Confusion between silent and overt reading in schizophrenia
Abstract
The present study was aimed at investigating whether schizophrenic patients are impaired in monitoring their own speech. In particular, we attempted to assess their ability to discriminate between overt and covert speech in a reading task, in order to verify whether they can correctly recollect the modality in which an internally generated action is produced. Subjects were asked to read either silently or aloud, items from a list of words. After a delay of 5 min, they were required to indicate in a new list which words had been read previously (either silently or overtly), or had never been presented during the reading task. With respect to normal controls, schizophrenic patients showed a significant bias to report that they had read aloud words which they had actually read silently, or which were absent during the reading task. The results are discussed in relation to recent neuroimaging studies on inner and overt speech in hallucinating schizophrenic patients. Our data favour the hypothesis that the inability to correctly discriminate between inner and overt speech may play a role in the onset of schizophrenic hallucinations.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia who experience AVHs are more likely to recall an imagined word as spoken or an imagined action as performed, compared to other patients and healthy controls.
“It has also been shown that patients diagnosed with schizophrenia who experience AVHs are more likely to recall an imagined word as spoken (Franck et al., 2000) or an imagined action as performed (Gawęda et al., 2013), compared to other patients and healthy controls.”
From Auditory verbal hallucinations as atypical inner speech monitoring, and the potential of neurostimulation as a treatment option (2013) · cites this paper as Franck et al., 2000
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799 · Cited by 11,090 · see citing works
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D., Weiller, E., Amorim, P., Bonora, I., Sheehan, K. H., Janavs, J., & Dunbar, G. (1997) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(97)83296-8 · Cited by 3,513 · see citing works
Johnson, M. K., Hashtroudi, S., & Lindsay, D. S. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.3 · Cited by 3,392 · see citing works
Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS)*
(1989) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000291502 · Cited by 2,706 · see citing works
Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) 1984
Andreasen, N. C. (1995) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · Cited by 2,423 · see citing works
The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory
Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/362342a0 · Cited by 2,230 · see citing works
The cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-0601 · Cited by 1,901 · see citing works
Daprati, E., Franck, N., Georgieff, N., Proust, J., Pacherie, É., Daléry, J., & Jeannerod, M. (1997) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(97)00039-5 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Self-citationThe cognitive neuropsychology of schizophrenia
Cutting, J. (1993) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(93)90160-h · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Increased blood flow in Broca's area during auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia
McGuire, P. K., Murray, R. M., & Shah, G. M. S. (1993) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(93)91707-s · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Frith, C., Friston, K. J., Herold, S., Silbersweig, D., Fletcher, P. C., Cahill, C., Dolan, R. J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Liddle, P. F. (1995) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.167.3.343 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Reality testing and auditory hallucinations: a signal detection analysis
Bentall, R. P., & Slade, P. D. (1985) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1985.tb01331.x · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Georgieff, N., & Jeannerod, M. (1998) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.1998.0367 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Self-citationReality monitoring and psychotic hallucinations
Bentall, R. P., Baker, G. A., & Havers, S. (1991) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1991.tb00939.x · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Functional neuroanatomy of verbal self-monitoring
McGuire, P. K., Silbersweig, D., & Frith, C. (1996) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/119.3.907 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
McGuire, P. K., Silbersweig, D., Wright, I. C., Murray, R. M., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Frith, C. (1996) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.169.2.148 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
The role of the prefrontal cortex in self-consciousness: the case of auditory hallucinations
Frith, C. (1996) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1996.0136 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Toward a brain map of auditory hallucinations
Cleghorn, J. M., Franco, S., Szechtman, B., Kaplan, R. D., Szechtman, H., Brown, G. M., Nahmias, C., & Garnett, E. S. (1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.8.1062 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
The Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia
David, A. S., & Cutting, J. C. (2019) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315785004 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Reality Monitoring in Mania and Schizophrenia
Harvey, P. D. (1985) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198502000-00001 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Clinical and Neurocognitive Aspects of Source Monitoring Errors in Schizophrenia
Vinogradov, S., Willis-Shore, J., Poole, J. H., Marten, E., Ober, B. A., & Shenaut, G. K. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.11.1530 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Impaired recognition of self-expressed thought in patients with auditory hallucinations.
Heilbrun, A. B. (1980) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.89.6.728 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Reinforcement of Vocal Correlates of Auditory Hallucinations by Auditory Feedback: A Case Study
Green, P., & Preston, M. (1981) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.139.3.204 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Mayer, W. (1956) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.113.3.286 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Neuropsychiatric and Neuropsychologic Typology of Fronto-Temporal Dementia
Yoshida, S., Nakanishi, M., Nakaaki, S., et al. (1997) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(97)80680-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: intrusive thoughts and forgotten memories
Waters, F., Badcock, J., Michie, P., & Maybery, M. (2006) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800444000191 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Brébion, G., Amador, X., David, A., Malaspina, D., Sharif, Z., & Gorman, J. M. (2000) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00174-8 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Brain mechanisms of reality monitoring
Simons, J. S., Garrison, J. R., & Johnson, M. K. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.03.012 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Seal, M., Aleman, A., & McGuire, P. (2004) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800344000156 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Brunelin, J., Poulet, E., Bediou, B., Kallel, L., Dalery, J., D'amato, T., & Saoud, M. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.10.009 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Moseley, P., Fernyhough, C., & Ellison, A. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.001 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Impaired action self-monitoring in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations
Gawęda, Ł., Woodward, T. S., Moritz, S., & Kokoszka, A. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.12.003 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Catalan, A., Simons, C. J. P., Bustamante, S., Drukker, M., Madrazo, A., de Artaza, M. G., Gorostiza, I., van Os, J., & Gonzalez-Torres, M. A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102520 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Damiani, S., Donadeo, A., Bassetti, N., Salazar‐de‐Pablo, G., Guiot, C., Politi, P., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13338 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
- Authors
- Franck, N., Rouby, P., Daprati, E., Daléry, J., Marie-Cardine, M., & Georgieff, N.
- Affiliations
- Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier (FR)
- University of Parma (IT)
- Lyon 1 Université (FR)
- ORCID
- Daprati, Elena
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2000-01
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 357-364
- ISSN
- 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2090359336
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Johnson and Johnson
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, silent reading
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Awareness, Confusion, Female, Hallucinations, Humans, Male, Reading, Mental Recall, Schizophrenic Language, Schizophrenic Psychology, Verbal Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review