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Reality monitoring and psychotic hallucinations
Abstract
Hallucinating psychiatric patients, patients with delusions but without a history of hallucinations and normal controls were compared on a reality-monitoring task in which they were first required to generate answers to easy or difficult clues and to listen to low-probability or high-probability paired associates. After an interval of one week, the subjects were presented with a list in which their answers to the clues were mixed with the associates and with words not previously presented, and they were required to identify the source of each item (self-generated, presented by the experimenter or new). The psychiatric patients were generally less accurate in identifying the source of the items in comparison with the normal controls. However, hallucinators more often misattributed high cognitive effort self-generated items (answers to difficult clues) to the experimenter than either the psychiatric or the normal controls. The results are interpreted as consistent with the hypothesis that hallucinations are self-generated events misattributed to an external source.
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Hallucinating patients or hallucination-prone participants are more likely to misattribute recalled items to the experimenter.
“Findings typically indicate that hallucinating patients or hallucination-prone participants are more likely to misattribute recalled items to the experimenter (Bentall et al., 1991; Laroi et al., 2004)”
From Auditory verbal hallucinations as atypical inner speech monitoring, and the potential of neurostimulation as a treatment option (2013) · cites this paper as Bentall et al., 1991
There is evidence supporting the theory that voice-hearing results from inner speech being misattributed to an external source, that is, a problem of source monitoring.
“There is evidence supporting the theory that voice-hearing results from inner speech being misattributed to an external source, that is, a problem of source monitoring. 23-25”
From Towards an Integrative Account of Potential Mechanisms Mediating the Path From Sleep Dysfunction to Hallucinations (2025) · cites this paper as [23]
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Nayani, T. H., & David, A. S. (1996) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170003381x · Cited by 710
Morrison, A. P. (2001) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465801003010 · Cited by 673
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“studies in both healthy [124] and hallucinating individuals [125] have shown that low cognitive effort mental events are most prone to source monitoring errors.”
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“…defined as the ability to distinguish the source of internal experiences (self-generated information) from outside reality (external information) (Bentall et al., 1991; Johnson et al., 1993; Keefe et al., 1999; Morrison and Haddock, 842 Neuron 73, 842–853, February 23, 2012 ª2012 Elsevier…”
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“The finding that patients experience nonverbal auditory hallucinations has been a problem for language-based theories of auditory hallucinations, such as Inner Speech theories (e.g., Bentall et al., 1991a; Frith, 1996; Frith & Dolan, 1997).”
BackgroundBrébion, G., Amador, X., David, A., Malaspina, D., Sharif, Z., & Gorman, J. M. (2000) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00174-8 · Cited by 216
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Simons, J. S., Garrison, J. R., & Johnson, M. K. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.03.012 · Cited by 202
“(1991) Word-stem completion 22 16 – No Yes [62]”
The cognitive neuropsychiatry of auditory verbal hallucinations: An overview
David, A. S. (2004) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800344000183 · Cited by 220
Waters, F., Woodward, T., Allen, P., Aleman, A., & Sommer, I. (2012) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbq144 · Cited by 197
“Biases are reliant on higher-level decision-making and judgment processes,(30,31) and evidence shows that they may be secondary to self-recognition deficits(7,8,33,66) and at least partially independent.(57,60,62) This indicates a need for future empirical studies to clearly differentiate these variables”
BackgroundInfluentialRead, J., Bentall, R. P., & Fosse, R. (2009) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00000257 · Cited by 193
“Psychological studies using signal detection (Barkus et al., 2007; Bentall & Slade, 1985; Rankin & O’Carrol, 1995) and other methodologies (Bentall et al. , 1991; Brebion et al. , 2000; Johns et al. , 2001; Morrison & Haddock, 1997) have confirmed that ordinary people who have a high predisposition…”
Self-citationReality monitoring and visual hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease
Barnes, J., Boubert, L., Harris, J., Lee, A., & David, A. S. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00182-3 · Cited by 192
Neural correlates of action attribution in schizophrenia
Farrer, C., Franck, N., Frith, C., Decety, J., Georgieff, N., d’Amato, T., & Jeannerod, M. (2004) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2004.02.004 · Cited by 189
Social cognition and neurocognition as independent domains in psychosis
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“(Heilbrun, 1980; Bentall et al., 1991; Frith and Corcoran, 1996; Johns et al., 2001; Janssen et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialCognitive basis of hallucinations in schizophrenia: role of top-down information processing
Aleman, A., Böcker, K. B. E., Hijman, R., de Haan, E. H. F., & Kahn, R. S. (2003) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(03)00060-4 · Cited by 178
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“This specific pattern of results is consistent with previous work addressing this issue with other stimulus modalities (Bentall et al., 1991; Mlakar et al., 1994; Stirling et al., 1998).”
BackgroundResultVentura, J., Thames, A. D., Wood, R. C., Guzik, L. H., & Hellemann, G. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.05.033 · Cited by 185
“In addition, hallucinations have been associated with impairments in attentional processes and perceptions that lead to the intrusion of unintended information into conscious awareness (Bentall and Slade 1985; Bentall et al. 1991).”
BackgroundBrookwell, M. L., Bentall, R. P., & Varese, F. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712002760 · Cited by 171
Self-citationAbe, H., & Lee, D. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.026 · Cited by 173
“…in correctly binding multiple perceptual features (Rizzo et al., 1996b; Burglen et al., 2004), as well as reduced abilities to distinguish between internally and externally generated responses (Bentall et al., 1991), suggesting that such deficits might arise from prefrontal dysfunctions.”
Misattribution of external speech in patients with hallucinations and delusions
Allen, P. P., Johns, L. C., Fu, C. H. Y., Broome, M. R., Vythelingum, G. N., & McGuire, P. K. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.008 · Cited by 163
Relations of Symptoms to Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia
Strauss, M. E. (1993) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/19.2.215 · Cited by 163
“Bentall and associates (Kaney and Bentall 1989; Bentall et al. 1991b) also studied the notion that the differences between the reasoning proclivities of delusional and nondelusional patients are mainly quantitative.”
BackgroundInfluentialSource monitoring and memory confidence in schizophrenia
Moritz, S., Woodward, T. S., & Ruff, C. C. (2002) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291702006852 · Cited by 160
“(1) In most previous research participants were either instructed to perform a pre-defined task (e.g. Harvey, 1985; Danion et al. 1999; however see also Bentall et al. 1991) or to say/ think a word that was convergently suggested (e.g. Vinogradov et al. 1999).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe role of the prefrontal cortex in self-consciousness: the case of auditory hallucinations
Frith, C. (1996) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1996.0136 · Cited by 156
“Bentall et al. (1991) asked patients either to generate category items (e.”
BackgroundMorrison, A. P. (1998) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465898264010 · Cited by 156
Bloomfield, M., Chang, T., Woodl, M. J., Lyons, L. M., Cheng, Z. H., Bauer‐Staeb, C., Hobbs, C., Bracke, S., Kennerley, H., Isham, L., et al. (2021) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20841 · Cited by 161
The Neuropsychology of Schizophrenia
David, A. S., & Cutting, J. C. (2019) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315785004 · Cited by 153
Brunelin, J., Poulet, E., Bediou, B., Kallel, L., Dalery, J., D'amato, T., & Saoud, M. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2005.10.009 · Cited by 151
“One of the most frequently recurrent findings is that when compared with psychiatric controls and normals, hallucinators are more likely to attribute selfgenerated items to someone else (Bentall et al., 1991; Keefe et al., 2002) which supports a relation between self-recognition and hallucinations.”
BackgroundClinical and Neurocognitive Aspects of Source Monitoring Errors in Schizophrenia
Vinogradov, S., Willis-Shore, J., Poole, J. H., Marten, E., Ober, B. A., & Shenaut, G. K. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.11.1530 · Cited by 141
“(9) showed that, compared to nonhallucinating psychiatric subjects and normal subjects, hallucinating patients more often misattributed self-generated items to the experimenter.”
BackgroundThe psychology of interrogations and confessions
Gudjonsson, G. H. (2013) · Willan eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781843926337-17 · Cited by 141
Cognitive and clinical moderators of recognition memory in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis
Pelletier, M., Achim, A. M., Montoya, A. G., Lal, S., & Lepage, M. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.08.017 · Cited by 139
“3B), we obtained a result similar to what has been reported in the literature (Bentall et al., 1991; Danion et al., 1999; Rizzo et al., 1996).”
ResultBrébion, G., Gorman, J. M., AMADOR, X. F., Malaspina, D., & Sharif, Z. A. (2002) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00187-7 · Cited by 141
“One factor that appears to be involved in this association is cognitive effort (Bentall et al., 1991).”
BackgroundA Cognitive Model of Hallucinations
Beck, A. T., & Rector, N. A. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1022534613005 · Cited by 130
“Bentall, Baker, and Havers (1991) found that hallucinators attributed more self-generated high cognitive effort words to the experimenter than did psychiatric or normal controls.”
BackgroundSeparable Forms of Reality Monitoring Supported by Anterior Prefrontal Cortex
Simons, J. S., Henson, R. N., Gilbert, S. J., & Fletcher, P. C. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20036 · Cited by 135
“A number of observations are compatible with this link between reality monitoring and psychosis: First, individuals with hallucinations and/or delusions show some impairment on reality monitoring tasks (Keefe et al., 2002; Danion et al., 1999; Vinogradov et al., 1997; Bentall, Baker, & Havers, 1991 ), including those…”
BackgroundA Source-Monitoring Account of Auditory Verbal Hallucinations in Patients with Schizophrenia
Ditman, T., & Kuperberg, G. R. (2005) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10673220500326391 · Cited by 134
Auditory hallucinations: phenomenology, neuropsychology and neuroimaging update
David, A. S. (1999) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb05988.x · Cited by 126
Cognitive behavior therapy for persistent auditory hallucinations: From theory to therapy
Bentall, R. P., Haddock, G., & Slade, P. D. (1994) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80145-5 · Cited by 124
Self-citationNeurocognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia
Goldberg, T. E., David, A. S., & Gold, J. M. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470987353.ch10 · Cited by 127
Moritz, S., & Woodward, T. S. (2014) · Cited by 125
Mental imagery in psychiatry: conceptual & clinical implications
Ji, J. L., Kavanagh, D. J., Holmes, E. A., MacLeod, C., & Simplicio, M. C. D. (2019) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852918001487 · Cited by 130
“An argument has been made that confusion between internal and external stimuli may also occur during perception, contributing to the experience of hallucinations in both schizophrenia 70 and other conditions such as Parkinson ’ s disease (PD).”
Larøi, F., Van der Linden, M., & Marczewski, P. (2004) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/0144665031752970 · Cited by 113
Moseley, P., Fernyhough, C., & Ellison, A. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.10.001 · Cited by 113
The contribution of metamemory deficits to schizophrenia.
Moritz, S., & Woodward, T. S. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.15.1.15 · Cited by 107
“In view of comparable studies that were able (Baker & Morrison, 1998; Bentall et al., 1991; Brebion, Gorman, Amador, Malaspina, & Sharif, 2002; Larøi et al., 2004; Woodward et al., in press) or unable (Brebion, Smith, Gorman, & Amador, 1997; Keefe, Arnold, Bayen, & Harvey, 1999; Moritz & Woodward,…”
Background‘Cognitive inhibition’ and positive symptomatology in schizotypy
PETERS, E. R., Pickering, A. D., & Hemsley, D. R. (1994) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01092.x · Cited by 104
Confusion between silent and overt reading in schizophrenia
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Patients with Schizophrenia Remember that an Event has Occurred, but not When
Rizzo, L., Danion, J., der Linden, M. V., & Grangé, D. (1996) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.168.4.427 · Cited by 101
The Generative Adversarial Brain
Gershman, S. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2019.00018 · Cited by 89
“Second, the discriminator directly formalizes ideas about reality monitoring that have been applied to delusions, hallucinations, and confabulations (Bentall et al., 1991; Turner and Coltheart, 2010).”
BackgroundErrorless learning and the cognitive rehabilitation of memory-impaired schizophrenic patients
O’Carroll, R. E., RUSSELL, H. H., LAWRIE, S. M., et al. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798007673 · Cited by 98
“Schizophrenic patients (Bentall et al. 1991; Frith et al. 1991; Vinogradov et al. 1997) and patients with frontal lobe lesions (Janowsky et al. 1989) have problems in differentiating self-generated from externally-generated stimuli after a time delay.”
BackgroundKopelman, M. D. (1999) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/026432999380762 · Cited by 96
Discriminating imagined from perceived information engages brain areas implicated in schizophrenia
Simons, J., Davis, S., Gilbert, S., Frith, C., & Burgess, P. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.04.209 · Cited by 101
“An impairment in discriminating between internal and external sources of information could potentially account for the hallucinations and delusions that are often observed in the disorder (Frith and Done, 1989; Frith, 1992; Bentall et al., 1991; Johnson and Raye, 2000).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialProspects for a cognitive‐developmental account of psychotic experiences
Bentall, R. P., Fernyhough, C., Morrison, A. P., Lewis, S. W., & Corcoran, R. (2006) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466506x123011 · Cited by 93
Self-citationHallucinations from a Cognitive Perspective
Larøi, F., & Woodward, T. S. (2007) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10673220701401993 · Cited by 90
Response strategies in source monitoring.
Riefer, D. M., Hu, X., & Batchelder, W. H. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.20.3.680 · Cited by 89
Psychotic Experiences Induced in Deluded Patients Using Distorted Auditory Feedback
Cahill, C. (1996) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/135468096396505 · Cited by 85
Source monitoring biases and auditory hallucinations
Woodward, T. S., Menon, M., & Whitman, J. C. (2007) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800701307198 · Cited by 83
“In contrast, an association between hallucinations and a tendency to misremember an internally generated event as originating from an external source is sometimes reported for schizophrenia patients (Bentall et al., 1991; Brébion et al., 2000; Ditman & Kuperberg, 2005) and for healthy subjects who report hearing voice…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHabitual prospective memory in schizophrenia
Elvevåg, B., Maylor, E. A., & Gilbert, A. L. (2003) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-3-9 · Cited by 83
“Previous studies in which schizophrenic patients have been required to judge whether processes were from an internal source versus from an external source found that patients, especially those with hallucinations, tend to misattribute internal events to external sources [13–18] [see also [19–22]].”
Aberrant connectivity during self–other source monitoring in schizophrenia
Wang, L. Y., Metzak, P. D., & Woodward, T. S. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.012 · Cited by 85
“, hallucinations and Schneiderian delusions) are considered to be representative of a disorder of “self,” involving difficulty in discriminating between information that was self-generated and that originating from others (Bentall et al., 1991).”
BackgroundMEMORY CONFIDENCE AND FALSE MEMORIES IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
Moritz, S., & Woodward, T. S. (2002) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200209000-00012 · Cited by 81
Stratta, P., Daneluzzo, E., Bustini, M., Prosperini, P., & Rossi, A. (2000) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00142-5 · Cited by 80
Impairment of memory for spatial context in schizophrenia.
Rizzo, L., Danion, J., der Linden, M. V., Grangé, D., & Rohmer, J.-G. (1996) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.10.3.376 · Cited by 82
Brunelin, J., Combris, M., Poulet, E., Kallel, L., d’Amato, T., Jean Dalery, A., & Saoud, M. (2006) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.01.015 · Cited by 78
“Moreover, HP are more likely than healthy volunteers and non-hallucinating patients (NHP) to misattribute self-generated items to an external source [1,3]; but they were not impaired in discriminating two different internal or two different external sources but impaired compared with controls [1].”
ResultKrabbendam, L., Myin‐Germeys, I., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., de Graaf, R., Vollebergh, W., Bak, M., & van Os, J. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00343.x · Cited by 79
“Even the experience of hallucinations itself may result from biases in cognitive processing in addition to sensory or perceptual abnormalities (51).”
BackgroundImpaired verbal source monitoring in schizophrenia: An intermediate trait vulnerability marker?
Brunelin, J., d’Amato, T., Brun, P., Bediou, B., Kallel, L., Senn, M., Poulet, E., & Saoud, M. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.08.028 · Cited by 76
Buchy, L., Czechowska, Y., Chochol, C., MALLA, A. K., Joober, R., Pruessner, J. C., & Lepage, M. (2009) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp015 · Cited by 83
Out of touch with reality? Social perception in first-episode schizophrenia
Ebisch, S. J. H., Salone, A., Ferri, F., De Berardis, D., Romani, G. L., Ferro, F. M., & Gallese, V. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss012 · Cited by 77
Grossi, D., Trojano, L., Pellecchia, M. T., Amboni, M., Fragassi, N. A., & Barone, P. (2005) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1339 · Cited by 74
“The authors argued that defects in visual processing and in source monitoring contribute to the development of hallucinations, which may be interpreted as resulting from a defect in disentangling internal representations and real events (Bentall and Slade, 1991; Johnson, 1991).”
Brébion, G., SMITH, M. J., AMADOR, X. F., Malaspina, D., & Gorman, J. M. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.11.1538 · Cited by 76
Associative Memory Encoding and Recognition in Schizophrenia: An Event-Related fMRI Study
Lepage, M., Montoya, A. G., Pelletier, M., Achim, A. M., Menear, M., & Lal, S. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.043 · Cited by 74
Atkinson, J. R. (2005) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbj063 · Cited by 74
Brain mechanisms underlying the subjective experience of remembering
Simons, J. S., Ritchey, M., & Fernyhough, C. (2022) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-030221-025439 · Cited by 70
An investigation of attributional style in first‐episode psychosis
Krstev, H., Jackson, H. J., & Maude, D. (1999) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466599162737 · Cited by 71
“, 1994), along with factors such as chronicity and length of hospitalization (Bentall et al., 1991; Candido & Romney, 1990; Harding, Zubin & Strauss, 1987; Lyon et al., 1994).”
BackgroundNeuropsychological and symptom predictors of aggression on the psychiatric inpatient service
Serper, M. R., Beech, D., Harvey, P. D., et al. (2008) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390701684554 · Cited by 70
“Several models of the origin of positive symptoms in schizophrenia have used executive dysfunction, particularly in the domain of monitoring deficits, as a critical abnormality associated with the presence of delusions and hallucinations (eg, Bentall, Baker, & Havers, 1991 ; Keefe et al, 2003 ; Randall, Corcoran, Day,…”
BackgroundAuditory Hallucinations, Source Monitoring, and the Belief That "Voices" Are Real
Garrett, M., & Silva, R. (2003) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007018 · Cited by 72
“One of the most frequently replicated findings in laboratory studies is that hallucinators compared with psychiatric controls and normals are more likely to attribute self-generated items to someone else (Bentall et al. 1991; Keefe et al. 1999).”
Impaired performance in a working memory binding task in patients with schizophrenia
Burglen, F., Marczewski, P., Mitchell, K., der Linden, M. V., Johnson, M. K., Danion, J., & Salamé, P. (2004) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2003.12.014 · Cited by 74
“determining if information was self-generated or provided by the experimenter ) (Bentall et al., 1991; Rankin and O’Carroll, 1995).”
Self and Other in Schizophrenia: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective
Fisher, M., McCoy, K., Poole, J. H., & Vinogradov, S. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111806 · Cited by 68
Frith, C. (1996) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a011571 · Cited by 69
Source monitoring for actions in hallucination proneness
Collignon, O., der Linden, M. V., & Larøi, F. (2005) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546800344000354 · Cited by 73
Ebisch, S. J. H., Mantini, D., Northoff, G., Salone, A., Berardis, D. D., Ferri, F., Ferro, F. M., Giannantonio, M. D., Romani, G. L., & Gallese, V. (2013) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbt153 · Cited by 67
Graham-Schmidt, K., Martin-Iverson, M. T., Holmes, N. P., Jablensky, A. V., & Waters, F. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00126 · Cited by 65
“Cognitive self-monitoring models, by contrast, have explained the observed self-distortions as a failure of higher order cognitive processes involving source-monitoring, biases, and post hoc inferences that enable coherent self-referencing over time (8, 9).”
EEG coherence measures during auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia
Sritharan, A., Line, P., Sergejew, A. A., Silberstein, R. B., Egan, G. F., & Copolov, D. (2005) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.05.010 · Cited by 62
“The three dominant models of AHs in psychosis are inner speech models (David, 1994), models based on putative source-monitoring deficits (Bentall et al., 1991), and models based on central auditory processing deficits (Hoffman et al.”
BackgroundMental Imagery and Perception in Hallucination-prone Individuals
Alemán, A., Nieuwenstein, M. R., Böcker, K. B. E., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200012000-00007 · Cited by 61
Cognitive Attachment Model of Voices: Evidence Base and Future Implications
Berry, K., Varese, F., & Bucci, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00111 · Cited by 68
“(44)] paradigms, has provided strong empirical support for the proposal that source monitoring biases might underpin a vulnerability toward hallucinatory experiences.”
BackgroundFactorial Structure of the Hallucinatory Experience
Serper, M. R., Dill, C. A., Chang, N. A., Kot, T., & Elliot, J. (2005) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000158374.54513.a0 · Cited by 56
“This interpretation is also consistent with previous studies finding that active hallucinators (e.g., Bentall et al., 1991; Keefe et al., 2002) and individuals at high risk for hallucinations (e.g., Aleman et al., 2000; Levine et al., 2004; Young et al., 1986) are more apt to make external…”
ResultBrébion, G., SMITH, M. J., Gorman, J. M., et al. (1997) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199704000-00005 · Cited by 58
Guillem, F., Bicu, M., Hooper, R., Bloom, D., Wolf, M.-A., Messier, J., Desautels, R., & Debruille, J. B. (2001) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00305-5 · Cited by 58
Affective modulation of external misattribution bias in source monitoring in schizophrenia
Costafreda, S. G., Brébion, G., Allen, P., McGuire, P. K., & Fu, C. H. Y. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003243 · Cited by 57
“The present work adds to the growing body of research linking external misattributions with positive symptoms in schizophrenia (Bentall et al. 1991 ; Brébion et al. 2002, 2005 ; Brunelin et al. 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDyck, M. S., Mathiak, K. A., Bergert, S., Sarkheil, P., Koush, Y., Alawi, E. M., Zvyagintsev, M., Gaebler, A. J., Shergill, S. S., & Mathiak, K. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00037 · Cited by 56
Seal, M. L., Crowe, S. F., & Cheung, P. (1997) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/135468097396289 · Cited by 54
Impaired action self-monitoring in schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations
Gawęda, Ł., Woodward, T. S., Moritz, S., & Kokoszka, A. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.12.003 · Cited by 55
“, 2000) and reality monitoring studies (Bentall et al., 1991; Brunelin et al., 2006; Anselmetti et al., 2007; Woodward et al., 2007; for review see: Ditman and Kuperberg, 2005).”
BackgroundEnsum, I., & Morrison, A. P. (2003) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(02)00102-x · Cited by 55
Opposite links of positive and negative symptomatology with memory errors in schizophrenia
Brébion, G., AMADOR, X. F., SMITH, M. J., Malaspina, D., Sharif, Z. A., & Gorman, J. M. (1999) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(99)00076-1 · Cited by 55
Hallucinations both in and out of context: An active inference account
Benrimoh, D. A., Parr, T., Adams, R. A., & Friston, K. J. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212379 · Cited by 54
The Phenomenological Diversity of Hallucinations: Some theoretical and clinical implications
Larøi, F. (2006) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb-46-1-2-163 · Cited by 55
“In addition, psychological processes have not been adequately examined, as studies typically involve experimental tasks that only include one internal source and one external source (e.g., Baker & Morrison, 1998; Bentall et al., 1991; Bentall & Slade, 1985a; Brébion et al., 2000; Ensum & Morrison, 2003; Johns & McGuir…”
Brébion, G., SMITH, M. J., AMADOR, X. F., Malaspina, D., & Gorman, J. M. (1998) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199810000-00003 · Cited by 54
Metadata
- Authors
- Bentall, R. P., Baker, G. A., & Havers, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bentall, Richard P.
- ORCID
- Bentall, Richard P.
- Venue
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1991-09
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 213-222
- ISSN
- 0144-6657 (ISSN-L)
- 2044-8260
- OpenAlex
- W2068781732
- Cited by
- 312
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 2.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- British Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hallucinations in medical conditions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- reality monitoring, delusions, source monitoring, self-generated information, misattribution, paired associates, cognitive effort
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention, Delusions, Female, Hallucinations, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Paired-Associate Learning, Reality Testing, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Speech Perception
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