The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Cannabis use for chronic non-cancer pain: results of a prospective survey
Abstract
There has been a surge in interest in medicinal cannabis in Canada. We conducted a questionnaire survey to determine the current prevalence of medicinal cannabis use among patients with chronic non-cancer pain, to estimate the dose size and frequency of cannabis use, and to describe the main symptoms for which relief was being sought. Over a 6-week period in mid-2001, 209 chronic non-cancer pain patients were recruited in an anonymous cross-sectional survey. Seventy-two (35%) subjects reported ever having used cannabis. Thirty-two (15%) subjects reported having used cannabis for pain relief (pain users), and 20 (10%) subjects were currently using cannabis for pain relief. Thirty-eight subjects denied using cannabis for pain relief (recreational users). Compared to never users, pain users were significantly younger (P=0.001) and were more likely to be tobacco users (P=0.0001). The largest group of patients using cannabis had pain caused by trauma and/or surgery (51%), and the site of pain was predominantly neck/upper body and myofascial (68% and 65%, respectively). The median duration of pain was similar in both pain users and recreational users (8 vs. 7 years; P=0.7). There was a wide range of amounts and frequency of cannabis use. Of the 32 subjects who used cannabis for pain, 17 (53%) used four puffs or less at each dosing interval, eight (25%) smoked a whole cannabis cigarette (joint) and four (12%) smoked more than one joint. Seven (22%) of these subjects used cannabis more than once daily, five (16%) used it daily, eight (25%) used it weekly and nine (28%) used it rarely. Pain, sleep and mood were most frequently reported as improving with cannabis use, and 'high' and dry mouth were the most commonly reported side effects. We conclude that cannabis use is prevalent among the chronic non-cancer pain population, for a wide range of symptoms, with considerable variability in the amounts used. Discussions between patients and health care providers concerning cannabis use may facilitate education and follow up, and would allow side effects and potential interactions with other medications to be monitored. Clinical trials of cannabis for chronic non-cancer pain are warranted.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Two other studies reported that the majority of participants reduced their routine pain medications by 60–70%; however, the extent to which opioid medications were specifically reduced was unclear.87,99”
From Clinical Practice Guidelines for Cannabis and Cannabinoid-Based Medicines in the Management of Chronic Pain and Co-Occurring Conditions (2024) · cites this paper as [87]
Citations
Cites
Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA
Matsuda, L. A., Lolait, S. J., Brownstein, M. J., Young, A. C., & Bonner, T. I. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/346561a0 · Cited by 5,011
Herkenham, M., Lynn, A., Johnson, M., Melvin, L., de Costa, B., & Rice, K. (1991) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.11-02-00563.1991 · Cited by 2,159
Cannabinoid receptors and pain
Pertwee, R. G. (2001) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00031-9 · Cited by 741
Action of cannabidiol on the anxiety and other effects produced by ?9-THC in normal subjects
Zuardi, A. W., Shirakawa, I., Finkelfarb, E., & Karniol, I. G. (1982) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00432554 · Cited by 608
Campbell, F. A., Tramèr, M. R., Carroll, D., Reynolds, D. J. M., Moore, R. A., & McQuay, H. J. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7303.13 · Cited by 422
An analgesia circuit activated by cannabinoids
Meng, I. D., Manning, B. H., Martin, W. J., & Fields, H. L. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/26481 · Cited by 411 · cited 3×
“Cannabinoids appear to be components of a neural circuit which may play a role in modulating pain (Meng et al., 1998), supporting earlier observations, and providing some rationale for the potential clinical use of cannabis and related medicines.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPotency Trends of Δ9-THC and Other Cannabinoids in Confiscated Marijuana from 1980–1997
ElSohly, M., Ross, S. A., Mehmedic, Z., Arafat, R., Yi, B., & Banahan, B. (2000) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1520/jfs14636j · Cited by 309
Treatments for Chronic Pain Associated With Spinal Cord Injuries: Many Are Tried, Few Are Helpful
Warms, C. A., Turner, J. A., Marshall, H. M., & Cardenas, D. D. (2002) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200205000-00004 · Cited by 174
Spinal cannabinoids are anti-allodynic in rats with persistent inflammation
Martin, W. J., Loo, C. M., & Basbaum, A. I. (1999) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00045-7 · Cited by 166
Chronic pain after SCI. A patient survey
Ravenscroft, A., Ahmed, Y. S., & Burnside, I. G. (2000) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/sj.sc.3101073 · Cited by 148
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Endocannabinoid System as an Emerging Target of Pharmacotherapy
Pacher, P., Bátkai, S., & Kunos, G. (2006) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pr.58.3.2 · Cited by 2,077
“In a survey of 2969 people using cannabis for medicinal purposes, ~25% of subjects mentioned relief of arthritis symptoms as the main reason for cannabis smoking, which was surpassed only by chronic pain, MS, and depression (Ware et al., 2003).”
BackgroundSmoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial
Ware, M. A., Wang, T., Shapiro, S., Robinson, A., Ducruet, T., Huynh, T., Gamsa, A., Bennett, G. J., & Collet, J.-P. (2010) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.091414 · Cited by 450
Self-citationNatural compounds and combination therapy in colorectal cancer treatment
Rejhova, A., Opattová, A., Čumová, A., Slíva, D., & Vodička, P. (2017) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.039 · Cited by 367
A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of cannabis cigarettes in neuropathic pain
Wilsey, B., Marcotte, T., Tsodikov, A., Millman, J., Bentley, H., Gouaux, B., & Fishman, S. (2008) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2007.12.010 · Cited by 327
Low-Dose Vaporized Cannabis Significantly Improves Neuropathic Pain
Wilsey, B., Marcotte, T., Deutsch, R., Gouaux, B., Sakai, S., & Donaghe, H. (2013) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.10.009 · Cited by 314
Synergistic interactions between cannabinoid and opioid analgesics
Cichewicz, D. L. (2004) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.038 · Cited by 305
“However, other studies emphasize the frequency of cannabis use among chronic pain patients and provide statistics that support analgesic benefits of marijuana (Ware et al., 2003).”
BackgroundAviram, J. (2017) · Pain Physician · doi:10.36076/ppj.20.5.e755 · Cited by 305
Manzanares, J., Julian, M., & Carrascosa, A. (2006) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/157015906778019527 · Cited by 287
Efficacy of Dronabinol as an Adjuvant Treatment for Chronic Pain Patients on Opioid Therapy
Narang, S., Gibson, D., Wasan, A. D., Ross, E. L., Michna, E., Nedeljkovic, S. S., & Jamison, R. N. (2008) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2007.10.018 · Cited by 257
Brisbois, T. D., de Kock, I. H., Watanabe, S. M., Mirhosseini, M., Lamoureux, D. C., Chasen, M., MacDonald, N., Baracos, V. E., & Wismer, W. V. (2011) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq727 · Cited by 246
“Quality of sleep and relaxation were more frequently reported to be ‘pleasant’ by THC-treated patients compared with placebo on the Side Effect Survey (Table 3).”
BackgroundDitre, J. W., Zale, E. L., & LaRowe, L. R. (2018) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095440 · Cited by 247
The medicinal use of cannabis in the UK: results of a nationwide survey
Ware, M. A., Adams, H., & Guy, G. W. (2004) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2004.00271.x · Cited by 239
“This relationship has been found in other surveys ( 13 ) and may represent a general bias towards medical cannabis use in this population.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationHazekamp, A., Ware, M. A., Müller‐Vahl, K., Abrams, D. I., & Grotenhermen, F. (2013) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2013.805976 · Cited by 242
Self-citationCampbell, G., Hall, W., Peacock, A., Lintzeris, N., Bruno, R., Larance, B., Nielsen, S., Cohen, M. L., Chan, G., Mattick, R. P., et al. (2018) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30110-5 · Cited by 239
Wasan, A. D., Butler, S. F., Budman, S. H., Benoit, C. M., Fernandez, K. C., & Jamison, R. N. (2007) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e3180330dc5 · Cited by 228
“Preliminary studies suggest that tetrahydocannabinol can be useful in reducing anxiety, improving sleep, and stabilizing pain.(44,45) Much evidence from animal studies indicates that cannabinoids have important pain-modulating effects(44) and are, in general, comparable in efficacy to opioids in such experiments.”
BackgroundCannabinoids in health and disease
Kogan, N. M., & Mechoulam, R. (2007) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2007.9.4/nkogan · Cited by 227
“In an anonymous cross-sectional survey, 72 (35%) of chronic noncancer pain patients reported having used cannabis for relieving pain.(88) Cannabis-treated AIDS patients reported improved appetite, muscle pain, nausea, anxiety, nerve pain, depression, and paresthesia.”
BackgroundCannabis use in HIV for pain and other medical symptoms
Woolridge, E., Barton, S., Samuel, J., Osorio, J., Dougherty, A., & Holdcroft, A. (2005) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.07.011 · Cited by 208
“046 Years with HIV 10 [6–15] (0–25) 7 [3–12] (0–20) P 0.”
Baron, E. P. (2015) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.12570 · Cited by 219
Cannabinoids as therapeutic agents in cancer: current status and future implications
Chakravarti, B., Ravi, J., & Ganju, R. K. (2014) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.2233 · Cited by 226
“Evidence shows that smoking of cannabis preparations caused cancer of the respiratory and oral tracts or, at least, potentiated tobacco smokeinduced damages [3].”
Inhibition of Recombinant Human T-type Calcium Channels by Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol
Ross, H., Napier, I. A., & Connor, M. A. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m707104200 · Cited by 203
Lynch, M. E., & Ware, M. A. (2015) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-015-9600-6 · Cited by 195
“In this context, many people with chronic pain are turning to other therapies including cannabinoids (Ware et al. 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLack of analgesic efficacy of oral δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in postoperative pain
Buggy, D. J., Toogood, L., Maric, S., Sharpe, P., Lambert, D. G., & Rowbotham, D. J. (2003) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(03)00331-2 · Cited by 184
“Anecdotal accounts of the benefits of cannabinoids in the treatment of pain in humans are reported frequently (Hirst et al., 1998; Holdcroft et al., 1997; Ravenscroft et al., 2000; Voth and Schwartz, 1997; Ware et al., 2003).”
BackgroundPrevalence, reasons, perceived effects, and correlates of medical marijuana use: A review
Park, J.-Y., & Wu, L.-T. T. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.009 · Cited by 161
“While Degenhardt et al. (2015) found that those who used marijuana for pain had significantly longer medical months living with pain than those who did not (156 vs. 120), Ware et al. (2003) reported no significant difference in the duration of pain.”
BackgroundInfluentialPatterns of cannabis use among patients with multiple sclerosis
Clark, A. J., Ware, M. A., Yazer, E., Murray, T. J., & Lynch, M. E. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000127707.07621.72 · Cited by 153
Self-citationPatterns of Marijuana Use Among Patients With HIV/AIDS Followed in a Public Health Care Setting
Prentiss, D., Power, R., Balmas, G., Tzuang, G., & Israelski, D. M. (2003) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/00126334-200401010-00005 · Cited by 148
Characteristics of adults seeking medical marijuana certification
Ilgen, M. A., Bohnert, K. M., Kleinberg, F., Jannausch, M. L., Bohnert, A. M., Walton, M. A., & Blow, F. C. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.019 · Cited by 143
In the weeds: a baseline view of cannabis use among legalizing states and their neighbours
Pacula, R. L., Jacobson, M., & Hernandez, E. J. M. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13282 · Cited by 138
“A few studies show that a large share of medicinal users also use cannabis recreationally [9,10], but most studies have focused on special populations, such as people with HIV/AIDS [11–13], non-cancer pain [14] and multiple sclerosis [15,16], and may not be representative of the general population [17].”
BackgroundEndocannabinoids Measurement in Human Saliva as Potential Biomarker of Obesity
Matias, I., Gatta‐Cherifi, B., Tabarin, A., Clark, S., Lesté-Lasserre, T., Marsicano, G., Piazza, P. V., & Cota, D. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042399 · Cited by 137
“Finally, the ECS is also known to affect salivary secretion [20,22,35].”
BackgroundCannabis in medicine: a national educational needs assessment among Canadian physicians
Ziemianski, D., Capler, R., Tekanoff, R. A., Lacasse, A., Luconi, F., & Ware, M. A. (2015) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-015-0335-0 · Cited by 136
“Finally, the demographic overlap (young white males) between medical cannabis users and recreational users also adds to the potential for physician mistrust of the real medical ‘necessity’ for CTP [21,22].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Pain: A Review
Lynch, M. E., & Watson, C. P. N. (2006) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2006/642568 · Cited by 130
Self-citationRates of Cannabis Use in Patients with Cancer
Martell, K., Fairchild, A. M., LeGerrier, B., Sinha, R., Baker, S., Liu, H., Ghose, A., Olivotto, I. A., & Kerba, M. (2018) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3747/co.25.3983 · Cited by 127
General and oral health implications of cannabis use
Cho, C., Hirsch, R., & Johnstone, S. (2005) · Australian Dental Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2005.tb00343.x · Cited by 126
Survey of Australians using cannabis for medical purposes
Swift, W., Gates, P., & Dillon, P. (2005) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/1477-7517-2-18 · Cited by 133
“Consistent with local and international research on people with a variety of medical conditions [8-12,14], most participants claimed moderate to substantial benefits from cannabis, both in terms of their overall condition and management of individual symptoms.”
BackgroundAmaya, F., Shimosato, G., Kawasaki, Y., Hashimoto, S., Tanaka, Y., Ji, R., & Tanaka, M. (2006) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2006.04.001 · Cited by 121
“Despite having high analgesic efficacy, the clinical application of cannabinoid has been limited by adverse psychological effects (Campbell et al., 2001; Ware et al., 2003).”
BackgroundDegenhardt, L. J., Lintzeris, N., Campbell, G., Bruno, R., Cohen, M. L., Farrell, M., & Hall, W. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.031 · Cited by 117
“To date there have been few reports of patterns of use of annabis for symptom control in chronic pain, whether initiated for his purpose or adapted for this use by recreational users (Ogborne t al., 2000; Ware et al., 2003).”
BackgroundTrends in registered medical marijuana participation across 13 US states and District of Columbia
Fairman, B. J. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.015 · Cited by 115
Exploring the Ecological Association Between Crime and Medical Marijuana Dispensaries
Kepple, N. J., & Freisthler, B. (2012) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2012.73.523 · Cited by 108
“In addition, medical marijuana dispensaries have a diverse clientele, with some who are older, frail, and/or diagnosed with chronic, debilitating conditions (O'Connell and Bou-Matar, 2007; Reiman, 2007; Swift et al., 2005; Ware et al., 2003).”
BackgroundLever, I. J., & Rice, A. S. C. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-33823-9_10 · Cited by 108
Cannabis and Its Derivatives: Review of Medical Use
Leung, L. (2011) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2011.04.100280 · Cited by 102
Current knowledge on cannabinoids in oral fluid
Lee, D., & Huestis, M. A. (2013) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.1514 · Cited by 106
Experience with the Synthetic Cannabinoid Nabilone in Chronic Noncancer Pain
Berlach, D. M., Shir, Y., & Ware, M. A. (2006) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00085.x · Cited by 96
Self-citationRelief-oriented use of marijuana by teens
Bottorff, J. L., Johnson, J. L., Moffat, B. M., & Mulvogue, T. (2009) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/1747-597x-4-7 · Cited by 91
Recent Advances in the Pharmacological Management of Pain
Guindon, J., Walczak, J., & Beaulieu, P. (2007) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200767150-00002 · Cited by 90
“[23-26,154-159] The Many treatment modalities are being used to effects of cannabinoids on pain (including peripher- reduce and alleviate pain; however, many clinical al and central neuropathic pain states, and spasticity) questions are still unanswered.”
Fitzcharles, M., Ste‐Marie, P. A., Häuser, W., Clauw, D. J., Jamal, S., Karsh, J., Landry, T., LECLERCQ, S. A., McDougall, J. J., Shir, Y., et al. (2015) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.22727 · Cited by 91
Urine Drug Testing of Chronic Pain Patients: Licit and Illicit Drug Patterns
Cone, E. J., Caplan, Y. H., Black, D. L., Robert, T. A., & Moser, F. (2008) · Journal of Analytical Toxicology · doi:10.1093/jat/32.8.530 · Cited by 84
Zeraatkar, D., Cooper, M. A., Agarwal, A., Vernooij, R. W. M., Leung, G., Loniewski, K., Dookie, J., Ahmed, M. M., Hong, B. Y., Hong, C. J. H., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054282 · Cited by 87
Addictive behaviors related to opioid use for chronic pain: A population-based study
Hjsted, J., Ekholm, O., Kurita, G. P., Juel, K., & Sjøgren, P. (2013) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.046 · Cited by 80
Bell, A. D., MacCallum, C., Margolese, S., Walsh, Z., Wright, P., Daeninck, P. J., Mandarino, E., Lacasse, G., Kaur Deol, J., de Freitas, L., et al. (2024) · Cannabis & Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2021.0156 · Cited by 78
“87,99 For details of the individual studies, see Appendix N in Supplementary Data.”
BackgroundMedical cannabis use in Canada: vapourization and modes of delivery
Shiplo, S., Asbridge, M., Leatherdale, S. T., & Hammond, D. G. (2016) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/s12954-016-0119-9 · Cited by 74
“Previous studies of medical users all found that smoking was the most commonly used and most preferred mode, in contrast to the current study’s findings [7–9, 27–30].”
BackgroundResultNew Treatments for Neuropathic Pain
Rice, A. S. C., & Hill, R. G. (2006) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev.med.57.121304.131324 · Cited by 65
Molecular mechanisms involved in the asymmetric interaction between cannabinoid and opioid systems
Viganò, D., Rubino, T., Vaccani, A., Bianchessi, S., Marmorato, P., Castiglioni, C., & Parolaro, D. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0114-4 · Cited by 64
“However, chronic pain patients frequently use cannabis (Ware et al. 2003).”
Costiniuk, C. T., Saneei, Z., Salahuddin, S., Cox, J., Routy, J., Rueda, S., Abdallah, S. J., Jensen, D., Lebouché, B., Brouillette, M., et al. (2019) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2018.0068 · Cited by 61
“This questionnaire was developed by S.J.A. and D.J and inspired by a survey designed several years ago by Ware et al. 9 The current questionnaire included questions to evaluate adherence to HIV and HCV treatment.”
Cannabis use in sickle cell disease: a questionnaire study
Howard, J., Anie, K. A., Holdcroft, A., Israeli‐Korn, S., & Davies, S. C. (2005) · British Journal of Haematology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05723.x · Cited by 61
“For example Ware et al (2003) investigated 209 patients with chronic non-cancer pain; 35% reported ever using cannabis and 15% had used cannabis for pain relief.”
BackgroundMarijuana as therapy for people living with HIV/AIDS: Social and health aspects
Fogarty, A. S., Rawstorne, P., Prestage, G., Crawford, J., Grierson, J., & Kippax, S. C. (2006) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540120600841930 · Cited by 58
“Cannabinoids inhibit pain in animal models (Guzman, 2003 ); people with chronic pain reported moderate relief after using oral THC (Ware et al, 2003 ) and some PLWHA nominate relief from pain as a therapeutic benefit of marijuana (Prentiss et al, 2004 ).”
BackgroundCahill, S. P., Lunn, S. E., Diaz, P. L., & Page, J. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.626853 · Cited by 56
Medicinal cannabis: rational guidelines for dosing.
Carter, G. T., Weydt, P., Kyashna-Tocha, M., & Abrams, D. I. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 55
Barriers to access to medical cannabis for Canadians living with HIV/AIDS
Belle‐Isle, L., & Hathaway, A. D. (2007) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540120701207833 · Cited by 46
Experience of Pain among Women with Advanced HIV Disease
Richardson, J. L., Heikes, B., Karim, R., Weber, K. M., Anastos, K., & Young, M. (2009) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2008.0128 · Cited by 45
“47 A small pilot trial indicated a reduction in painful peripheral neuropathy after use of smoked marijuana.”
Is There Any Clinically Relevant Cannabinoid-Induced Analgesia?
Kraft, B. (2012) · Pharmacology · doi:10.1159/000337376 · Cited by 45
Marijuana Correlates with Use of Other Illicit Drugs in a Pain Patient Population
West, C. E. (2010) · Pain Physician · doi:10.36076/ppj.2010/13/283 · Cited by 42
Luckett, T., Phillips, J. L., Lintzeris, N., Allsop, D., Lee, J. T., Solowij, N., Martin, J. H., Lam, L. T.-M., Aggarwal, R., McCaffrey, N., et al. (2016) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.13224 · Cited by 42
Medical cannabis and insomnia in older adults with chronic pain: a cross-sectional study
Sznitman, S. R., Vulfsons, S., Meiri, D., & Weinstein, G. (2020) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2019-001938 · Cited by 43
Khelemsky, Y., Goldberg, A. T., Hurd, Y. L., Winkel, G. H., Ninh, A., Qian, L. Y., Oprescu, A. M., Ciccone, J., & Katz, D. (2017) · Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1097/aap.0000000000000654 · Cited by 39
“Adverse effects of marijuana use were generally mild and corresponded to those described in similar reports.(8) The only variable significantly associated with an increase in reported adverse effects was higher income.”
ResultInfluentialExploring the Lived Experience of Adults using Prescription Opioids to Manage Chronic Noncancer Pain
Brooks, E. A., Unruh, A. M., & Lynch, M. E. (2015) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2015/314184 · Cited by 37
“A survey completed with individuals using cannabis for CNCP in 2001 supports claims that pain, sleep and mood are frequently improved by cannabis use (Ware et al., 2003).”
Self-citationGuillouard, M., Authier, N., Pereira, B., Soubrier, M., & Mathieu, S. (2020) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keaa534 · Cited by 36
Hommoss, G., Pyo, S. M., & Müller, R. H. (2017) · European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.04.009 · Cited by 36
“Cannabinoids have several medical uses [1] like analgesic properties [2], increase appetite [3], control nausea and vomiting [4] and lower or control intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients [5].”
BackgroundLynch, M. E., Young, J., & Clark, A. J. (2006) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.05.016 · Cited by 34
Self-citationIllicit Drug Use in the Pain Patient Population Decreases with Continued Drug Testing
Pesce, A. J. (2011) · Pain Physician · doi:10.36076/ppj.2011/14/189 · Cited by 34
Guidelines for the Use of Cannabinoid Compounds in Chronic Pain
Clark, A., Lynch, M., Ware, M., Beaulieu, P., McGilveray, I., & Gourlay, D. (2005) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2005/894781 · Cited by 31
Self-citationWeinstein, G., & Sznitman, S. R. (2020) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2020.101041 · Cited by 33
Tanco, K. C., Dumlao, D., Kreis, R., Nguyen, K., Dibaj, S. S., Liu, D., Marupakula, V., Shaikh, A. H., Baile, W. F., & Bruera, E. D. (2019) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2019.0218 · Cited by 32
Re-Branding Cannabis: The Next Generation of Chronic Pain Medicine?
Carter, G. T., Javaher, S. P., Nguyen, M. H. V., Garrett, S. B., & Carlini, B. H. (2014) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt.14.49 · Cited by 33
Mondello, E., Quattrone, D., Cardia, L., Bova, G., Mallamace, R., Barbagallo, A. A., Mondello, C., Mannucci, C., Pietro, M. D., Arcoraci, V., et al. (2018) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s166617 · Cited by 31
“28 The plant genus Cannabis contains a complex mixture of phytochemicals (over 60 compounds) known as cannabinoids.”
Ste‐Marie, P. A., Fitzcharles, M., Gamsa, A., Ware, M. A., & Shir, Y. (2012) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.21732 · Cited by 32
Self-citationSingh, T., Jyoti, K., Patnaik, A., Singh, A., & chauhan, S. (2018) · Alexandria Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.aej.2018.04.002 · Cited by 28
Cannabis against chronic musculoskeletal pain: a scoping review on users and their perceptions
Furrer, D., Kröger, E., Marcotte, M., Jauvin, N., Bélanger, R. E., Ware, M. A., Foldes‐Busque, G., Aubin, M., Pluye, P., & Dionne, C. E. (2021) · Journal of Cannabis Research · doi:10.1186/s42238-021-00096-8 · Cited by 30
“Five studies received mixed funding from research grants, nongovernmental organizations, dispensaries or private foundations [57, 64, 65, 68, 82, 94].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationFede, C., Pirri, C., Petrelli, L., Guidolin, D., Fan, C., De, R., & Stecco, C. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21082936 · Cited by 27
“The recent literature demonstrates that myofascial pain e ff ectively responds to therapy with cannabinoids, which can provide analgesic relief for chronic pain disorders [7,8].”
Concomitant cannabis abuse/dependence in patients treated with opioids for non‐cancer pain
Hefner, K. R., Sofuoglu, M., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2015) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12260 · Cited by 26
Harm reduction-the cannabis paradox
Melamede, R. J. (2005) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/1477-7517-2-17 · Cited by 26
Endocannabinoid signaling in stress, nausea, and vomiting
DeVuono, M. V., Venkatesan, T., & Hillard, C. J. (2024) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.14911 · Cited by 24
Use of medical cannabis: perceptions of Israeli oncologists
Mirelman, D., Waissengrin, B., Goldway, N., Sharon, H., Brill, S., & Wolf, I. (2019) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30077-4 · Cited by 24
Medicinal marijuana use: experiences of people with multiple sclerosis.
Page, S. A., & Verhoef, M. J. (2006) · PubMed Central · Cited by 23
Tripp, D. A., Nickel, J. C., Katz, L., Krsmanovic, A., Ware, M. A., & Santor, D. (2014) · Canadian Urological Association Journal · doi:10.5489/cuaj.2268 · Cited by 22
Self-citationCurtis, S. A., Brandow, A. M., DeVeaux, M., Zeltermam, D., Devine, L., & Roberts, J. D. (2020) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2019.0036 · Cited by 23
Functional blockage of the cannabinoid receptor type 1 evokes a kappa‐opiate‐dependent analgesia
Sáez-Cassanelli, J. L., Fontanella, G. H., Delgado-Garcia, J. M., & Carrión, Á. M. (2007) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05000.x · Cited by 22
The prevalence of marijuana smoking in young adults with sickle cell disease: a longitudinal study
Knight‐Madden, J., Lewis, N. A., & Hambleton, I. R. (2006) · West Indian Medical Journal · doi:10.1590/s0043-31442006000400004 · Cited by 21
“The active ingredients of marijuana, in particular the cannabinoids, may have beneficial properties in the treatment of chronic pain (3–5) and inflammation (3) and, in some settings, is being used by sufferers of chronic pain (6,7) and arthritis.”
BackgroundLanda, L., Juřica, J., Slíva, J., Pecháčková, M., & Demlová, R. (2018) · Biomedical Papers · doi:10.5507/bp.2018.007 · Cited by 21
Clinical Profiles of Concurrent Cannabis Use in Chronic Pain: A CHOIR Study
Sturgeon, J. A., Khan, J. S., Hah, J. M., Hilmoe, H. E., Hong, J. S., Ware, M. A., & Mackey, S. (2020) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa060 · Cited by 22
Self-citationExperts' perspectives on the role of medical marijuana in oncology: A semistructured interview study
Braun, I. M., Meyer, F. L., Gagne, J. J., Nabati, L., Yuppa, D. P., Carmona, M. A., Burstein, H. J., Suzuki, J., Nayak, M. M., & Martins, Y. (2017) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4365 · Cited by 20
Quais são e pra que servem os medicamentos à base de Cannabis?
Pamplona, F. A. (2014) · Revista da Biologia · doi:10.7594/revbio.13.01.05 · Cited by 20
“Estudos epidemiológicos tem mostrado que cerca de 10 a 15% dos pacientes com dor crônica usam maconha para reduzir a dor, melhorar o humor e a qualidade do sono (Ware et al., 2003).”
BackgroundCannabinoid therapeutics in orofacial pain management: a systematic review
Votrubec, C., Tran, P., Lei, A., Brunet, Z., Bean, L., Olsen, B., & Sharma, D. (2022) · Australian Dental Journal · doi:10.1111/adj.12934 · Cited by 22
Therapeutic Applications for Agents that Act at CB1 and CB2 Receptors
Pertwee, R. G., & Thomas, A. (2008) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-503-9_13 · Cited by 20
Vulnerability in Clinical Research with Patients in Pain: A Risk Analysis
Tait, R. C. (2009) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00351.x · Cited by 19
Marijuana medicine and Canadian physicians: Challenges to meaningful drug policy reform
Jones, C., & Hathaway, A. D. (2008) · Contemporary Justice Review · doi:10.1080/10282580802058429 · Cited by 19
Li, C. R., Milivojevic, V., Constable, R. T., & Sinha, R. (2005) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.09.002 · Cited by 21
Cannabinoide ? Nebenwirkungen und Komplikationen
Radbruch, L., & Nauck, F. (2003) · Der Schmerz · doi:10.1007/s00482-003-0232-z · Cited by 19
The Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Pain
Lynch, M. E. (2008) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.rdc.2008.04.001 · Cited by 18
Self-citationDiaries from cannabis users: an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis
Boserman, C. (2009) · Health An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health Illness and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1363459309103916 · Cited by 18
“Benefi cial effects such as anti-infl ammatory and analgesic properties were reported (Zimmer and Morgan, 1997; Perrot, 2004), in particular with regard to pain (Beaulieu, 2002; Ware et al., 2003).”
BackgroundAssociation between Nonmedical Marijuana and Pain Reliever Uses among Individuals Aged 50+
Choi, N. G., DiNitto, D. M., Marti, C. N., & Choi, B. Y. (2017) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2017.1342153 · Cited by 17
Samaan, Z. (2018) · Pain Physician · doi:10.36076/ppj.2018.6.e623 · Cited by 17
“We found that those initiated to opioids through a prescription were less likely to have hepatitis C and less likely to use cannabis (31,32).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Ware, M. A., Doyle, C. R., Woods, R., Lynch, M. E., & Clark, A. J.
- Affiliations
- Montreal General Hospital (CA)
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- St. Paul's Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Ware, Mark A
- Venue
- Pain
- Published
- 2003-03
- Volume
- 102
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 211-216
- ISSN
- 0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2096628021
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 9.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Complementary and Alternative Medicine Studies
- Keywords
- medical cannabis, chronic non-cancer pain, cannabis use prevalence, analgesia, recreational cannabis use, myofascial pain, neck pain, cannabis side effects, tobacco use, patient-provider communication
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Canada, Cannabinoids, Cannabis, Chronic Disease, Data Collection, Drug Administration Routes, Female, Humans, Male, Marijuana Smoking, Middle Aged, Pain, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Treatment Outcome, Plant Preparations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
