Cited by 428Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchEstrogen and related hormone effectsStress Responses and Cortisol

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Neuroactive steroids: mechanisms of action and neuropsychopharmacological properties

Rupprecht, R.·2003·Psychoneuroendocrinology

DOI 10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00064-1

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Abstract

Steroids influence neuronal function through binding to cognate intracellular receptors which may act as transcription factors in the regulation of gene expression. In addition, certain so-called neuroactive steroids modulate ligand-gated ion channels via non-genomic mechanisms. Especially distinct 3alpha-reduced metabolites of progesterone and deoxycorticosterone are potent positive allosteric modulators of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors. However, also classical steroid hormones such as 17beta-estradiol, testosterone and progesterone are neuroactive steroids because they may act as functional antagonists at the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT(3)) receptor, a ligand-gated ion channel or distinct glutamate receptors. A structure-activity relationship for the actions of a variety of steroids at the 5-HT(3) receptor was elaborated that differed considerably from that known for GABA(A) receptors. Although a bindings site for steroids at GABA(A) receptors is still a matter of debate, meanwhile there is also evidence that steroids interact allosterically with ligand-gated ion channels at the receptor membrane interface. On the other hand, also 3alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids may regulate gene expression via the progesterone receptor after intracellular oxidation into 5alpha-pregnane steroids. Animal studies showed that progesterone is converted rapidly into GABAergic neuroactive steroids in vivo. Progesterone reduces locomotor activity in a dose-dependent fashion in male Wistar rats. Moreover, progesterone and 3alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids produce a benzodiazepine-like sleep EEG profile in rats and humans. During major depression, there is a disequilibrium of such 3alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids which is corrected by successful treatment with antidepressant drugs. Neuroactive steroids may further be involved in the treatment of depression and anxiety with antidepressants in patients during ethanol withdrawal. Studies in patients with panic disorder suggest that neuroactive steroids may also play a role in modulating human anxiety. Both the genomic and non-genomic effects of steroids in the brain may contribute to the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders and the mechanisms of action of antidepressants. Neuroactive steroids affect a broad spectrum of behavioral functions through their unique molecular properties and may represent a new treatment strategy for neuropsychiatric disorders.

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Authors: Rupprecht, R.
Affiliations: Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry (DE)
Corresponding author: Rupprecht, R.
ORCID: Rupprecht, R.
Venue: Psychoneuroendocrinology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2003-02
Volume: 28
Issue: 2
Pages: 139-168
ISSN: 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00064-1
OpenAlex: W2047844288
Cited by: 427
References: 151
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 1.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
Funders: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: neurosteroids, progesterone, deoxycorticosterone, GABA-A receptor modulation, 5-HT3 receptor antagonism, glutamate receptors, non-genomic steroid action, steroid hormone receptors, locomotor activity, sleep EEG, depression, anxiety, ethanol withdrawal, panic disorder, antidepressants, mental illness
MeSH terms: Anesthesia, Animals, Anticonvulsants, Antidepressive Agents, Humans, Nervous System, Receptors, GABA-A, Receptors, Serotonin, Sleep, Steroids, Antipsychotic Agents, Anti-Anxiety Agents, Gene Expression, Receptors, Neurotransmitter

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Neuroactive steroids: mechanisms of action and neuropsychopharmacological properties

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