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Apathy in schizophrenia: clinical correlates and association with functional outcome
Abstract
Apathy is considered one of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, but its natural history and relationship to other clinical characteristics have not been systematically studied. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to measure the level of apathy in schizophrenia and its relation to other symptoms and functional outcome. Twenty-eight patients with schizophrenia, and receiving antipsychotic treatment, were assessed with the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES). The mean level of apathy of patients with schizophrenia, as rated by the AES, was significantly higher than that of matched healthy control subjects. In the patients, apathy was not significantly correlated with positive symptoms or depressive symptoms. It was significantly correlated with the item "emotional withdrawal" on the negative subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), but was not correlated with the overall negative subscale score. Apathy was more highly associated with functional outcome than were other symptom measures, and it was independently associated with functional outcome above and beyond other negative symptoms. It was not associated with observed interest in playing a video game or performance on a simulated clerical task.
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“The AES has also been validated in psychosis/schizophrenia, and is able to distinguish patients with schizophrenia from healthy controls [31, 81].”
From Patient-reported outcome measures for life engagement in mental health: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as [81]
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Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Avolition and Occam's Razor
Foussias, G., & Remington, G. (2010) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn094 · Cited by 594
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“A significant relationship between avolition and poor social outcome has been reported in previous studies (93-95).”
The nosological position of apathy in clinical practice
STARKSTEIN, S. E., & Leentjens, A. F. G. (2008) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.136895 · Cited by 399
“More recently, Kiang et al showed that apathy is not significantly related to either the positive symptoms of schizophrenia or to depressive symptoms, suggesting that apathy is an independent behavioural domain.(47) They also found that apathy was the strongest predictor of poor functional outcome in schizophrenia.”
BackgroundDistinct Subtypes of Apathy Revealed by the Apathy Motivation Index
Ang, Y., Lockwood, P. L., Apps, M. A. J., Muhammed, K., & Masud Husain, B. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169938 · Cited by 256
Foussias, G., Agid, O., Fervaha, G., & Remington, G. J. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.017 · Cited by 250
“, 1991) have reaffirmed the presence of motivational deficits in both first-episode and chronic schizophrenia populations (Faerden et al., 2009a; Kiang et al., 2003).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFervaha, G., Foussias, G., Agid, O., & Remington, G. J. (2014) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12289 · Cited by 245
Self-citationGalderisi, S., Bucci, P., Mucci, A., Kirkpatrick, B. W., Pini, S., Rossi, A., Vita, A., & Maj, M. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2013.03.020 · Cited by 168
“In line with previous studies reporting significant relationships between Avolition and poor social outcome (Sayers et al., 1996; Kiang et al., 2003), we found that Avolition has a higher predictive value of functional outcome than Poor Emotional Expression when measures relevant to patients'…”
ResultApathy, cognitive deficits and functional impairment in schizophrenia
Konstantakopoulos, G., Ploumpidis, D. N., Oulis, P., Patrikelis, P., Soumani, A., Papadimitriou, G. N., & Politis, A. M. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.07.003 · Cited by 150
“A strong associationwas found between apathy and functioning, in line with the findings of previous studies in chronic patients with schizophrenia (Kiang et al., 2003; Foussias et al., 2009).”
InfluentialFoussias, G., Mann, S. W., Zakzanis, K. K., van Reekum, R., Agid, O., & Remington, G. J. (2011) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.026 · Cited by 151
“Moreover, recent cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in firstepisode and chronic schizophrenia have shown thatmotivational deficits are significantly related to functional outcomes in these populations (Kiang et al., 2003; Nakagami et al., 2008; Faerden et al., 2009, 2010).”
InfluentialSelf-citationApathy in Neuropsychiatric Disease: Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment
Chase, T. N. (2010) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/s12640-010-9196-9 · Cited by 152
“been identified in schizophrenic individuals as independently related to functional outcome above and beyond other negative symptoms and related to poor compliance with as well as low benefit from treatment (Kiang et al. 2003).”
Simpson, E. H., & Balsam, P. D. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_402 · Cited by 145
“) have been available for some time, leaving patients with the residual negative symptoms, of which amotivation is the primary driver of poor outcome and low quality of life (Kiang et al. 2003).”
Robertson, B., Prestía, D., Twamley, E. W., Patterson, T. L., Bowie, C. R., & Harvey, P. D. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.037 · Cited by 119
“(2009) established that avolition is critical in predicting functional outcomes, and this notion is further substantiated with work by several other research studies (Kiang et al., 2003; Foussias et al., 2011; Konstantakopoulos et al., 2011).”
Motivational deficits as the central link to functioning in schizophrenia: A pilot study
Foussias, G., Mann, S. W., Zakzanis, K. K., van Reekum, R., & Remington, G. J. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.020 · Cited by 103
Self-citationKos, C., van Tol, M.-J., Marsman, J.-B. C., Knegtering, H., & Aleman, A. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.012 · Cited by 101
Neuropsychological frontal impairments and negative symptoms in schizophrenia
Martino, D. J., Bucay, D., Butman, J., & Allegri, R. (2007) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.03.002 · Cited by 90
Identifying persistent negative symptoms in first episode psychosis
Hovington, C. L., Bodnar, M. D., Joober, R., MALLA, A. K., & Lepage, M. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-224 · Cited by 89
“Individually, the apathy domain of negative symptomatology has also been shown to contribute to poor functioning at year 1 [55,56].”
BackgroundApathy in first episode psychosis patients: A ten year longitudinal follow-up study
Evensen, J. H., Røssberg, J. I., Barder, H. E., Haahr, U., Hegelstad, W. T. V., Joa, I., Johannessen, J. O., Larsen, T. K., Melle, I. S., Opjordsmoen, S., et al. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2011.12.019 · Cited by 86
“found more favorable results in samples with psychotic disorders (Kiang et al., 2003; Faerden et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultApathy in first episode psychosis patients: One year follow up
Færden, A., Finset, A., Friis, S., Agartz, I., Barrett, E. A., Nesvåg, R., Andreassen, O. A., Marder, S. R., & Melle, I. S. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.10.014 · Cited by 84
“, 2008) and chronic patients with schizophrenia (Kiang et al., 2001).”
Amotivation and functional outcomes in early schizophrenia
Fervaha, G., Foussias, G., Agid, O., & Remington, G. J. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.024 · Cited by 82
“, 2009, 2010) and chronic samples (Kiang et al., 2003; Foussias et al., 2011; Konstantakopoulos et al., 2011).”
Self-citationApathy and Functioning in First-Episode Psychosis
Færden, A., Friis, S., Agartz, I., Barrett, E. A., Nesvåg, R., Finset, A., & Melle, I. S. (2009) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2009.60.11.1495 · Cited by 96
Neural substrates underlying effort computation in schizophrenia
Fervaha, G., Foussias, G., Agid, O., & Remington, G. J. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.09.001 · Cited by 86
Self-citationObjectively measured motor activity in schizophrenia challenges the validity of expert ratings
Walther, S., Koschorke, P., Horn, H., & Strik, W. K. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.06.020 · Cited by 81
Assessing apathy: The use of the Apathy Evaluation Scale in first episode psychosis
Faerden, A., Nesvåg, R., Barrett, E. A., Agartz, I., Finset, A., Friis, S., Rossberg, J. I., & Melle, I. (2008) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.09.002 · Cited by 73
“The strongest correlation with the AES-C and the different items in the PANSS is found with the item N2, which is in line with Kiang’s study of apathy in patients with established schizophrenia [18].”
MethodResultFoussias, G., Siddiqui, I., Fervaha, G., Mann, S. W., McDonald, K., Agid, O., Zakzanis, K. K., & Remington, G. J. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.05.019 · Cited by 64
“…have been shown to play important roles in predicting cross-sectional and longitudinal functional outcomes in schizophrenia (Sayers et al., 1996; Kiang et al., 2003; Faerden et al., 2009a; Foussias et al., 2009; Faerden et al., 2010; Foussias et al., 2011; Konstantakopoulos et al., 2011;…”
Self-citationThe translational study of apathy—an ecological approach
Cathomas, F., Hartmann-Riemer, M. N., Seifritz, E., Pryce, C. R., & Kaiser, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00241 · Cited by 61
“…de Lausanne, Switzerland *Correspondence: Flurin Cathomas, Preclinical Laboratory for Translational Research into Affective Disorders (PLaTRAD), Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, Postfach 1931, CH-8032 Zurich,…”
BackgroundInfluentialChang, W. C., Hui, C. L. M., Chan, S. K. W., Lee, E. H. M., & Chen, E. Y. H. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.004 · Cited by 61
“Recent studies have shown that within the negative symptomconstruct, avolition is amuch stronger predictor of functioning than is DE (Kiang et al., 2001; Foussias et al., 2009; Strauss et al., 2013; Fervaha et al., 2014).”
Bailey, M. R., Jensen, G., Taylor, K. M., Mezias, C., Williamson, C. M., Silver, R., Simpson, E. H., & Balsam, P. D. (2015) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000060 · Cited by 59
Færden, A., Barrett, E. A., Nesvåg, R., Friis, S., Finset, A., Marder, S. R., Ventura, J., Andreassen, O. A., Agartz, I., & Melle, I. S. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.02.007 · Cited by 58
“association with poor functioning, also when entered into multivariate analyses together with other symptom measures and measures of cognitive function with putative influence on outcome (Evensen et al., 2012; Faerden et al., 2009; Foussias et al., 2009; Kiang et al., 2001; Konstantakopoulos et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodActigraphic Daytime Activity is Reduced in Patients With Cognitive Impairment and Apathy
Kuhlmei, A., Walther, B., Becker, T., Müller, U., & Nikolaus, T. (2011) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.04.006 · Cited by 57
“When untreated, apathy accounts for poor functional outcome [11,17].”
Flat affect and social functioning: a 10 year follow-up study of first episode psychosis patients.
Evensen, J., Røssberg, J., Barder, H., Haahr, U., Hegelstad, W. T. V., Joa, I., Johannessen, J., Larsen, T., Melle, I., Opjordsmoen, S., et al. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.04.019 · Cited by 59
“Recent studies have emphasized the role of apathy in short and long-term outcomes including general functioning (Kiang et al., 2003; Faerden et al., 2009, 2010; Foussias et al., 2009; Foussias and Remington, 2010).”
Fervaha, G., Duncan, M., Foussias, G., Agid, O., Faulkner, G., & Remington, G. J. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.07.023 · Cited by 60
Self-citationRoth, R. M., Flashman, L. A., & McAllister, T. W. (2007) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/bf02938543 · Cited by 52
Dissecting negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Opportunities for translation into new treatments
Foussias, G., Siddiqui, I., Fervaha, G., Agid, O., & Remington, G. J. (2014) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114562092 · Cited by 55
“Further efforts to disentangle the discrete contributions of these two symptom domains with regards to their functional consequences have suggested a central role for negative symptoms, and in particular the motivational deficits seen in schizophrenia (Evensen et al., 2012; Faerden et al., 2009, 2010; Foussias et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPatient-reported outcome measures for life engagement in mental health: a systematic review
McIntyre, R. S., Ismail, Z., Watling, C. P., Weiss, C., Meehan, S. R., Musingarimi, P., & Thase, M. E. (2022) · Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s41687-022-00468-5 · Cited by 48
“The AES has also been validated in psychosis/schizophrenia, and is able to distinguish patients with schizophrenia from healthy controls [31, 81].”
BackgroundNeural correlates of planning performance in patients with schizophrenia — Relationship with apathy
Liemburg, E. J., Lange, J. J. D.-D., Bais, L., Knegtering, H., van Osch, M. J. P., Renken, R. J., & Aleman, A. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.11.028 · Cited by 55
“…has important implications, as it has been argued to be the critical component, especially with regard to poor (social) functioning, unemployment, severity of illness and poor functional outcome (Bottlender et al., 2010; Faerden et al., 2010; Foussias and Remington, 2010; Kiang et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMüller, U., Czymmek, J., Thöne-Otto, A. I. T., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2006) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050500443467 · Cited by 47
“When untreated, apathy accounts for poor functional outcome [4, 5].”
BackgroundDevoe, D. J. A., Braun, A., Seredynski, T., & Addington, J. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000273 · Cited by 49
Bae, S.-M., Lee, S.-H., Park, Y.-M., Hyun, M.-H., & Yoon, H. (2010) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2010.7.2.93 · Cited by 46
Potential roles for opioid receptors in motivation and major depressive disorder
Callaghan, C. K., Rouine, J., & O’Mara, S. M. (2018) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.07.009 · Cited by 45
Brain structure abnormalities in first-episode psychosis patients with persistent apathy
Mørch-Johnsen, L. E., Nesvåg, R., Færden, A., Haukvik, U. K., Jørgensen, K. N., Lange, E. H., Andreassen, O. A., Melle, I. S., & Agartz, I. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.03.001 · Cited by 42
“Apathy is a predictor of poor functioning in psychosis patients (Evensen et al., 2012; Faerden et al., 2009, 2013; Fervaha et al., 2013; Foussias et al., 2011; Kiang et al., 2003; Konstantakopoulos et al., 2011).”
BackgroundApathy in schizophrenia as a deficit in the generation of options for action.
Hartmann-Riemer, M. N., Kluge, A., Kalis, A., Mojzisch, A., Tobler, P. N., & Kaiser, S. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000048 · Cited by 45
Bailey, M. R., Williamson, C. M., Mezias, C., Winiger, V., Silver, R., Balsam, P. D., & Simpson, E. H. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4135-3 · Cited by 39
“%) experience a pervasive inability to activate their behavior in pursuit of positive goals, reflecting a deficit in goal-directed motivation (Kiang et al. 2003; Roth 2004; Faerden 2009; Feil et al. 2003; Marin et al. 2003).”
InfluentialAmoretti, S., Rosa, A. R., Mezquida, G., Cabrera, B., Ribeiro, M., Molina, M., Bioque, M., Lobo, A., González-Pinto, A. M., Fraguas, D., et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720002226 · Cited by 37
The thermodynamic brain and the evolution of intellect: the role of mental energy
Déli, É., & Kisvárday, Z. F. (2020) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-020-09637-y · Cited by 36
“…ameliorate the negative symptoms of schizophrenia (delusions, hallucinations, and others) have been available for some time; however, they leave patients with residual symptoms, of which lack of motivation is the primary driver of poor outcome and low quality of life (Kiang et al. 2003).”
BackgroundAssessing motivation orientations in schizophrenia: Scale development and validation
Cooper, S., Lavaysse, L. M., & Gard, D. E. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.10.013 · Cited by 37
“This lack of a correlation between amotivation/impersonal orientation and functioning is in contrast to other studies that have looked at patient goals, and the symptom of apathy (e.g., Gard et al., 2014; Kiang et al., 2003).”
BackgroundResultClarke, D. E., van Reekum, R., Patel, J., Simard, M., Gomez, E., & Streiner, D. L. (2007) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.207 · Cited by 33
“An estimate of the frequency of apathy in schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder was not available because a cut-off score was not applied in this study to classify apathetic versus non-apathetic individuals (Kiang et al., 2003), perhaps due to sample size restrictions.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFilla, I., Bailey, M. R., Schipani, E. S., Winiger, V., Mezias, C., Balsam, P., & Simpson, E. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0159-9 · Cited by 30
Dollfus, S., Mucci, A., Giordano, G. M., Bitter, I., Austin, S. F., Delouche, C., Erfurth, A., Fleischhacker, W. W., Movina, L. G., Glenthoj, B. Y., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.826465 · Cited by 32
Trémeau, F., Goldman, J., Antonius, D., & Javitt, D. C. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.05.031 · Cited by 28
“However, one surprising finding is the absence of significant correlations between situational motivation and negative symptoms in our and others' studies (Kiang et al., 2003; Trémeau et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSitnikova, T., GOFF, D. C., & Kuperberg, G. R. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015619 · Cited by 30
“In future studies, it will be important to reexamine this result by using more comprehensive assessment methods of avolition–apathy symptoms (e.g., the Apathy Evaluation Scale; Kiang et al., 2003) and patients’ functional capacity on real-world tasks (e.”
InfluentialFernandez, L. G., Romero‐Ferreiro, V., Sánchez-Pastor, L., Dompablo, M., Martínez‐Gras, I., Espejo-Saavedra, J. M., Rentero, D., Aparicio, A. I., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., Lahera, G., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11040983 · Cited by 27
Behavioral validation of avolition in schizophrenia
Trémeau, F., Nolan, K. A., Malaspina, D., & Javitt, D. C. (2012) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.02.018 · Cited by 26
“The correspondence between clinicians' ratings and patients' self-ratings has rarely been examined (Nopoulos et al., 2001; Kiang et al., 2003), and self-declared motives show little correspondence with actual engagement in either the general population (McClelland et al.”
BackgroundDifferential impact of behavioral, social, and emotional apathy on Parkinson's disease
Ang, Y., Lockwood, P. L., Kienast, A., Plant, O., Drew, D., Slavkova, E. D., Tamm, M., & Masud Husain, B. (2018) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.626 · Cited by 25
“This pattern of multidimensional apathy may not be specific to PD, and future investigations could focus on other conditions in which apathy is prevalent such as Alzheimer’s disease(20) and schizophrenia.(21) Theoretically, other psychiatric and neurological disorders might show different patterns of associations with…”
BackgroundLuther, L., Firmin, R. L., Lysaker, P. H., Minor, K. S., & Salyers, M. P. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.04.001 · Cited by 31
Najas-García, A., Gómez‐Benito, J., & Huedo-Medina, T. B. (2018) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-018-0266-4 · Cited by 29
Gerritsen, C. J., Bagby, R. M., Sanches, M., Kiang, M., Maheandiran, M., Prce, I., & Mizrahi, R. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.06.015 · Cited by 28
Prestía, D., Robertson, B. N., Twamley, E. W., Patterson, T. L., Bowie, C. R., & Harvey, P. D. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(15)31351-1 · Cited by 24
Luther, L., Fischer, M. W., Firmin, R. L., & Salyers, M. P. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.10.010 · Cited by 32
Fervaha, G., Takeuchi, H., Foussias, G., Hahn, M., Agid, O., & Remington, G. J. (2017) · Early Intervention in Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/eip.12405 · Cited by 25
“, 2012), and others failing to find such a significant relationship (Kiang et al., 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationFurneri, G., Platania, S., Privitera, A., Martelli, F., Smeriglio, R., Razza, G., Maci, T., Castellano, S., Drago, F., Santagati, M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18189597 · Cited by 21
“A similar result regards the correlations between the AES-C and reduced initiative, lack of emotional responsivity and inattention, as measured by the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), as well as with the emotional withdrawal item of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [62,63].”
ResultNeurocognitive Basis of Schizophrenia: Information Processing Abnormalities and Clues for Treatment
Aleman, A. (2014) · Advances in Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2014/104920 · Cited by 21
“Understanding apathy has important implications, as apathy is the strongest predictor of poor functioning, unemployment, severity of illness, and worse outcome in routine clinical practice [126, 127].”
BackgroundFervaha, G., Foussias, G., Siddiqui, I., Agid, O., & Remington, G. J. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.02.013 · Cited by 20
Self-citationExploration Deficits Under Ecological Conditions as a Marker of Apathy in Frontotemporal Dementia
Batrancourt, B. M., Lecouturier, K., Ferrand-Verdejo, J., Guillemot, V., Azuar, C., Bendetowicz, D., Migliaccio, R., Rametti‐Lacroux, A., Dubois, B., & Lévy, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00941 · Cited by 21
“Activity was negatively correlated with cognitive disinhibition (Hayling E); (3) Non-activity was positively correlated with apathy and cognitive disinhibition (STARK &”
BackgroundLam, M., Rashid, N. A. A., Lee, S.-A., Lim, J., Foussias, G., Fervaha, G., Ruhrman, S., Remington, G., & Lee, J. (2015) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.10.007 · Cited by 18
“…subdomain of negative symptoms and functional outcomes in schizophrenia crosssectionally as well as longitudinally (Faerden et al., 2010, 2009; Foussias and Remington, 2010; Foussias et al., 2009; Green et al., 2012; Kiang et al., 2003; Konstantakopoulos et al., 2011; Sayers et al., 1996).”
BackgroundSelf-citationApathy and the processing of novelty in schizophrenia
Roth, R. M., Koven, N. S., Pendergrass, J. C., Flashman, L. A., McAllister, T. W., & Saykin, A. J. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.08.020 · Cited by 17
“Furthermore, apathy has been reported to be related to functional outcome independent of other negative symptoms in this population (Kiang et al., 2003).”
BackgroundThe relationship between visual object exploration and action processing in schizophrenia
Delerue, C., & Boucart, M. (2012) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2011.646886 · Cited by 17
“Apathy is a common symptom of schizophrenia in both chronic patients (Kiang, Christensen, Remington, & Kapur, 2001 ) and in first-episode patients (Faerden et al, 2009 ), but is not necessarily associated with depression or medication levels (Faerden et al, 2010 ).”
BackgroundLyngstad, S. H., Gardsjord, E. S., Engen, M. J., Haatveit, B., Ihler, H. M., Wedervang-Resell, K., Simonsen, C., Melle, I., & Færden, A. (2020) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-020-01112-3 · Cited by 16
M’Barek, L., Radaković, R., Noquet, M., Laurent, A., & Allain, P. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9775-5 · Cited by 16
Goal-directed planning and action impairments in schizophrenia evaluated in a virtual environment
Siddiqui, I., Saperia, S., Fervaha, G., Silva, S. D., Jeffay, E., Zakzanis, K. K., Agid, O., Remington, G. J., & Foussias, G. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.10.012 · Cited by 16
Self-citationApathy is related to reduced activation in cognitive control regions during set‐shifting
Klaasen, N. G., Kos, C., Aleman, A., & Opmeer, E. M. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23556 · Cited by 15
“It has been indicated as a predictor of worse functional outcome, for example reduced social, instrumental, and physical daily life abilities [Bobes et al., 2010; Kiang et al., 2003; Laatu et al., 2013; Pagonabarraga et al., 2015; van Reekum et al., 2005].”
BackgroundFærden, A., Lyngstad, S. H., Simonsen, C., Ringen, P. A., Papsuev, O. O., Dieset, I., Andreassen, O. A., Agartz, I., Marder, S. R., & Melle, I. S. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.065 · Cited by 14
Sitnikova, T., Perrone, C. M., GOFF, D. C., & Kuperberg, G. R. (2009) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.12.002 · Cited by 13
“Schizophrenia patients may also manifest global reduction in goal-directed behavior, which constitutes part of negative symptoms of avolition-apathy (Andreasen, 1984b; Kiang et al., 2003; van Reekum et al., 2005).”
The neural correlates of apathy in schizophrenia: An exploratory investigation
Caravaggio, F., Fervaha, G., Menon, M., Remington, G., Graff-Guerrero, A., & Gerretsen, P. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.027 · Cited by 11
“Importantly, apathy is a strong predictor of poorer outcomes in patients with schizophrenia (Fervaha et al., 2015b; Kiang et al., 2003; Konstantakopoulos et al., 2011; Strauss et al., 2013).”
Self-citationWhite matter microstructural associates of apathy-avolition in schizophrenia
Abdolalizadeh, A., Ostadrahimi, H., Ohadi, M. A. D., Saneei, S. A., & Ershadi, A. S. B. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.042 · Cited by 10
Apathy in Neuropsychiatric Disease: Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment
Chase, T. N. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0785-0_5 · Cited by 10
Remberk, B., Bażyńska, A. K., Bronowska, Z., Potocki, P. M., Krempa-Kowalewska, A., Niwiński, P., & Rybakowski, F. (2014) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000366489 · Cited by 9
Vocational Functioning in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Bull, H. C., Ueland, T., Lystad, J. U., Evensen, S., Martinsen, E. W., & Falkum, E. (2016) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000504 · Cited by 9
“Both discriminated well between patients and control subjects and between apathy and depression in several diagnostic groups, including psychosis (Faerden et al., 2009; Kiang et al., 2003; Marin et al., 1991).”
BackgroundImpaired reward responsiveness in schizophrenia
Taylor, N., Hollis, J. P., Corcoran, S., Gross, R. E., Cuthbert, B. N., Swails, L. W., & Duncan, E. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.02.057 · Cited by 8
An Examination of the Multi-Faceted Motivation System in Healthy Young Adults
Silva, S. D., Apatsidou, A., Saperia, S., Siddiqui, I., Jeffay, E., Voineskos, A. N., Daskalakis, Z. J., Remington, G. J., Zakzanis, K. K., & Foussias, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00191 · Cited by 10
Self-citationDaily activity patterns in remitted first-episode schizophrenia
Fervaha, G., Agid, O., McDonald, K., Foussias, G., & Remington, G. J. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.04.001 · Cited by 8
“Based on the extant literature demonstrating that patients with schizophrenia are apathetic [2,3], and further evidence linking apathy to poor community functioning [2–6], one might conjecture that patients engage in less effortful (i.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBüki, A., Bohár, Z., Kékesi, G., Vécsei, L., & Horváth, G. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113651 · Cited by 7
Rinaldi, R., & Lefèbvre, L. (2015) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2015.1047013 · Cited by 5
Martínez-Cao, C., García-Álvarez, L., Bobes-Bascarán, T., de la Fuente-Tomás, L., Fernández-Egea, E., Velasco, Á., González-Blanco, L., Madera, P. Z., Fonseca‐Pedrero, E., Sáiz, P. A., et al. (2020) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.04.008 · Cited by 5
Foussias, G., Agid, O., & Remington, G. J. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0831-0_1 · Cited by 4
Self-citationSeeman, M. V. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13120967 · Cited by 6
“Apathy, a common feature of schizophrenia [20], has been shown in one study to impede living skills, measured using the Independent Living Skills Survey (ILSS) [21], which includes items relevant to food preparation.”
MethodAyoub, I. A., Andrade, J. C., Serpa, M. H., Alves, T. M., Hortêncio, L., Freitas, E. L., van de Bilt, M. T., Wulf Rössler, A., Gattaz, W. F., & Loch, A. A. (2020) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001237 · Cited by 4
“Among all negative symptoms, avolition is constantly pointed out as the most related to poor functioning (Faerden et al., 2009; Foussias and Remington, 2010; Foussias et al., 2009, 2014; Kiang et al., 2003; Konstantakopoulos et al., 2011; Nakagami et al., 2008).”
BackgroundOccupational Perspectives on Health in People with Schizophrenia
Bejerholm, U. (2007) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · Cited by 3
Siddiqui, I., Remington, G. J., Saperia, S., Silva, S. D., Fletcher, P. J., Voineskos, A. N., Zakzanis, K. K., & Foussias, G. (2022) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-022-00294-0 · Cited by 2
Self-citationAn investigation into the drivers of avolition in schizophrenia
Suri, G., Lavaysse, L. M., Young, G. R., Moodie, C. A., Tersakyan, A., Gross, J. J., & Gard, D. E. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.01.001 · Cited by 3
“Studies based on these scales have consistently shown that avolition (rated by clinicians) is correlated with lower levels of functioning (e.g. Kiang et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMartínez-Cao, C., García-Álvarez, L., Bobes-Bascarán, T., de la Fuente-Tomás, L., Fernández-Egea, E., Velasco, Á., González-Blanco, L., Madera, P. Z., Fonseca‐Pedrero, E., Sáiz-Martínez, P. A., et al. (2022) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rpsmen.2020.04.007 · Cited by 2
Owens, D. G. C. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139149112.005 · Cited by 2
Kohn, R., & Keller, M. B. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_111-1 · Cited by 2
de Médecine, F. (2012) · Cited by 2
Ramos‐Mastache, D., Mondragón‐Maya, A., Liemburg, E. J., Enriquez‐Geppert, S., Goerlich, K. S., Rosel-Vales, M., Pérez-Ferrara, D., Jansari, A. S., & Aleman, A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277047 · Cited by 1
“These results are consistent with previous research suggesting that motivational deficits are key predictors of daily life functioning in schizophrenia patients [14, 15, 33, 34] and therefore constitute an important treatment target to improve quality of life in schizophrenia patients.”
ResultOwens, D. G. C. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139149112.004 · Cited by 1
Chiang, S., Lai, S.-M., & Hu, T. (2023) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2023.100287 · Cited by 1
Kawadiwale, M. S., Kamble, R. N., Muthal, A., & Bothiraja, C. (2024) · Analytical Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1080/22297928.2024.2331142 · Cited by 1
“The second-generation or so-called "atypical" antipsychotics, including clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone and aripiprazole, have less of a tendency to cause unwanted extrapyramidal side effects and hyperprolactinemia 22 .”
BackgroundWatson-Luke, A. (2007) · doi:10.14264/158520 · Cited by 1
“The subjective experience of life domains is particularly relevant to the investigation of adjustment to negative symptoms as it has been well established that negative symptoms may have an impact on most aspects of psychosocial functioning (Fenton, 1994; Kiang et al., 2003; Kirkpatrick et al., 1996; Milev et al., 200…”
BackgroundDeconstructing Motivation Deficits in Schizophrenia and Beyond
Silva, S. D. (2017) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 1
The Role of the Dopamine D₁ Receptor in the Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Broeke, M. V. (2016) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17067695.v1 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Kiang, M., Christensen, B. K., Remington, G., & Kapur, S.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Kapur, Shitij
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-09
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 79-88
- ISSN
- 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2145232965
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 0.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Keywords
- apathy, schizophrenia
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Demography, Female, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Schizophrenia, Severity of Illness Index, Social Adjustment, Reproducibility of Results, Mood Disorders, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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