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Substance abuse, pathological gambling, and impulsiveness
Abstract
This study evaluated behavioral and self-report indices of impulsiveness in pathological gambling substance abusers (n=27), non-pathological gambling substance abusers (n=63), and non-pathological gambling/non-substance abusing controls (n=21). The Bechara card task measured preferences for decks of cards that ranged in magnitude and probability of delayed and immediate rewards and punishers. The Stanford Time Perception Inventory (STPI) assessed orientation to the future, the Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale evaluated sensation seeking, and the Eysenck and Barratt scales measured impulsivity. A Principal Components analysis revealed that these personality measures comprised three distinct measures of impulsivity: impulse control, novelty seeking and time orientation. Linear contrast analyses revealed that substance abuse and pathological gambling resulted in additive effects on the impulse control and time orientation factors, but not on the novelty-seeking scale. Performance on the card task did not correlate with any of the three factors derived from the personality scale scores, but the presence of both substance abuse and pathological gambling had an additive effect on preferences for decks containing greater immediate gains but resulting in large punishers and overall net losses. These results provide further evidence of an association among substance abuse, pathological gambling, and impulsivity.
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“Further, studies reveal that PGs are generally more impulsive than non-PGs (Ledgerwood, Alessi, Phoenix, & Petry, 2009; Petry, 2001; Steel & Blaszczynski, 1998; Vitaro, Arseneault, & Tremblay, 1999).”
From Subtyping Pathological Gamblers Based on Impulsivity, Depression, and Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Petry, 2001
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“Women seem to develop gambling problems at lower rates than men (e.g. Petry, 2000b), and women tend to be less impulsive than men (e.g. Eysenck et al., 1985).”
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BackgroundInfluentialImpulse and Reward Deficit Disorders: Drug Discovery and Development
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“© 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Moeller et al., 2001; Patros et al., 2016; Petry, 2001; Sparks et al., 2014; Stephan et al., 2017; Wulfert et al., 2002; Zilberman et al., 2018).”
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“…& Tremblay, 2011 ; Vitaro, Ferland, Jacques, & Ladouceur, 1998), la recherche de sensations fortes (Blanco, Orensanz-Munoz, & Blanco-Jerez, 1996 ; Petry, 2001), la consommation de drogues, d’alcool et de cigarettes (Barnes et al., 2005 ; Griffiths, 2011 ; Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Rohde, Seeley,…”
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“The results from the study of Petry (2001c) confirm this hypothesis and are represented in the diagram below.”
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“Significant delay discounting is common in heavy alcohol consumption and gambling (Petry, 2001a, 2001b).”
BackgroundDiscounting of Delayed and Probabilistic Rewards by Women with and without Binge Eating Disorder
Manwaring, J. L. (2009) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k7j964gh · Cited by 2
“…Fields, D'Esposito, & Boettiger, 2005; Mitchell, 1999; Odum, Madden, Badger, & Bickel, 2000; Odum, Madden, & Bickel, 2002; Odum & Rainaud, 2003; Petry, 2001a, 2002, 2003; Reynolds, 2006a; Reynolds, Karraker, Horn, & Richards, 2003; Reynolds et al., 2007; Vuchinich & Simpson, 1998; Yi, Chase, &…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe effects of implicit emotion regulation on impulsive choice
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Rada, C., Forţu, A., Lunga, R.-A., & Dina, M.-M. (2026) · The social science · doi:10.3390/socsci15010020 · Cited by 1
“Additionally, Petry (2001) has observed an association between substance abuse and impulsiveness, noting a preference among drug users in the sample for immediate gratification.”
Reward Network Activations of Win Versus Loss in a Monetary Gambling Task
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“…(i) positive correlations with risky choice such as betting with 50 (bigger amount) following a loss during previous trial and previous two trials of the gambling task and (ii) negative correlations with safer choice such as betting with 10 (smaller amount) following a loss during previous…”
Ucheagwu, V. A., Ogbogu, U. C., Patrick, U. U., & Ossai, J. (2022) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-022-10159-x · Cited by 1
“Similar performance has been reported in at least five studies of pathological gamblers (Petry 2001; Cavedini et al., 2002; Goudriaan et al., 2006; Forbush et al. 2008; Roca et al., 2008).”
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Rajabi, S., & Dashtinejad, S. B. (2016) · doi:10.7508/ismj.1395.01.006 · Cited by 1
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Ballon, B. C. (2005) · doi:10.4309/jgi.2005.14.2 · Cited by 1
Jogo patológico no gênero feminino : características clínicas e de personalidade
Martins, S. S. (2003) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2003.tde-05042007-110036 · Cited by 1
Gambling and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Walker, D. M. (2013) · Management for professionals · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7123-3_11 · Cited by 1
Psychiatrische Begutachtung bei problematischem Spielverhalten
Bork, S., & Foerster, K. (2004) · doi:10.1024/2004.06.04 · Cited by 1
Impulse Control Disorders and Co-Occurring Disorders: Dual Diagnosis Considerations
Potenza, M. N. (2007) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1300/j374v03n02_06 · Cited by 28
“counting of rewards (delay discounting) has been observed in individuals with PG, substance use disorders, and both disorders together (46).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPersonality Measured in Elementary School Predicts Middle School Addictive Behavior Involvement
Guller, L., Zapolski, T. C. B., & Smith, G. T. (2014) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-014-9474-6 · Cited by 28
Emotion Suppression Decreases Delay Discounting for Monetary Outcomes
Lawyer, S., & Jenks, C. W. (2019) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/s40732-019-00361-6
Dissociating the relationship between time perception and decisions to delay gratification
George, I. J., Moll, M., Read, R. K., Stealey, H. M., & Elston, T. (2026) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-026-02992-7
“Indeed, research suggests that people who struggle to delay gratification have internal clocks that run faster than people who are willing to wait for larger rewards (Moreira et al., 2025; Petry, 2001b; Wittmann & Paulus, 2008; Wittmann et al., 2011).”
Anterior insula activity increased by cued risky wins in healthy volunteersPreprint
Tong, L. C., Forys, B. J., Hales, C. A., Clark, L., & Winstanley, C. (2026) · bioRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.06.30.735658
“Elevated risky decision-making has been reliably associated with both gambling and substance addictions, and these conditions further occur comorbidly (Brand et al., 2025; Dowling et al., 2015; Kovacs et al., 2017; Petry, 2000, 2001).”
Babacan, H. H., & Gölge, Z. B. (2026) · Journal of Gender-Based Violence · doi:10.1332/23986808y2026d000000129
The Role of Impulsivity in Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use
Pope, H. G., Hudson, J. I., Kanyama, G., Javaras, K. N., & Kaufman, M. J. (2025) · Performance Enhancement & Health · doi:10.1016/j.peh.2025.100388
Ou, H.-G., Zhang, Y., & He, W.-Q. (2020) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2020.00039
“, 2015), Stanford Time Perception Inventory (STPI), and Eysenck and Barratt scales (Petry, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPanahi, A., Hodaei, F., & Ghorbani, M. (2017) · doi:10.4328/jcam.5192
“Impulsivity is the main core of numerous kinds of social harm such as drug abuse, pathological gambling, and crime [16].”
BackgroundAddiction aux jeux d’argent : apport des neurosciences et de la neuroimagerie
Sescousse, G. (2014) · Bulletin de l Académie Nationale de Médecine · doi:10.1016/s0001-4079(19)31226-9
Suen, V. Y. M. (2014) · International Journal of Medical Imaging · doi:10.11648/j.ijmi.20140205.11
“Dysfunctional decision-making is frequently found in gamblers [1-4] with increased reward seeking behaviour and decreased sensitivity to loss during behavioural tasks being found in problem gamblers [1,5,6].”
BackgroundThe effects of gambling game on quality of life: focusing on Gyeongnam, Daegu, Daejeon in Korea
MinKyuRhee, Seong, H. G., 권선중, & Heon, K. K. (2009) · Korean Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.17315/kjhp.2009.14.4.013 · Cited by 1
Heterogeneity in addiction: When similarity makes a difference
Linnet, J. (2005) · Psyke & Logos · doi:10.7146/pl.v26i1.8205
“…in patients with lesions to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (A. Bechara et al., 1994; A. Bechara et al., 2000b), the test is now used in substance abuse disorders and pathological gambling (A. Bechara et al., 2001; Cavedini et al., 2002; Grant et al., 2000; Linnet et al., in press; Petry, 2001).”
MethodMoghaddam, R. E., & Tomlinson, M. F. (2019) · doi:10.35248/2475-319x.19.4.152
Laube, C. (2018) · doi:10.18452/19761
“…discounted has been shown to correlate with different real world outcomes such as earnings, education, early death in adolescence, substance abuse and pathological gambling (Bickel, Odum, & Madden, 1999; Golsteyn, Grönqvist, & Lindahl, 2014; Petry, 2001; Reimers, Maylor, Stewart, & Chater, 2009).”
BackgroundBehavioural and cellular basis of the vulnerability to develop compulsive heroin seeking habits
Fouyssac, M. (2017) · doi:10.17863/cam.18894
“Such traits have been shown to be associated with behavioural features of addiction to psychostimulants [270, 271], alcohol [272], opiates [72, 273] and tobacco [274].”
BackgroundGambling Disorders: A Focus on Genetic Aspects
Hashmi, R., & Lobo, D. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800634-4.00101-3
Han, D. H., Hyun, G. J., Park, J. H., & Renshaw, P. F. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800634-4.00094-9 · Cited by 6
Impulsivity : a link between bipolar and alcohol use disorders
Tompkins, S. C. (2015) · doi:10.14288/1.0166295
“Past studies have consistently shown a relationship between higher alcohol use and steeper delay discounting rates (Bobova et al., 2009; Kollins, 2003; Petry, 2001; Vuchinich & Simpson, 1998; Yi et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe Impact of Experiencing Outcomes on Delay and Probability Discounting
Greenhow, A. K. (2013) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17004889.v1
“Vuchinich and Simpson (1998) showed that problem drinkers discounted significantly more than light drinkers; Petry (2001) found that discounting rates of hypothetical monetary rewards decreased across active alcoholics, currently abstinent alcoholics and control subjects, in that order, and…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBasi biologiche del gioco d’azzardo patologico
Shah, K. R., Potenza, M. N., & Eisen, S. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-1538-8_9
The Biology and Treatment of Pathological Gambling
Balodis, I., & Potenza, M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0338-9_29
Sensation seeking moderates the relationship between alcohol use and risk appraisal
Johnson, S. C. (2009) · doi:10.14288/1.0069911
“There is also a well established positive relationship between impulsivity and substance use (e.g., Dawe & Loxton, 2004; Jones, 1968; Petry, 2001; Robbins & Bryan, 2004; Sher & Trull, 1994; Slutske et. al., 2002; Tarter et al., 2003), including alcohol (Dom, Hulstijn, et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Petry, N. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Corresponding author
- Petry, Nancy M
- ORCID
- Petry, Nancy M
- Venue
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-38
- ISSN
- 0376-8716 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2095265338
- Cited by
- 462
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 20.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p50aa003510-27)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P50- AA03510)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH060417)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01-DA05862, P50DA009241, R29DA012056)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR006192)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Keywords
- substance abuse, gambling addiction, impulsivity, impulse control, novelty seeking, time orientation, sensation seeking, Zuckerman Sensation Seeking Scale, punishers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Exploratory Behavior, Gambling, Humans, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Male, Personality Inventory, Psychological Tests, Severity of Illness Index, Time Perception, Substance-Related Disorders
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