Substance abuse, pathological gambling, and impulsiveness

“Women seem to develop gambling problems at lower rates than men (e.g. Petry, 2000b), and women tend to be less impulsive than men (e.g. Eysenck et al., 1985).”

“…implicated in a number of psychiatric disorders, most prominently ‘reinforcer pathologies’ (Bickel et al., 2011) such as substance use disorders (Moeller et al., 2001; Dawe & Loxton, 2004) as well as eating disorders, gambling disorder, and some personality disorders (Petry, 2001; De Wit, 2009).”

“Third, although even the non-incentivized intertemporal choice task has a strong record in correlating with real-world outcomes such as earnings, education, and early death in adolescents (Bickel, Odum, & Madden, 1999; Golsteyn, Grönqvist, & Lindahl, 2014; Petry, 2001; Reimers, Maylor, Stewart, & Chater, 2009), the pr…”

“, Feilhauer & Cima, 2013; Poythress & Hall, 2011; Saddichha & Schuetz, 2014), substance abuse (Kirby & Petry, 2004; Wiers & Stacy, 2006), overeating and obesity (Gerlach, Herpertz, & Loeber, 2014; Hofmann, Friese, & Roefs, 2009; Komlos, Smith, & Bogin, 2004), pathological gambling (Odlaug, Schreiber, & Grant, 2013; Pe…”

“Similarly, in substance abuse literature, several research studies have observed that abstinence is associated with a reduction of discounting rates (Bickel, Odum, & Madden, 1999; Bretteville-Jensen, 1999; Petry, 2001a).”

“…IGT performance in gambling disorder and related substance use disorders; on the other hand it seeks to identify unique patterns of dopamine dysfunctions in relation to impaired IGT performance of gambling disorder sufferers compared with evidence from the literature on substance use disorders.”

“Relatedly, substance abusers, who exhibit pathologically risky and impulsive choice behavior (Petry, 2001), have been shown to exhibit—under certain circumstances—more advantageous choice behavior in gambling tasks (Shiv, Loewenstein, & Bechara, 2005).”

“Researchers have traditionally employed a variety of labels and strategies for categorising gamblers with severe symptomatology ranging from ‘no problems’ (Wiebe et al., 2000) to ‘at-risk’, ‘problem’ (Poulin, 2000), or ‘disordered’ (Shaffer et al., 1999) to ‘pathological’ (Petry, 2001).”

“2008), while others have found gamblers have comparable or less impulsiveness than controls (Langewisch and Frisch 1998; Petry 2001).”

“…studies have linked behavioral trait markers of impulsivity with SUDS in primary SUD patient populations (Bickel et al. 1999; McGrue et al. 2001; Petry 2001), psychiatric populations with SUD comorbidity (Anthony and Helzer 1991; Dervaux et al. 2001; Moeller et al. 2001) and periadolescent age…”

“For example, higher discount rates in delay discounting tasks have been associated with problem and PG in a number of studies (Petry, 2001; Alessi and Petry, 2003; Peters and Büchel, 2011; Miedl et al., 2012).”

“In addition, there are other behavioural dimensions such as novelty-seeking behaviour closely related to impulsivity (Petry, 2001; James et al., 2007; Evren et al., 2012).”

“Research indicates that alcohol, nicotine, and illicit substance use, in addition to intellectual functioning, and obesity status can in fl uence monetary discounting (e.g., Madden et al., 1999; Petry, 2001; Shamosh & Gray, 2007; Weller et al., 2008).”

“…task has a good record in predicting real-world outcomes in both adults and adolescents (Bickel et al., 1999; Duckworth and Seligman, 2012; Petry, 2001; Reimers et al., 2009), the present data allow only indirect inferences to be drawn about the relation between real-world outcomes and…”

“Impaired performance on the IGT has been only reported in alcoholic patients with a history of antisocial behavior (Finn et al., 2002; Mazas et al., 2000; Petry, 2001).”

“64) Petry, N. M. (2001). Substance abuse, pathological gambling, and impulsiveness.”

“…No. 1, 37–51, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14459795.2012.703213 (Dixon, Jacobs, & Sanders, 2006; Goudriaan, Oosterlaan, DeBeurs, & van den Brink, 2004; Petry, 2001, 2003), who demonstrate preferences for immediate rewards that result in larger losses and for present experiences without regard for…”

“Certain impulsivity dimension (e.g. negative/positive urgency, lack of premeditation, and lack of perseverance) also appears to be related to NSSI in ED patients (Claes, Islam, et al., 2015) and substance abuse (Petry, 2001).”

“Previous research has found a significant association between impulsivity and gambling severity (Black and Moyer 1998; Blaszczynski et al. 1989, 1997a; Petry 2001).”

“How the IGT works remains unsettled (Bass and Nussbaum 2010), but numerous studies suggest that individuals with PG show deficits in IGT performance (Petry 2001; Cavedini et al. 2002; Goudriaan et al. 2004).”

“The primary finding of our study is consistent with previous studies which reported poor performance on tasks involving executive function in pathological gamblers [ , ,”

“On personality inventories, greater self-reported difficulty controlling behavior or acting without forethought is associated with increased drug and alcohol use (Petry, 2001; Finn, 2002).”

“High impulsivity is a well-documented vulnerability factor for gambling disorder (Petry 2001; Verdejo-Garcia et al. 2008).”

“In the Iowa gambling task, it is known that pathological gamblers choose these ‘tempting’ options [14, 18].”

“Past research on cognition in PG and AUD has often focused on impulsivity (Petry, 2001).”

“Indeed, impulsivity is associated with excessive drinking in humans (Petry, 2001) and rodents (Wilhelm and Mitchell, 2008; Oberlin and Grahame, 2009), particularly with binge drinking (Stephens and Duka, 2008).”

“Previous studies have described a similar relationship between drug use, impulsivity and gambling (Martins, Tavares, da Silva Lobo, Galetti, & Gentil, 2004; Petry, 2001).”

“In this study, rats were divided into two groups, those that chose the advantageous option more (optimal group) and those that chose the disadvantageous option more (suboptimal group), to reflect the fact that gamblers choose the disadvantageous option more (Linnet et al. 2006; Petry 2001).”

“Internal consistency is high, with coefficients ranging from .79 to .83 for undergraduate, substance abusing, and general psychiatric patients, and the scale has good reliability and validity with other measures of impulsiveness (Petry, 2001; Rush AJ, 2008).”

“show a greater preference for these risky options (Petry, 2001; Linnet et al., 2006).”

“2006), potentially representing a shared mechanism (Leeman and Potenza 2012; Petry 2001; Verdejo-García et al.”

“…behaviours emphasize the tendency to act without forward planning as an expression of ‘loss of control’ over reward-seeking behaviours including heavy and broadened gambling participation, higher rates of co-morbid alcohol and substance misuse (Petry, 2001, 2001) and poorer clinical outcomes.”

“…the other hand, researchers have found that accounting for the simultaneous occurrence of multiple problem behaviours explains additional variance in impulsivity, suggesting the behaviours are not simply due to a single underlying factor (Petry, 2001; Petry & Casarella, 1999; Vitaro et al., 1998).”

“The dopaminergic system is believed to mediate drug-induced reinforcement,(45) and NS has previously been associated with excessive substance use.(2,11,46,47) Although in our sample, SUD individuals did not score significantly higher in NS than nonSUD participants, we observed a trend toward a significant difference i…”

“This suggests that their actions are both anxiety-based and impulsivity-based, and in this respect, shopping addiction is similar to substance abuse or gambling, which is frequently related to impulsiveness and stimulationseeking (Lawrence et al. 2009; Petry 2001; Vitaro et al. 1999).”

“A number of studies have demonstrated increased choice impulsivity in PG without SUD comorbidity (Kräplin, Bühringer, et al., 2014; Petry, 2001a, 2001b).”

“The term impulsivity is an overly broad construct and can be disassembled into its component constructs (Cyders & Smith, 2007; Evenden, 1999; Petry, 2001; Whiteside & Lynam, 2001).”

“Petry [81] found that problem gambling among persons with substance use disorders was further associated with risky sexual conduct.”

“…with temporal discounting, disinhibition, and risky decisionmaking, to which the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) (Bechara et al., 1994; Grant et al., 2000; Petry, 2001; Manes et al., 2002; Goudriaan et al., 2005, 2006; Linnet et al., 2006, 2010, 2011a; Peterson et al., 2010; van Holst et al., 2010) is…”

“Impulsivity has been suggested to include orientation, diminished ability to delay gratification, behavioral disinhibition, risk taking, sensation seeking, boredom proneness, reward sensitivity, lack of perseverance, and poor planning (Petry 2001; Semple et al. 2005).”

“Petry (2001) also found that pathological gambling and substance abuse have an additive effect, manifesting in a preference for immediate gains with higher levels of punishment and overall net losses than either substance abusers alone or subjects with no additions.”

“…evidence that documents elevated impulsivity on self-report questionnaires (Blaszczynski, Steel, & McConaghy, 1997; Castellani & Rugle, 1995; Petry, 2001b; Steel & Blaszczynski, 1998; Vitaro, Arseneault, & Tremblay, 1997) as well as behavioural tasks that measure both delay discounting…”

“…addicts tend to show heightened levels of impulsivity compared to controls (Alessi & Petry, 2003; Allen, Moeller, Rhoades, & Cherek, 1998; Blaszczynski, Steel, & McConaghy, 1997; Butler & Montgomery, 2004; Kirby & Petry, 2004; Madden, Petry, Badger, & Bickel, 1997; Petry, 2001; Reynolds, 2006).”

“…and repeated aggression (Stanford and Barratt, 1992) although levels of impulsivity in pathological gambling appear to vary (Allcock and Grace, 1988; Carlton and Manowitz, 1994; Blaszczynski et al., 1997; Steel and Blaszczynski, 1998), as confirmed specifically in a recent study by Petry (2001).”

“Research in clinical settings shows that pathological gamblers tend to be highly impulsive compared to healthy controls and suggests that pathological gamblers are less likely to think about future consequences and are more likely to act in the moment (Blaszczynski et al, 1997; Petry, 2001; Vitaro et al, 1999).”

“8,9 10 – 12 Positive associations have also been reported with pathological gambling, 13 – 15 and obesity, 16,17 suggesting a broader relationship between heightened delay discounting and psychopathology.”

“Also, behaviorists define impulsivity as gaining short-term benefits, even if they are worthless, instead of long-term worthy achievements (35).”

“Although all people engage in delay discounting there are differences between individuals in terms of the degree to which they are characteristically inclined to do so (Green andMyerson 2004; Petry 2001; Simpson and Vuchinich 2000).”

“A principal component analysiswith a promax rotationwas used due to the expected interrelationships among variables (Petry, 2001).”

“…utilized to measure FRT in a number of prior studies and it has been demonstrated to be both a reliable and valid measure of FRT when compared with other measures (Gilliam, Chatterjee, and Grable, 2010; Grable and Lytton, 1999, 2001, 2003; Kuzniak, Rabbani, Heo, Ruiz-Menjivar, and Grable, 2015).”

“…genetic contribution (Comings, 1998; Slutske et al., 2000), neurobiological mechanisms (Potenza, 2001), response to treatment (Grant et al., 2006;Mitchell et al., 2006) and personality (Lejoyeux et al., 1997; Kim&Grant, 2001; Petry, 2001; Grant &Kim, 2002; Raymond et al., 2003; Kelly et al., 2006).”

“These results are fully in line with literature about the performance of PG patients and substance dependents on IGT (Bechara et al., 2001; Cavedini et al., 2002; Goudriaan, Oosterlaan, de Beurs, & van den Brink, 2005; Grant, Contoreggi, & London, 2000; Petry, 2001).”

“…suggests that individuals with substance use disorders typically show more insecure attachment styles (Hiebler-Ragger & Unterrainer, 2019) and, in cases of individuals with substance abuse disorder and gambling, more emotional regulatory problems (Langenbucher & Merrill, 2001; Petry, 2001, 2007).”

“Research has also shown that impulsivity is a common feature of gambling and alcohol addiction [31-32].”

“…impulsive behaviors (Crean, de Wit, & Richards, 2000) including drug dependence (Reynolds, 2006; Yi, Mitchell, & Bickel, 2010), excessive drinking (Petry, 2001; Vuchinich & Simpson, 1998), pathological and problem gambling (Dixon et al., 2003; Petry, 2001), lack of financial planning (Angeletos,…”