Cited by 385Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesTraumatic Brain Injury ResearchAutomotive and Human Injury Biomechanics

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Enduring cognitive, neurobehavioral and histopathological changes persist for up to one year following severe experimental brain injury in rats

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Pierce, J.E.S, Smith, D.H, Trojanowski, J.Q, McIntosh, T.K·1998·Neuroscience

DOI 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00142-0

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Abstract

Clinical studies have demonstrated that patients sustain prolonged behavioral deficits following traumatic brain injury, in some cases culminating in the cognitive and histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. However, few studies have examined the long-term consequences of experimental traumatic brain injury. In the present study, anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 185) were subjected to severe lateral fluid-percussion brain injury (n = 115) or sham injury (n = 70) and evaluated up to one year post-injury for cognitive and neurological deficits and histopathological changes. Compared with sham-injured controls, brain-injured animals showed a spatial learning impairment that persisted up to one year post-injury. In addition, deficits in specific neurologic motor function tasks also persisted up to one year post-injury. Immunohistochemistry using multiple antibodies to the amyloid precursor protein and/or amyloid precursor protein-like proteins revealed novel axonal degeneration in the striatum, corpus callosum and injured cortex up to one year post-injury and in the thalamus up to six months post-injury. Histologic evaluation of injured brains demonstrated a progressive expansion of the cortical cavity, enlargement of the lateral ventricles, deformation of the hippocampus, and thalamic calcifications. Taken together, these findings indicate that experimental traumatic brain injury can cause long-term cognitive and neurologic motor dysfunction accompanied by continuing neurodegeneration.

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Head Trauma as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease: A Collaborative Re-Analysis of Case-Control Studies
Mortimer, J. A., Van Duijn, C. M., Chandra, V, Fratiglioni, L., Graves, A. B., Heyman, A., Jorm, A. F., Kokmen, E., Kondo, K., Rocca, W. A., et al. (1991) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/20.supplement_2.s28 · Cited by 594
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Roberts, G. W., Gentleman, S. M., Lynch, A., Murray, L., Landon, M., & Graham, D. I. (1994) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.57.4.419 · Cited by 569
Immunohistochemical characterization of alterations in the distribution of amyloid precursor proteins and beta-amyloid peptide after experimental brain injury in the rat
Pierce, J., Trojanowski, J., Graham, D., Smith, D., & McIntosh, T. (1996) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.16-03-01083.1996 · Cited by 239
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Items 101–200 of 354

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“Histological evaluation demonstrated ongoing axonal degeneration in the striatum, corpus callosum, and injured cortex continuing up to 1 year post-injury and for up to 6 months post-injury in the thalamus (Pierce et al., 1998).”
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“, 1999) or lateral FP brain injury (Pierce et al., 1998).”
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“Interestingly, thalamic calcification also occurs following brain trauma and global ischemia and seizures (Kato et al, 1995; Pierce et al, 1998), indicating that focal cortical damage per se is not needed for deposition.”
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Thalamic atrophy in antero-medial and dorsal nuclei correlates with six-month outcome after severe brain injury
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“Nonetheless, thalamic expansion following brain injury has been reported previously in conjunction with acute and secondary delayed processes triggered by brain injury (Osteen et al., 2001; Pierce et al., 1998).”
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TUNEL-positive staining of surface contusions after fatal head injury in man
Smith, F. M., Raghupathi, R., MacKinnon, M., McIntosh, T., Saatman, K., Meaney, D., & Graham, D. (2000) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s004010000222 · Cited by 70
“More recently, it was reported that after fluid percussioninduced brain injury in the rat, the volume of cortical contusion increased with prolonged survival [8, 35, 38 , 44].”
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Stretch‐induced injury in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures reproduces in vivo post‐traumatic neurodegeneration: role of glutamate receptors and voltage‐dependent calcium channels
Cater, H. L., Gitterman, D., Davis, S. M., Benham, C., Morrison, B., & Sundstrom, L. (2007) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04379.x · Cited by 67
Clinical relevance of midline fluid percussion brain injury: acute deficits, chronic morbidities, and the utility of biomarkers
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“logical damage depends on the initial injury severity [25,26].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Delayed inhibition of Nogo-A does not alter injury-induced axonal sprouting but enhances recovery of cognitive function following experimental traumatic brain injury in rats.
Lenzlinger, P. M., Shimizu, S., Marklund, N., Thompson, H. J., Schwab, M., Saatman, K., Hoover, R., Bareyre, F., Motta, M., Luginbuhl, A., et al. (2005) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.04.048 · Cited by 65
Self-citation
Dopaminergic abnormalities following traumatic brain injury
Jenkins, P., Simoni, S. D., Bourke, N., Fleminger, J., Scott, G. P. T., Towey, D., Svensson, W., Khan, S., Patel, M. C., Greenwood, R., et al. (2018) · Brain : a journal of neurology · doi:10.1093/brain/awx357 · Cited by 64
Experimental models of traumatic axonal injury
Wang, H., & Ma, Y. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2009.07.099 · Cited by 61
Differences in the neuronal stem cells survival, neuronal differentiation and neurological improvement after transplantation of neural stem cells between mild and severe experimental traumatic brain injury.
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Traumatic brain injury induces biphasic upregulation of ApoE and ApoJ protein in rats
Iwata, A., Browne, K. D., Chen, X., Yuguchi, T., & Smith, D. H. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.20607 · Cited by 53
“Although the injured animals seemed generally normal, we have observed previously that mild neurologic motor dysfunction and moderate cognitive deficits persist for up to 1 yr after FP injury (Leoni et al., 2000; Pierce et al., 1998; Browne et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Exposure to short-lasting impulse noise causes microglial and astroglial cell activation in the adult rat brain.
Säljö, A., Bao, F., Hamberger, A., Haglid, K., & Hansson, H. (2001) · Pathophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0928-4680(01)00067-0 · Cited by 64
Assessment of Sensorimotor and Cognitive Deficits Induced by a Moderate Traumatic Injury in the Right Parietal Cortex of the Rat
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“The evaluation of therapeutic interventions optimally requires the ability to measure chronic behavioral outcomes (Levin and Eisenberg, 1991; McIntosh et al., 1996; Pierce et al., 1998).”
Background
Microglial activation induced by traumatic brain injury is suppressed by postinjury treatment with hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Lim, S.-W., Wang, C.-C., Wang, Y.-H., Chio, C., Niu, K., & Kuo, J. (2013) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2013.04.070 · Cited by 60
A Relatively Brief Exposure to Environmental Enrichment after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Confers Long-Term Cognitive Benefits
Cheng, J. P., Shaw, K. E., Monaco, C. M., Hoffman, A. N., Sozda, C., Olsen, A., & Kline, A. (2012) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2012.2560 · Cited by 62
“27 Speciﬁcally, the time to locate the consistently-situated escape platform in the STD-housed rats did not change dramatically from postoperative day 18 (78.5 – 6.2sec) to the last training session at 6 months (71.4 – 12.6sec).”
Influential
Diffuse Brain Injury in the Immature Rat: Evidence for an Age-at-Injury Effect on Cognitive Function and Histopathologic Damage
Raghupathi, R., & Huh, J. W. (2007) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2007.3790 · Cited by 65
“This paradigm has been used successfully to demonstrate impaired learning ability up to 12 months following traumatic brain injury in adult rats (Pierce et al., 1998) and to demonstrate the effect of post-traumatic intervention (Saatman et al., 1997).”
Behavioral Efficacy of Posttraumatic Calpain Inhibition is Not Accompanied by Reduced Spectrin Proteolysis, Cortical Lesion, or Apoptosis
Saatman, K., Zhang, C., Bartus, R., & Mcintosh, T. K. (2000) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-200001000-00010 · Cited by 62
Self-citation
Pallial and subpallial derivatives in the embryonic chick and mouse telencephalon, traced by the expression of the genes Dlx-2, Emx-1, Nkx-2.1, Pax-6, and Tbr-1
Puelles, L., Kuwana, E., Puelles, E., Bulfone, A., Shimamura, K., Keleher, J., Smiga, S., & Rubenstein, J. L. R. (2000) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/1096-9861(20000828)424:3 · Cited by 951
Self-citation
Cognitive Function Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Effects of Injury Severity and Recovery Period in a Parasagittal Fluid-Percussive Injury Model
Sanders, M. J., Dietrich, W., & Green, E. J. (1999) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1999.16.915 · Cited by 61
“Although most investigations of posttraumatic learning deficits employ multiple-day tests (Hamm et al., 1996; Pierce et al., 1998), single-day procedures have been shown to be adequate to distinguish the effects of controlled cortical impact of varying severity (Scheff et al., 1997).”
Functional Roles of Amyloid-β Protein Precursor and Amyloid-β Peptides: Evidence from Experimental Studies
Hiltunen, M. O., van Groen, T., & Jolkkonen, J. (2009) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2009-1154 · Cited by 62
“TBI in rats is characterized by enduring cognitive, sensorimotor, and histopathological changes persisting up to one year after injury [93].”
Environmental enrichment increases progenitor cell survival in the dentate gyrus following lateral fluid percussion injury
Gaulke, L. J., Horner, P. J., Fink, A. J. P., McNamara, C. L., & Hicks, R. R. (2005) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.08.011 · Cited by 59
“TBI, including the lateral fluid percussion (FP) brain injury model also produce persistent impairments in learning and memory [61], which have been attributed to neuronal injury and dysfunction in the hippocampus [11,27,33,47].”
Background
CHIMERA repetitive mild traumatic brain injury induces chronic behavioural and neuropathological phenotypes in wild-type and APP/PS1 mice
Cheng, W. H., Martens, K. M., Bashir, A., Cheung, H., Stukas, S. K., Gibbs, E., Namjoshi, D., Button, E. B., Wilkinson, A., Barrón, C., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer s Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-018-0461-0 · Cited by 63
“, corpus callosum and external capsule) [7, 10, 27, 74, 79, 88].”
Decreased neuroinflammation and increased brain energy homeostasis following environmental enrichment after mild traumatic brain injury is associated with improvement in cognitive function
Briones, T. L., Woods, J., & Rogozinska, M. (2013) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/2051-5960-1-57 · Cited by 58
“The persistent neuroinflammation seen in the mTBI control group is similar to reports from clinical and experimental studies that neuroinflammation resulting from mTBI can last from months to years after injury [14,38,39].”
Result
Retracted
Quantitative T2 mapping as a potential marker for the initial assessment of the severity of damage after traumatic brain injury in rat.
Kharatishvili, I., Sierra, A., Immonen, R., Gröhn, O., & Pitkänen, A. (2009) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.01.026 · Cited by 58
Multimodal early onset stimulation combined with enriched environment is associated with reduced CNS lesion volume and enhanced reversal of neuromotor dysfunction after traumatic brain injury in rats
Maegele, M., Lippert-Gruener, M., Ester-Bode, T., Garbe, J., Bouillon, B., Neugebauer, E., Klug, N., Lefering, R., Neiss, W., & Angelov, D. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04070.x · Cited by 58
Differential Effects of the Anticonvulsant Topiramate on Neurobehavioral and Histological Outcomes following Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats
Hoover, R., Motta, M., Davis, J. E., Saatman, K., Fujimoto, S. T., Thompson, H., Stover, J. F., Dichter, M., Twyman, R., White, H., et al. (2004) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771504774129847 · Cited by 58
“Neurologic motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment and alterations in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) persist for up to one year after severe FP brain injury in the rat (Pierce et al., 1998; Kochanek et al., 2002).”
Self-citation
Terminally Differentiated Human Neurons Survive and Integrate Following Transplantation into the Traumatically Injured Rat Brain
Muir, J. K., Raghupathi, R., Saatman, K., Wilson, C. A., Lee, V., Trojanowski, J., Philips, M. F., & McIntosh, T. K. (1999) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.1999.16.403 · Cited by 58
“Lateral FP brain injury can cause profound and persistent motor and cognitive dysfunction (Mclntosh et al., 1989; Smith et al., 1991; Pierce et al., 1998), which may be, in part, due to loss of cortical, thalamic, and hippocampal neurons (Hicks et al., 1993, Bramlett et al., 1997).”
Self-citation
Traumatic brain injury causes long-term reduction in serum growth hormone and persistent astrocytosis in the cortico-hypothalamo-pituitary axis of adult male rats
Kasturi, B. S., & Stein, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2008.0751 · Cited by 57
“…the HP axis at 2 months post-injury, since persistence and progression of inﬂammatory and atrophic changes previously reported (Bramlett et al., 1997; Smith et al., 1997; Pierce et al., 1998; Holmin and Mathiesen, 1999) were evident one month post-injury (Smith et al., 1997; Pierce et al., 1998).”
Astrocyte Hypertrophy Contributes to Aberrant Neurogenesis after Traumatic Brain Injury
Robinson, C., Apgar, C. J., & Shapiro, L. A. (2016) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2016/1347987 · Cited by 72
Traumatic brain injury and its effects on synaptic plasticity
Albensi, B. C., & Janigro, D. (2003) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/0269905031000107142 · Cited by 51
“Animal models have been further utilized to explore specific mechanisms of how trauma affects synaptic plasticity [4, 9–13] and cognition [14].”
Background
Enoxaparin Reduces Brain Edema, Cerebral Lesions, and Improves Motor and Cognitive Impairments Induced by a Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats
Wahl, F., Piot, O., Bareyre, F. M., Uzan, A., & Stutzmann, J. M. (2000) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2000.17.1055 · Cited by 54
“(# )p < 0.05, <**)p < 0.01, <***>p < 0.001 versus TBI vehicle at the same time point. tusional lesion is a more delayed, slowly evolving over several days (Toulmond et al., 1993) or months, at which time neurodegenerative changes are involved in the neuronal loss (Pierce et al., 1998).”
Influential
Traumatic Brain Injury
Azim, A., & Joseph, B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71712-8_1 · Cited by 54
Posttraumatic hypothermia increases doublecortin expressing neurons in the dentate gyrus after traumatic brain injury in the rat
Bregy, A., Nixon, R. A., Lotocki, G., Alonso, O. F., Atkins, C. M., Tsoulfas, P., Bramlett, H. M., & Dietrich, W. D. (2011) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.12.008 · Cited by 53
“TBI produces long-term neurodegenerative changes and a spectrum of behavioral abnormalities resulting from regional patterns of cell death and circuit dysfunction (Bramlett et al., 1997b; Dixon et al., 1999; Pierce et al., 1998; Smith et al., 1997).”
Acute cognitive impairment after lateral fluid percussion brain injury recovers by 1 month: Evaluation by conditioned fear response
Lifshitz, J., Witgen, B. M., & Grady, M. S. (2006) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2006.11.014 · Cited by 58
“In the laboratory, the Morris water maze (MWM) and radial arm maze routinely demonstrate injury-related cognitive deficits [37,54,63,67].”
BackgroundMethod
Selective temporal and regional alterations of Nogo-A and small proline-rich repeat protein 1A (SPRR1A) but not Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) occur following traumatic brain injury in the rat.
Marklund, N., Fulp, C. T., Shimizu, S., Puri, R., McMillan, A., Strittmatter, S., & McIntosh, T. (2006) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.08.029 · Cited by 54
“These observations of progressive brain atrophy have been replicated in experimental TBI models (Smith et al., 1997; Pierce et al., 1998; Bramlett and Dietrich, 2002; Bramlett et al., 1997).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Delayed Transplantation of Human Neurons following Brain Injury in Rats: A Long-Term Graft Survival and Behavior Study
Zhang, C., Saatman, K., Royo, N., Soltesz, K. M., Millard, M., Schouten, J., Motta, M., Hoover, R., McMillan, A., Watson, D., et al. (2005) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2005.22.1456 · Cited by 53
“Lateral FP brain injury can cause profound and persistent motor and cognitive dysfunction (Mclntosh et al., 1989; Smith et al., 1997; Pierce et al., 1998) which may be, in part, due to loss of cortical, thalamic and hippocampal neurons (Hicks et al., 1993; Bramlett, et al., 1997).”
Self-citation
Recovery of Function after Vagus Nerve Stimulation Initiated 24 Hours after Fluid Percussion Brain Injury
Smith, D. C., Tan, A., Duke, A., Neese, S., Clough, R., Browning, R., & Jensen, R. A. (2006) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2006.23.1549 · Cited by 52
“It is also possible that this single time point may be too late or too early after FPI (Bramlett and Dietrich, 2002; Hicks et al., 1993, 1996; Pierce et al., 1998; Smith et al., 1997) to observe significant differences.”
Self-citation
Deficits in Novelty Exploration after Controlled Cortical Impact
Wagner, A. K., Postal, B. A., Darrah, S. D., Chen, X., & Khan, A. S. (2007) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2007.0274 · Cited by 45
“…experimental TBI also produces spatial learning acquisition deficits in adult rats tested using the Morris water maze (MWM) (Smith et al., 1991; Hoffman et al., 1994; Bramlett et al., 1997; Scheff et al., 1997; Pierce et al., 1998; Dixon et al., 1999a,b; Sanders et al., 1999; Kline et al., 2000).”
Overexpression of APP provides neuroprotection in the absence of functional benefit following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats
Clarke, J., Thornell, A., Corbett, D., Soininen, H., Hiltunen, M., & Jolkkonen, J. (2007) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05807.x · Cited by 50
“…of the accumulated protein disappears over time (Uryu et al., 2003), APP ⁄Ab has been detected in various brain areas for up to 1 year after injury (Pierce et al., 1998), and a recent study showed that Ab forms plaque-like deposits in thalamic nuclei months after cerebral ischaemia in rats (van…”
Background
Cognitive outcome following brain injury and treatment with an inhibitor of Nogo-A in association with an attenuated downregulation of hippocampal growth-associated protein-43 expression.
Marklund, N., Bareyre, F., Royo, N., Thompson, H., Mir, A., Grady, M., Schwab, M., & McIntosh, T. (2007) · Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns-07/10/0844 · Cited by 50
Self-citation
Poor outcome after hypoxia-ischemia in newborns is associated with physiological abnormalities during early recovery. Possible relevance to secondary brain injury after head trauma in infants.
Brambrink, A., Ichord, R., Martin, L. J., Koehler, R., & Traystman, R. (1999) · Experimental and Toxicological Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0940-2993(99)80089-x · Cited by 50
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Produces Long-Lasting Deficits in Synaptic Plasticity in the Female Juvenile Hippocampus
White, E. R., Pinar, C., Bostrom, C. A., Meconi, A., & Christie, B. R. (2017) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4638 · Cited by 49
“32,33 It has been suggested that models that directly impact the brain may be better classiﬁed as either moderate or severe TBI, to reﬂect the invasive nature of the procedure, and the actual degree of damage produced.”
Altered Neuroinflammation and behavior after traumatic brain injury in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Kokiko-Cochran, O., Ransohoff, L., Veenstra, M., Lee, S., Saber, M., Sikora, M., Teknipp, R., Xu, G., Bemiller, S., Wilson, G., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2015.3970 · Cited by 49
Chronic motor performance following different traumatic brain injury severity—A systematic review
Corrigan, F., Wee, I. C., & Collins‐Praino, L. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1180353 · Cited by 56
“Nonetheless, in studies utilizing focal or mixed moderate (30, 81, 87), moderate–severe (90, 91), and severe TBI models (82–85, 92), a consistent impairment was found in neuroscore, regardless of the scoring system implemented, out to 8 months post-injury, with no further deficits noted in the one study that included…”
BackgroundInfluential
Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury
Hausser, N., Johnson, K. M., Parsley, M. A., Guptarak, J., Spratt, H. M., & Sell, S. L. (2018) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/56044 · Cited by 48
Transcription factors Tp73, Cebpd Pax6, and Spi1 rather than DNA methylation regulate chronic transcriptomics changes after experimental traumatic brain injury
Lipponen, A., El-Osta, A., Kaspi, A., Ziemann, M., Khurana, I., KN, H., Navarro-Ferrandis, V., Puhakka, N., Paananen, J., & Pitkänen, A. (2018) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-018-0519-z · Cited by 47
“These pathologies progress in parallel and serial time windows over weeks to months in experimental models [7, 46, 91, 112] and humans [36, 49, 98].”
Background
Traumatic brain injury induces long-lasting changes in immune and regenerative signaling
Boone, D. R., Weisz, H. A., Willey, H. E., Torres, K. E. O., Falduto, M. T., Sinha, M., Spratt, H. M., Bolding, I. J., Johnson, K. M., Parsley, M. A., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0214741 · Cited by 52
Chronic Cognitive Deficits and Long-Term Histopathological Alterations following Contusive Brain Injury in the Immature Rat
Huh, J. W., & Raghupathi, R. (2007) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2006.3787 · Cited by 43
“This paradigm has been used successfully to demonstrate impaired learning ability up to 12 months following TBI in adult rats (Pierce et al., 1998) and to demonstrate the effect of post-traumatic intervention (Saatman et al., 1997).”
Development of Posttraumatic Hyperthermia after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats is Associated with Increased Periventricular Inflammation
Thompson, H., Hoover, R., Tkacs, N., Saatman, K., & McIntosh, T. (2005) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism · doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600008 · Cited by 46
“After lateral FP brain injury, there is evidence of histopathologic damage in the cortex, thalamus, and hippocampal regions (Soares et al, 1995; Hicks et al, 1996; Bramlett et al, 1997; Pierce et al, 1998; Bramlett and Dietrich, 2002), and regional inflammatory changes including”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Impairment of synaptic plasticity in hippocampus is exacerbated by methylprednisolone in a rat model of traumatic brain injury
Zhang, B., Chen, X., Lin, Y., Tan, T., Yang, Z. R., Dayao, C., Liu, L., Jiang, R., & Zhang, J. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.065 · Cited by 45
PKC activator therapeutic for mild traumatic brain injury in mice
Zohar, O., Lavy, R., Zi, X., Nelson, T. J., Hongpaisan, J., Pick, C. G., & Alkon, D. L. (2010) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2010.10.001 · Cited by 53
“…causes secondary damage by activating endogenous autodestructive biochemical processes which can last many years (Berger et al., 1999; Waxweiler et al., 1995; Assaf et al., 1999; Shapira et al., 1993; Gorrie et al., 2002; Graham et al., 2000; Albensi, 2001; Pierce et al., 1996, 1998; Reilly, 2001).”
Background
The rotating pole test: evaluation of its effectiveness in assessing functional motor deficits following experimental head injury in the rat.
Mattiasson, G., Philips, M., Tomasevic, G., Johansson, B., Wieloch, T., & McIntosh, T. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/s0165-0270(99)00162-4 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
Cerebral amyloid-β accumulation and deposition following traumatic brain injury—A narrative review and meta-analysis of animal studies
Bird, S., Sohrabi, H. R., Sutton, T. A., Weinborn, M., Rainey‐Smith, S. R., Brown, B. M., Patterson, L. C., Taddei, K., Gupta, V. B., Carruthers, M. E., et al. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.004 · Cited by 46
Neuroinflammation and the plasticity-related immediate-early gene Arc
Rosi, S. (2011) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.02.003 · Cited by 40
“Traumatic brain injury results in both acute and chronic disruption of cognitive processes, which may be mediated through a disruption of hippocampal circuitry and activation of the innate immune system (Dixon et al., 1999; Pierce et al., 1998; Rosi et al., 2010).”
Background
Tissue sparing and functional recovery following experimental traumatic brain injury is provided by treatment with an anti‐myelin‐associated glycoprotein antibody
Thompson, H., Marklund, N., Lebold, D., Morales, D. M., Keck, C. A., Vinson, M., Royo, N., Grundy, R., & McIntosh, T. K. (2006) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05197.x · Cited by 44
“Similar to human TBI, over time there is a progressive development of the injury cavity and hydrocephalus seen with the lateral FP model (Bramlett et al., 1997; Pierce et al., 1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Traumatic brain injury results in mast cell increase and changes in regulation of central histamine receptors
Lozada, A. F., Maegele, M., Stark, H., Neugebauer, E., & Panula, P. (2005) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2004.00622.x · Cited by 44
Frontal Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats Causes Long-Lasting Impairments in Impulse Control That Are Differentially Sensitive to Pharmacotherapeutics and Associated with Chronic Neuroinflammation
Haar, C. V., Lam, F. C. W., Adams, W. K., Riparip, L., Kaur, S., Muthukrishna, M., Rosi, S., & Winstanley, C. A. (2016) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00166 · Cited by 45
Detection of Calcifications In Vivo and Ex Vivo After Brain Injury in Rat Using SWIFT
Lehto, L., Sierra, A., Corum, C. A., Zhang, J., Idiyatullin, D., Pitkänen, A., Garwood, M., & Gröhn, O. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.002 · Cited by 43
“Therefore, they are more commonly detected in the chronic phase of the disease, that is, several months after TBI (Pierce et al., 1998) or brain ischemic insult (Mäkinen et al., 2007).”
Background
Dose-dependent neuronal injury after traumatic brain injury.
Hellmich, H. L., Capra, B. A., Eidson, K. A., Garcia, J. M., Kennedy, D., Uchida, T., Parsley, M. O., Cowart, J. C., Dewitt, D., & Prough, D. (2005) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.02.054 · Cited by 43
Traumatic brain injury induced matrix metalloproteinase2 cleaves CXCL12α (stromal cell derived factor 1α) and causes neurodegeneration.
Abdul-Muneer, P. M., Conte, A. A., Haldar, D., Long, M., Patel, R. K., Santhakumar, V., Overall, C., & Pfister, B. J. (2017) · Brain, behavior, and immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.09.002 · Cited by 43
“Over time, neurons and their axons can degenerate which can be evident months to years after injury (Pierce et al., 1998; Povlishock, 1993; Povlishock and Pettus, 1996; Sherriff et al., 1994).”
Background
Effects of Daily versus Weekly Testing and Pre-Training on the Assessment of Neurologic Impairment following Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats
O'Connor, C. A., Heath, D. L., Černak, I., Nimmo, A. J., & Vink, R. (2003) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771503770195830 · Cited by 41
“In those studies that were able to demonstrate persistent functional deficits after injury, periodic testing was used in untrained animals (Pierce et al., 1998; Dixon et al., 1999).”
Influential
Postinjury magnesium treatment attenuates traumatic brain injury-induced cortical induction of p53 mRNA in rats.
Muir, J. K., Raghupathi, R., Emery, D. L., Bareyre, F., & McIntosh, T. (1999) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1999.7187 · Cited by 42
Self-citation
Roadmap for Advancing Pre-Clinical Science in Traumatic Brain Injury
Smith, D. H., Kochanek, P. M., Rosi, S., Meyer, R., Ferland‐Beckham, C., Prager, E. M., Ahlers, S. T., & Crawford, F. (2021) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2021.0094 · Cited by 46
Self-citation
Hyperbaric oxygen effects on neuronal apoptosis associations in a traumatic brain injury rat model.
Wee, H.-Y., Lim, S.-W., Chio, C., Niu, K.-C., Wang, C.-C., & Kuo, J.-R. (2015) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2015.04.052 · Cited by 41
Inflammaging, cellular senescence, and cognitive aging after traumatic brain injury
Lu, Y., Jarrahi, A., Moore, N. D., Bartoli, M., Brann, D. W., Baban, B., & Dhandapani, K. M. (2023) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106090 · Cited by 52
“…the placebo arm (Roberts et al., 2004), supporting the notion that inflammation is a double-edged sword after injury (Bramlett and Dietrich, 2002; Pierce et al., 1998; Johnson et al., 2013a; Ramlackhansingh et al., 2011; Buki and Povlishock, 2006; Green et al., 2014; Gale et al., 1995; Johnson…”
Background
Historical Review of the Fluid-Percussion TBI Model
Lyeth, B. G. (2016) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2016.00217 · Cited by 41
“The extent of histological pathology was associated with injury severity (51, 55, 56) and the contusion cavity progressively expanded for up to 1 year post-TBI (57, 58).”
Background
Involvement of Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinases in Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Depression in Rodents
Kuo, J., Cheng, Y.-H., Chen, Y.-S., Chio, C., & Gean, P. (2013) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2012.2689 · Cited by 41
“11 Each is intended to mimic certain components of clinical TBI, although it is difﬁcult to establish consistent models that include most or all of the factors that contribute to post-trauma tissue damage.”
Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Perforant Pathway Zone and Its Relation to Memory Function in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Christidi, F., Bigler, E., McCauley, S., Schnelle, K. P., Merkley, T. L., Mors, M. B., Li, X.-Q., Macleod, M. C., Chu, Z., Hunter, J., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2010.1644 · Cited by 40
“Similarly, there is an extensive experimental animal literature that shows cell loss or damage in the hippocampus following TBI (Carbonell and Grady, 1999; Geddes et al., 2003; Hicks et al., 1996; Pierce et al., 1998; Sick et al., 1998; Taft et al., 1992).”
Influential
A New Rat Model for Diffuse Axonal Injury Using a Combination of Linear Acceleration and Angular Acceleration
Wang, H.-C., Duan, Z.-X., Wu, F.-F., Xie, L., Zhang, H., & Ma, Y.-B. (2010) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2009.1071 · Cited by 40
“Rather, axonal pathology has been shown to develop over the course of hours to days after injury (Adams et al., 1982; Pierce et al., 1998; D.H. Smith et al., 2003).”
Traumatic brain injury causes a Tacrolimus-sensitive increase in non-convulsive seizures in a rat model of post-traumatic epilepsy
Churn, S. B., Campbell, J. N., Gandhi, A., & Singh, B. (2014) · International Journal of Neurology and Brain Disorders · doi:10.15436/2377-1348.14.002 · Cited by 47
“Lateral fluid percussion TBI causes progressive degeneration of ipsilateral cortex over the course of a year[31], and the degeneration of certain cortical regions correlates with the incidence of late spontaneous seizures[26].”
Background
Continued In Situ DNA Fragmentation of Microglia/Macrophages in White Matter Weeks and Months after Traumatic Brain Injury
Wilson, S., Raghupathi, R., Saatman, K. E., MacKinnon, M.-A., McIntosh, T. K., & Graham, D. I. (2004) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771504322972031 · Cited by 38
“There is experimental evidence after fluid percussion-induced brain injury (Bramlett et al., 1997; Smith et al., 1997; McIntosh et al., 1998; Pierce et al., 1998), and controlled cortical impact (Dixon et al., 1999) in the rat that the volume of the cortical contusion and the ventricles increase…”
Self-citation
Early electroacupuncture treatment ameliorates neuroinflammation in rats with traumatic brain injury
Tang, W., Hsu, Y., Wang, C.-C., Hu, C.-Y., Chio, C., & Kuo, J.-R. (2016) · BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1457-6 · Cited by 38
A time course of NADPH-oxidase up-regulation and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation in the hippocampus following neurotrauma
Ansari, M. A., Roberts, K. N., & Scheff, S. W. (2014) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.025 · Cited by 41
“[11], neuronal circuitry failure [72,73] and eventually behavioral problems after TBI [23,49,74-76].”
Background
Increase in peripheral benzodiazepine receptors and loss of glutamate NMDA receptors in a mouse model of closed head injury: a quantitative autoradiographic study☆
Grossman, R., Shohami, E., Alexandrovich, A., Yatsiv, I., Kloog, Y., & Biegon, A. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.06.003 · Cited by 38
Traumatic brain injury accelerates amyloid-β deposition and impairs spatial learning in the triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Shishido, H., Kishimoto, Y., Kawai, N., Toyota, Y., Ueno, M., Kubota, T., Kirino, Y., & Tamiya, T. (2016) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2016.06.066 · Cited by 38
Animal Models of Posttraumatic Seizures and Epilepsy
Glushakov, A. V., Glushakova, O. Y., Doré, S., Carney, P. R., & Hayes, R. L. (2016) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3816-2_27 · Cited by 40
Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived CD34 + Cells Improve Outcomes of Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats by Stimulating Angiogenesis and Neurogenesis
Chen, S.-H., Wang, J., Chen, C., Chang, H.-K., Lin, M., Chang, F., & Chio, C. (2013) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.3727/096368913x667006 · Cited by 34
“Long-term investigations have detected persistent neurological motor function impairment up to 1 year after severe lateral FPI (52).”
Background
Acute, transient hemorrhagic hypotension does not aggravate structural damage or neurologic motor deficits but delays the long-term cognitive recovery following mild to moderate traumatic brain injury
Schütz, C., Stover, J., Thompson, H., Hoover, R., Morales, D., Schouten, J., McMillan, A., Soltesz, K. M., Motta, M., Spangler, Z. P., et al. (2006) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000198326.32049.7f · Cited by 36
“Over time, the observed neurologic deficit shows a slight improvement, with the contralateral forelimb showing the most prolonged injury-induced deficit, up to 12 wks postinjury, similar to previously published results (30).”
MethodResultSelf-citation
Pharmacological blockers of CCR5 and CXCR4 improve recovery after traumatic brain injury.
Friedman-Levi, Y., Liraz-zaltsman, S., Shemesh, C., Rosenblatt, K., Kesner, E. L., Gincberg, G., Carmichael, S., Silva, A. J., & Shohami, E. (2021) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113604 · Cited by 35
Mammalian Models of Traumatic Brain Injury and a Place for Drosophila in TBI Research
Shah, E. J., Gurdziel, K., & Ruden, D. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00409 · Cited by 45
Traumatic brain injury causes long-term behavioral changes related to region-specific increases of cerebral blood flow
Pöttker, B., Stöber, F., Hummel, R., Angenstein, F., Radyushkin, K., Goldschmidt, J., & Schäfer, M. K. E. (2017) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-017-1452-9 · Cited by 35
“Neurological deficits, motor deficits, impaired cognitive functions as well as anxiety-related behavior have been reported (Lindner et al. 1998; Pierce et al. 1998; Dixon et al. 1999; Jones et al. 2008).”
Background
A novel apparatus for lateral fluid percussion injury in the rat
Frey, L., Hellier, J. L., Unkart, C., Lepkin, A., Howard, A., Hasebroock, K., Serkova, N., Liang, L.-P., Patel, M. N., Soltesz, I., et al. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.10.022 · Cited by 35
Behavioral, electrophysiological, and histopathological consequences of mild fluid-percussion injury in the rat.
Sanders, M. J., Dietrich, W., & Green, E. J. (2001) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02424-6 · Cited by 35

Authors: Pierce, J. E. S., Smith, D. H., Trojanowski, J. Q., & McIntosh, T. K.
Affiliations: UConn Health (US)
University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author: Smith, D.H
ORCID: Smith, D.H
Trojanowski, J.Q
McIntosh, T.K
Venue: Neuroscience
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1998-07
Volume: 87
Issue: 2
Pages: 359-369
ISSN: 0306-4522 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00142-0
OpenAlex: W2019544787
Cited by: 385
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 11.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor, 187 d)
Locations: Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute on Aging (AG12527, R01AG012527)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-08803, NS26818)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
Keywords: traumatic brain injury, fluid percussion injury, long-term cognitive deficits, spatial learning impairment, motor impairment, axonal degeneration, amyloid precursor protein, neurodegeneration, thalamic calcification, ventriculomegaly, Alzheimer's disease
MeSH terms: Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain, Brain Chemistry, Brain Injuries, Cognition Disorders, Forelimb, Male, Psychomotor Performance, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Maze Learning, Rats

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Enduring cognitive, neurobehavioral and histopathological changes persist for up to one year following severe experimental brain injury in rats

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