; van Overveld et al., 2006) and with symptoms of disgust-related anxiety disorders (Olatunji, Lohr, et al., 2007; Olatunji, Williams, et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodResultSelf-citationDifferential disgust responding in people with cancer and implications for psychological wellbeing
Azlan, H. A., Overton, P. G., Simpson, J., & Powell, P. A. (2016) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2016.1235165 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“For example, being more prone to disgust predicts greater symptoms of anxiety (Cisler et al., 2009), while finding the disgust response more aversive has been associated with certain forms of anxious responding (van Overveld, de Jong, Peters, Cavanagh, & Davey, 2006) and depression (Ille, Schony, Kapfhammer, & Schienl…”
InfluentialPowell, P. A., Azlan, H. A., Simpson, J., & Overton, P. G. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-016-9731-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Maladaptive disgust responding (e.g., experiencing heightened levels of disgust) has been linked to mental health problems, including anxiety (Cisler et al., 2009) and depression (Alanazi et al., 2015), by a considerable literature (Davey, 2011).”
Brown, S. D., & Harris, G. (2012) · International Journal of Child Health and Nutrition · doi:10.6000/1929-4247.2012.01.01.01 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“For example, a person who is scared of spiders will find them more disgusting than a person who is not [54-57].”
Wabnitz, P., Martens, U., & Neuner, F. (2015) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1019837 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Human evaluation of amphibian species: a comparison of disgust and beauty
Frynta, D., Peléšková, Š., Rádlová, S., Janovcová, M., & Landová, E. (2019) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s00114-019-1635-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Xu, Z., Zhu, R., Shen, C., Zhang, B., Gao, Q., Xu, Y., & Wang, W. (2017) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00389 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). aimed at you (Woody and Teachman, 2000; Barke et al., 2012), while disgust can be elicited with contamination (Woody and Teachman, 2000; Teachman, 2006; reviewed in Cisler et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialOttaviani, C., Mancini, F., Provenzano, S., Collazzoni, A., & D’Olimpio, F. (2018) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.09.009 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“HRV is a proxy for parasympathetic activation (Rohrmann and Hopp, 2008), and has been used as a useful indicator to examine the relative contribution of disgust and fear (Cisler et al., 2009; Davey, 2011).”
Method
- Authors
- Cisler, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., & Lohr, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Arkansas at Fayetteville (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cisler, Josh M.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-02
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 34-46
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2895912
- OpenAlex
- W2055855211
- Cited by
- 307
- References
- 160
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH018869)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Keywords
- disgust, fear, anxiety disorders, blood-injection-injury phobia, spider phobia, heart rate, facial expressions, neural correlates, cognitive appraisal, exposure therapy
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Animals, Anxiety Disorders, Cognition, Facial Expression, Fear, Heart Rate, Humans, Phobic Disorders, Spiders
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